Rehmannia glutinosa root and Saururus chinensis plant have been widely used in natural traditional medicines. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the content of the main components of R. glutinosa root and S. chinensis plant by extraction method. The results of comparative analysis of extraction yield, total flavonoid, and polyphenol content by extraction method indicated that extraction yield had the best performance with hot water extraction for R. glutinosa and ultrasound-assisted extraction for S. chinensis. The total flavonoid and polyphenol content had the best performance with maceration extraction for R. glutinosa and ultrasound-assisted extraction for S. chinensis. ABTS and DPPH activity was excellent with maceration extraction for both R. glutinosa and S. chinensis. The analysis of the main components showed that maceration extraction was most effective for both S. chinensis and R. glutinosa. Specifically, maceration extraction of R. glutinosa yielded 1.5 times more than conventional ultrasound-assisted extraction.

우리는 길앞잡이(Cicindela chinensis)의 장에서 다양한 공생 미생물들을 분리하였다. 그중 다양한 곰팡이 성장 을 억제하는 세균을 동정하였고 “Ch-1”이라 명명하였다. 우리는 Ch-1 균주를 사용하여 10종의 식물 병원성 곰팡 이와 2종 곤충 병원성 곰팡이의 생장 억제를 확인하였다. 또한 8종의 항생제에 대한 저항성을 확인하였다. 동시 에, 본 균주의 genomic sequence를 수행하였고 유전적, 생화학적, 생리적 특성을 조사하였다. Ch-1균주는 특허등 록과 친환경 미생물제제로 등록하였고 향후 생물학적 방제제로써 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단한다.

Potentillae Chinensis Herba 추출물의 항산화 효능 평가를 위해 DPPH 자유라디칼 소거 활성 과 ABTS 양이온 라디칼 활성 평가를 시행하였다. 세포 실험에서 항염증 평가를 위해 호흡기 점막 상피세 포 NCI,H292와 RAW264.7 세포 대상으로 항염증 효능을 평가하였다. 그 결과, DPPH 자유라디칼 소거 활성과 ABTS 양이온 라디칼 활성 모두 농도 의존적으로 항산화 활성이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 세포 MTT 분석 결과, 각 농도 100 μg/ml로 처리한 경우 NCI-H292 세포의 생존율이 70% 미만으로 감소하 였고, 이후 실험은 50 μg/ml로 진행하였다. 항염증 효능 평가에서는 NO생성, TNF-α, IL-1β, PGE2가 감소하였고, COX-2도 50 μg/ml에서 유의하게 감소하였다. Potentillae Chinensis Herba 추출물과 생물 전환 추출물의 뮤신 단백질 발현은 MUC5AC 발현이 유의하게 감소하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과 는 Potentillae Chinensis Herba의 호흡기 점액 단백질 발현을 도와 염증을 억제하는 기능성 소재로 활용하 는데 가치가 있음을 알 수 있다.

최근 친환경 노지 감귤원을 중심으로 알락하늘소 피해가 증가하고 있지만 효과적인 예찰 방법이 없는 실정이 다. 본 연구에서는 알락하늘소 성충 예찰을 위하여 카이로몬을 선발하였고, 알락하늘소가 다발생(>100마리)한 과원 3개소에서 유인력을 평가하였다. 시험 결과, 집합페로몬 단독처리 시 알락하늘소 암컷 성충에 대한 유인효 과를 확인할 수 있었지만 소수 개체만 유인이 되었고, 카이로몬(Kairomone) 단독 처리 시 알락하늘소 성충 포획 수가 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 집합페로몬과 카이로몬을 동시 처리 시 알락하늘소가 대량으로 유인되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 알락하늘소가 종내신호물질(집합페로몬)을 인지할 때 서식지로서 적합한지 판단 의 기준으로 기주식물의 존재여부를 동시에 확인하기 떄문인 것으로 판단된다.

Paddy fields are important habitats for maintaining the biodiversity of agricultural ecosystems. Recently, as the need for safe food and biodiversity conservation has increased, the rice cultivation methods have undergone changes. This study was conducted to investigate the fish fauna in Environmentally Friendly Paddy fields (EFP) and Conventional Paddy fields (CP), and compare the characteristics of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Aphyocypris chinensis populations in EFP and CP. A total of 2,703 fish were collected and classified into six families and 13 species. Our results showed that there was a difference in the proportion of fish populations in the two paddy fields, and the number of individuals in EFP was higher than in CP. The weight values of M. anguillicaudatus were higher in EFP than in CP, and the total length, body length, and weight values of A. chinensis were higher in EFP than in CP. Conditional factor (K) values also showed similar trends in EFP and CP. Our results indicate that the farming practices in paddy fields have a significant effect on the characteristics of M. anguillicaudatus and A. chinensis populations, and the results of this study can be used as basic data for securing biodiversity in future agricultural ecosystems.

Chinese cabbage or pakchoi (Brassica Rapa subsp. Chinensis) is one of the most popular vegetables in Korea. It is grown and consumed throughout the year because it has many benefits. This study reports on the growth performance of pakchoi grown in the hydroponic system using a Food Juke Box (FJB) under different light compositions. The chlorophyll content (CC), root fresh weight (RFW), and shoot fresh weight (SFW) were measured. Further, various vegetation indices (VIs), such as modified chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index (MCARI1), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI), and structure insensitive pigment index (SIPI), were employed to predict SFW. The study results indicated a significant increase in the CC of pakchoi with different light treatments compared with the control. The CC was highest under treatment with 70% white light, 20% blue light, and 10% red light (T1) than under treatment with 50% white light, 30% blue light, and 20% red light (T2). All used VIs showed significant differences with different light combination treatments. There was no significant change in RFW and SFW between the control and T1. However, a significant reduction in RFW and SFW was observed in T2 compared with the control. A comparison between T1 and T2 demonstrated that RFW and SFW were increased by 23% and 25%, respectively, compared with those in T2. The correlation result showed that SFW had a significant positive correlation with RFW (0.76***). Further, a significant negative correlation was observed with OSAVI (−0.25*), MCARI1 (−0.54***), and CC (−0.19*). In conclusion, our findings implied that different light combinations in pakchoi affected the photosynthetic pigments although they did not improve SFW. This research will pave the way for pakchoi production in hydroponics using smart farming FJB. This will further promote plant development, especially for domestic consumption, and help fulfill the growing demand for leafy vegetables.

Omija seed oil was extracted from Omija seeds, a by-product of Omija, using an eco-friendly pressed extraction method. Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of 12 extracts using different combinations of seed moisture content (5, 7.5, and 10%) and extraction temperature (25, 49, 75, and 100℃) were then investigated. The highest extraction yield was 31.33% at moisture of 5% and temperature of 75℃. The lowest acid value was 4.18±0.25 at moisture of 5% and temperature of 49℃ or moisture of 7.5% and temperature of 25℃. Peroxide value, iodine value, and saponification value were the lowest at 0.64±0.56 meq/kg, 159.38± 6.03, and 57.60±9.40, respectively, at moisture of 5% and temperature of 25°C. The content of total polyphenolics was the highest at 4,413±125 mg TAE/100 g when the moisture content was 10% and the extraction temperature was 25℃. DPPH radical scavenging activities of oil extracts at 20~100 mg/mL were 28.68±7.30~87.65±2.20%. The maximum antioxidant activity and IC50 were 87.65±2.20% and <20 mg/mL, respectively, for extract obtained at moisture of 10% and temperature at 100℃. As a result, the extraction yield, acid value, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, and so on were excellent at moisture content of 5% and extraction temperature of 25℃ or 49℃. However, the content of total polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were the highest at moisture of 10% and extraction temperature of 100℃. In conclusion, extracting Omija seed oil from Omija seeds, a by-product of Omija, is effective with a pressed extraction method.

참다래 열매로부터 분리한 균주의 형태학적 특성과 DNA를 분리하여 효모의 동정에 사용되는 특이적 프라이머로 PCR 증폭을 한 후 생성된 PCR 산물의 염기서열 분석 결과, S. cerevisiae로 동정하였고, 동정된 균주는 S. cerevisiae HKFR18로 명명하였다. HKFR18을 적용하여 병행복발효, 단행복발효 및 단발효를 실시한 결과, 병행 복발효 산업에서 사용되는 상업용 효모 S. cerevisiae La parisienne 대비 발효제로 개량누룩 사용 시험구의 경우, 동등 수준의 알코올 생성능을 나타내었고, 신맛의 특성과 강도에 차이를 나타낼 수 있는 유기산 조성의 차이가 확인되 었으며, 입국 사용 시험구의 경우에는 알코올 생성능, 유기산 조성 및 향기성분 조성에서도 특이적인 차이는 관찰 되지 않았다. 단행복발효 산업현장에서 사용되고 있는 상업용 균주인 S. cerevisiae US-05 시험구 대비 HKFR18 시험구에서 동등 수준의 알코올 생성능이 확인되었고, 총 유기산 함량은 동등 수준이지만 조성에서는 차이가 확인 되었으며, 향기성분 조성도 유의적인 차이를 나타내는 성분들이 검출되었다. 단발효 산업현장에서 사용되고 있는 상업용 균주인 S. cerevisiae Fermivin 시험구 대비 HKFR18 시험구에서 동등 수준의 알코올 생성능과 총 유기산 함량은 동등 수준이지만 조성에서는 상대적으로 acetic acid 함량이 낮은 특성, 검출된 향기성분 대부분 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 이와 같이 국내 자생 S. cerevisiae 균주인 S. cerevisiae HKFR18이 주류 산업 현장에서 적용 되고 있는 상업용 S. cerevisiae 균주의 대체 가능한 주류 양조 가능성이 확인되었으므로 HKFR18과 상업적으로 이용되고 있는 S. cerevisiae 균주와의 관능품질 차별화 및 계통군 분류에 대한 심화 연구를 통하여 국내 자생 생물자원의 활용 가능성을 제고할 수 있는 단서를 제공할 수 있 을 것으로 생각된다.

This study investigated on the nutritional components and physiological activity of four wild vegetables namely Salvia plebeia R. Br., Angelica acutiloba, Gynura procumbens and Saururus chinensis Baill for the development of representative wild vegetables in Chungbuk. Salvia plebeia possessed the highest radical scavenging activity and beta-carotene, but exhibited the lowest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity compared to the other three vegetables. Angelica acutiloba showed high crude protein content and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, but contained low total polyphenol content, radical scavenging ability and beta-carotene compared to the other three vegetables. Gynura procumbens showed high mineral content, beta-carotene, vitamin K1 content and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, but showed the lowest total polyphenol content and radical scavenging ability compared to the other three vegetables. Saururus chinensis showed high crude fiber content and total polyphenol content, but contained the lowest mineral and vitamin K1 content. To conclude, it is suggested to use Salvia plebeia or Saururus chinensis as antioxidant food materials and Angelica acutiloba and Gynura procumbens as food materials and sources of α-glucosidase inhibitors. In particular, it is believed that Saururus chinensis, which possessed high content of crude fiber, is suitable for low-calorie food materials such as diet products.

황련은 한의학에서 진정, 소염, 항균 및 해열 등의 여러 질병의 치료에 이용되어져 왔다. 본 연구에서는 UVB와 TNF-α/IFN-γ로 유도된 HaCaT 세포에서 피부장벽과 염증관련 인자에 대한 황련 열수 추출물(CCW)의 효과를 조사하고, 보습 및 항염증 소재로서의 가능성을 알아보고자 하였다. 각 질형성세포인 HaCaT 세포에서 CCW의 보습 및 항염 효과를 확인하기 위해 MTT assay를 통한 시료의 독성 평가를 실시하였다. 이를 바탕으로, HA(Hyaluronic acid) 생성량과 filaggrin의 protein 및 mRNA 발현을 측정하였다. TNF-α/IFN-γ로 자극된 HaCaT 세포에서 CCW는 농도 의존적으로 HA 의 생성량을 증가 시켰고, filaggrin의 protein 및 mRNA 발현 측정 결과 CCW의 농도 증가에 따라 발현율도 증가하였다. UVB로 유도된 HaCaT 세포에서 CCW는 ROS의 생성을 감소 시켰고, 양성대조군 (positive control)인 EGCG( (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate)와 유의한 결과를 보여 주었다. 또한, CCW 는 염증성 사이토카인 TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8의 발현을 억제 시켰고, TNF-α/IFN-γ로 자극 된 HaCaT 세포에서 피부 염증에 따른 주요 인자인 COX-2의 protein 및 mRNA 발현이 농도 의존적으로 감소되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는, 황련 열수 추출물의 보습 및 항염증 효과를 가지 는 화장품 소재로서의 가치를 제안할 수 있다.

The antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the solvent fraction fractionated from the methanol extract of Saururus chinensis Baill were examined. As a result of measuring the yields of methanol, hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol, and water fractions, the extraction yield of fraction was 18.60, 3.38, 24.03, 7.75, 8.11 and 62.57%, respectively. The total polyphenol content of the methanol extract of Saururus chinensis Baill was 13.40, 4.62, 7.39, 31.24, 25.76 and 5.64 mg GAE/g, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50%) results were 20.81, 5.47, 10.15, 22.63, 19.68 and 21.06 ug/mL, respectively, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (IC50%) results were 15.81, 2.69, 8.84, 12.80, 3.70 and 3.39 ug/mL. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity scavenging activity measurement (IC50%) showed 33.63, 8.88, 16.93, 32.84, 33.79, and 33.71 ug/mL in methanol, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate butanol, and water fractions, respectively. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the solvent fraction fractionated with the methanol extract of 300 sec was measured for the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of methanol, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate butanol, and water fraction, respectively, 15.85, 10.84, 15.74, 24.90, 2.58 and 35.70%.

Fresh Omija (Schisandra chinensis) has good marketability, but its quality is difficult to maintain during storage and distribution. Freezing and freeze-thawing treatments can be utilized for the quality maintenance and processing of cold press juice. In this study, the color, antioxidant properties, and the major components of soaked liquor from Omija with freeze-thawing treatment were analyzed during the extraction periods. Each of the frozen and freeze-thawed Omija samples was soaked in 35% ethanol, extracted for 15 days, and used for analysis. The frozen and freeze-thawed samples showed a tendency toward better color and higher antioxidant activity and major component levels than the controls, and freeze-thawing was the best. The results of this study showed that freeze-thawing treatment improved the color, antioxidant properties, and level of the major components of Omija soaked liquor, and freeze storage is suitable for making soaked liquor.

Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus play important roles in dental caries. Coptis chinensis is a natural product with antimicrobial activity against enterobacteria; however, its effects on oral streptococci are still unknown. Therefore, the effects of C. chinensis on the growth and biofilm formation of the representative cariogenic bacteria S. mutans and S. sobrinus were investigated for the possible use of C. chinensis as an anticaries agent. The C. chinensis extract was diluted with sterile distilled water, and 0.1–2.5% of the extract was used in the experiment. The effects of the C. chinensis extract on the growth and glucan formation of S. mutans and S. sobrinus were measured by viable cell counting and spectrophotometry at 650 nm absorbance, respectively. Crystal violet staining was also carried out to confirm the C. chinensis extract’s inhibitory effect on biofilm formation. The C. chinensis extract significantly inhibited the growth of S. mutans and S. sobrinus at concentrations of ≥ 0.3% as compared with the control group. The viable cell count of colonies decreased by 1.7-fold and 1.2-fold at 2.5% and 1.25%, respectively, compared with the control group. The biofilm formation of S. mutans and S. sobrinus was inhibited by > 20-fold at C. chinensis extract concentrations of ≥ 1.25% as compared with the control group. In summary, the C. chinensis extract inhibited the growth and biofilm and glucan formation of S. mutans and S. sobrinus . Therefore, C. chinensis might be a potential candidate for controlling dental caries.

Cognitive impairment is considered to be key research topics in the field of neurodegenerative diseases and in understanding of learning and memory. In the present study, we investigated neuroprotective effects of Schisandra chinensis (SC) and Ribes fasciculatum (RF) extracts in hydrogen peroxide-induced neuronal cell death in vitro and scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in Sprague Dawley® (SD) rat in vivo. Apoptotic cell death in neuroblastic PC12 cell line was induced by hydrogen peroxide for 1 hour at 100 μM. However, mixture of SC and RF treatment prevented peroxide induced PC12 cell death with no neurotoxic effects. For in vivo experiment, the effect of SC and RF extracts on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in SD rat was evaluated by spontaneous alternation behavior in Y-Maze test. After 30 min scopolamine injection, the scopolamine-induced rats presented significantly decreased % spontaneous alteration and acetylcholine level, compared to non-induced group. However, treatment of SC+RF extracts rescued the reduced % spontaneous alteration with acetylcholine concentration from hippocampus in scopolamineinduced rats. These results suggested that mixture of SC and RF extract may be a potential natural therapeutic agent for the prevention of cognitive impairment.