The aim of this study was to calculate the health risks which children were exposed to trace metals through several pathways including air, floor dust, wipe and hand wipes in elementary-schools and academies. The samples were collected at children's facilities (50 elementary-schools and 46 academies) in summer (Aug ~ Sept, 2008), winter (Dec 2008 ~ Feb, 2009) and Spring (Mar ~ Apr, 2009) periods. The lifetime Excess Cancer Risks (ECRs) were estimated for carcinogen trace elements such as As, Cd, and Cr. For carcinogens, the Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) was calculated by considering the process of deciding Cancer Potency Factor (CPF) and Age Dependent Adjust Factor (ADAF) of the data of adults. Hazard Quotients (HQs) were estimated for the non-carcinogens trace metals like Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb. The average ECRs for young children were 1×10^-9~1×10^-8 (50%th percentile) level in all facilities. Non-carcinogens did not exceed 0.1 for all subjects in all facilities. For trace metals their risk based on health risk assessment was also observed to be acceptable.

This study was to assess the lifetime cancer and non-cancer risk on exposure to volatile organic compounds This study was assessed the lifetime cancer and non-cancer risk of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exposure in young children at elementary-schools and academies in Korea. The samples were collected at children's facilities (50 elementary-schools and 42 academies) in summer (Aug ~ Sept, 2008), winter (Dec 2008 ~ Feb, 2009) and Spring (Mar ~ Apr, 2009) periods, and analyzed by GC-MSD. We estimated the lifetime excess cancer risks (ECRs) of benzene and the hazard quotients (HQs) of non-carcinogens toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and styrene. In addition, for carcinogens, the excess cancer risk (ECR) was calculated by considering the process of deciding cancer potency factor (CPF) and age dependent adjust Factor (ADAF) from the data in adults. The average ECRs of benzene for young children were 1×10^-7~1×10^-9 level in all facilities. HQs of four non-carcinogens did not exceed 1.0 for all subjects in all facilities.

The objectives of this study were to analyze the current state of elementary school children’s partici pation in winter sports and, by doing so, to provide basic materials for developing winter sport progr ams and expanding facilities for elementary schoo

그동안 어린이 교통안전 관련 자료 및 정책수립은 교통사고 발생 후 교통사고 건수 및 발생현황 중심으로 이루어져 왔으나 개별 어린이의 교통사고 노출 가능성 정도를 미리 진단함으로써 전체 어린이 가운데 위험정도가 높은 어린이들을 분류하여 이들에 대한 교통사고 예방교육에 주의를 기울일 필요가 있다. 이에 어린이의 교통안전행동을 측정함으로써 위험에 노출될 가능성 정도를 미리 파악할 수 있는 측정도구를 개발하는데 연구의 목적을 두고 있다. 예비검사용 문항(259문항)으로 서울시와 광역시 소재 초등학교 2곳을 임의 선정하여 총 600명을 대상으로 예비검사를 실시하였으며, 본검사는 약 3,500명을 대상으로 저학년은 53문항을, 고학년은 72문항을 사용하여 실시하였다. 연구결과 저학년용은 4개요인(행동통제부족성향, 공격성향, 자기 조절성향, 충동성향)으로 44문항을 추출하였고, 고학년용은 4개요인(행동통제부족성향, 우울성향, 자극추구성향, 공격성향)으로 69문항을 추출하였다. 교통안전행동에 문제를 지닌 학생과 문제를 가지지 않은 학생을 구분하기 위한 기준점수 산출시 남녀간 성별 차이를 고려하였다. 이로써 산출된 저학년용의 남자 어린이 기준점수는 63점, 여자 어린이 기준점수는 50점이다. 그리고 고학년용 남자 어린이 기준점수는 110점, 여자 어린이 기준점수는 99점이다.

목 적: 본 연구는 ROC curve를 분석하여 나안시력과 자동굴절검사의 민감도/특이도에 따른 최상의 절단점(Optimal cutoff point)을 산출하고, 자동굴절검사가 선별검사(Screening)로 타당한지 알아보고자 한다. 방 법: 초등학생 293명을 대상으로 나안시력, 자동굴절검사, 자각적 굴절검사를 실시하여, 나안시력 0.5를 기준으로 자각적 굴절검사에 대한 최상의 절단점을 산출하고 이를 황금기준(GoldStandard)으로 가정한 후 이 절단점 및 인접한 값을 기준으로 정상/추가검사의뢰를 분류하였고, 나안시력과 자동굴절검사 결과에 대해 ROC curve를 이용하여 민감도/특이도가 가장 높은 최상의 절단점을 산출하였다. 또한 곡선아래면적(Area Under the Curve)을 이용하여 자각적 굴절검사의 분류 결과와 차이가 있는지 확인하여 자동굴절검사가 선별검사로서 타당한지 알아보았다. 결 과: ROC Curve를 이용하여 나안시력 0.5를 기준으로 한 자각적 굴절검사의 최상의 절단점은 -0.63D로 나타났다. 자각적 굴절검사 -0.75D를 황금기준으로 가정할 때 절단점은 나안시력은 0.5, 자동굴절검사는 -1.00D로 나타났으며, 두 검사법을 비교한 결과 나안시력과 자동굴절검사의 곡선아래면적은 통계적으로 차이가 없었다. 결 론: 어린이의 시각 선별검사를 위해 나안시력과 함께 자동굴절검사를 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

This study was conducted to examine the relationship between dietary habits and time spent watching TV and using internet, in elementary school children. The data were collected by a questionnaire survey of 712 elementary school children, within Gwangju and Jeonnam area. The SPSS 12.0/win program was used to analyze the 523 samples. Amount of TV-watching time was found to be related to the dietary habit score in the subjects. The children who watch TV “less than 1 hour/day” on weekdays had a better dietary habit score than those who watch TV “more than 1 hour” (p<0.0001). The children who watch TV “less than 2 hours/day” on weekends had a better dietary habit than the children who watch TV “more than 2 hours/day” (p<0.0001). The internet usage was also related to the dietary habit score in these children: those who use internet “less than 1 hour/day” on weekdays had a better dietary habit score than the children who use internet “more than 2 hours/day” (p<0.0001). The children who use internet “less than 2 hours/day” on weekends had a better dietary habit score than the children who use internet “more than 2 hours/day” (p<0.0001). These results indicate that the children tend to have a better diet when their TV and internet time is limited and thus healthy dietary behavior is negatively associated with a sedentary pattern of activity in elementary school children.

목적: 초등학생의 수평사위 검사를 실시하여 연령증가에 따른 상관성을 분석하였다. 방법: 경남 소재 초등학교 4곳의 166명을 대상으로 나안시력과 굴절검사 및 안위검사를 실시하여 비교 분석하였다. 결과: 연령별 원거리 사위 분포는 전체 대상자 중 외사위 92명(55.4%), 내사위 39명(23.5%), 정위 35명(21.1%)이었다(f=32.259, p=0.000). 외사위와 내사위 및 정위의 연령별 분포는 각각 8세는 14명(41.2%), 11명(32.4%), 9명(26.5%)(f=13.857, p=0.000), 9세는 21명(55.3%), 8명(21.1%), 9명(23.7%)(f=16.955, p=0.000), 12세는 36명(62.1%), 13명(22.4%), 9명(1.7%)(f=8.924 p=0.000), 13세는 21명(58.3%), 7명 (19.4%), 8명(22.2%)(f=8.371, p=0.001)으로 나타났다. 연령별 근거리 사위 분포는 전체 대상자 중 외사위 107명(64.5%), 내사위 38명(22.9%), 정위 21명(12.7%) 이었다(f=33.138, p=0.000). 외사위와 내사위 및 정위의 연령별 분포는 각각 8세는 21명(61.8%), 9명 (26.5%), 4명(11.76%), 9세는 24명(63.2%), 8명(21.1%), 6명(15.8%), 12세는 36명(62.1%), 17명(29.3%), 5명 (8.6%), 13세는 26명(72.2%), 4명(11.1%), 6명(16.7%)으로 나타났다. 연령증가에 따른 상관성에서는 원거리에서는 8세와 9세간에는 r=0.303, p=0.081, 9세와 12세간에는 r=0.217, p=0.190, 12세와 13세간에는 r=-0.304, p=0.0844로 유의성이 없었으며, 근거리에서는 8세와 9세간에는 r=0.710, p

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cooking activities on the unbalanced dietary food habits of elementary school students and develop the effective cooking activity program for the improvement of unbalanced dietary behaviors as well as the food intake and menu acceptance. The subjects of this study were 256 elementary school students. The cooking activity group and control group were consisted of 128 students of 3rd & 5th grader each. Both cooking activity and the control group took the same 1-hour nutritional theory based class for 10 sessions. Only Cooking activity (CA) group took additional 10 sessions of 1-hour cooking class. Programs for cooking activity were developed and 10 cooking activity sessions were taken place for 4 months. The questionnairs were used to evaluate the effect of the cooking activities over the intake of food group, unbalanced dietary behavior, eating attitudes, menu acceptance before and after the completion of all the cooking activities. Cooking activities affect the unbalanced dietary behaviors and the intake of food groups. Fish, cereals, milk products, fruits, potatoes, vegetables were more eaten by CA group than control group. Eating attitudes and unbalanced dietary behaviors of CA group are also improved significantly than control group. From these results, it was concluded that cooking activities had the positive effect on the improvement of unbalanced dietary food habits over vegetables, cereals, fish, milk product and fruits as well as the unbalanced dietary behaviors of the elementary school children.

In this study, the relationships among obesity, food behavior, and personality traits were studied in male and female elementary school children. The obesity rates were calculated via the measured heights and weights of the subjects. Food behavior was surveyed via a questionnaire. Personality traits were evaluated using an authorized personality test. The obesity rates in the child subjects in this study were 34.1%in the male children, and 28.7% in the female children, and the rates of underweight were 18.2% in the males and 28.7% in the females. The percentage of obese children was slightly higher in the male population than in the female population. With regard to food behavior, the females evidenced significantly higher points than the males, particularly on the items designated 'slow eating' and 'stop eating upon satiety'. Among the personality traits assessed herein, which included emotional stability, general activity, sociability, masculinity, responsibility, reflectiveness, and superiority, the females evidenced significantly higher sociability scores than the males. The personality traits did not appear to be significantly associated with the obesity rate. However, the obese children scored lowest on all personality traits among the three groups. In terms of the relationship between food behavior and personality traits, children with high stability, sociability, responsibility, and superiority also had significantly higher food behavior scores. These results imply that the maintenance of good food behavior may enhance stability, sociability, responsibility, and superiority in children.

This study was carried out to find out differences about meal conditions and food preference between non-obese and obese elementary school children. Ten children(non-obese 5 and obese 5) from each of the nationwide 192 schools were surveyed by self-developed questionnaire. Total of 1,767 questionnaires(815 from non-obese and 952 from obese children) were collected and data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 program. The results of the comparative analysis were summarized as follows. There was not significantly different in height between non-obese group(151.0±12.5cm) and obese group(151.2±12.3cm). But BMI was significant difference between non-obese group(18.0±2.2cm) and obese group(27.3±3.2cm). Economical status was not significantly different between 2 groups. But educational level of parents and mother’ job were significant differences between 2 groups. Only 2/3 of the subjects reported to have breakfast at regular basas, regularity of having breakfast was not significantly different between 2 groups. Also regularity of having lunch during vacation was not significantly different between 2 groups. But Reasons of skipping breakfast and lunch were significantly different between 2 groups. Regularity of having dinner, reasons of skipping dinner, intake amount in dinner, and frequency of having snacks were significantly different between 2 groups. But the time required for lunch and dinner were under 20 minutes of 60-80% of the subjects, and were not significantly different between 2 groups. Non-obese group have liked fast foods, fruits & juices, sweets, and cakes & cookies than obese group. Obese group have liked meat & meat products and ramyeon, but they have not eaten those foods frequently because of anxiety about being more fatty. These findings suggested that nutrition education programs include different strategy according to obesity and obese prevention program is needed for non-obese school children.

This study was performed to investigate the preference and perception on fruits especially, focusing on apples and pears served in elementary school lunch programs. The subjects of this study were 1,106 students (504 female and 595 male students)from seven elementary schools in Seoul. The survey was conducted by using self-administered questionnaire from July 10 to July 20, 2006. Based on the frequency analysis results, 45% of respondents ate fruits every day and 42% had fruits 2-3 times per week. Approximately, 53% of respondents indicated their usual time to eat fruits was after dinner and secondly 27% had fruits between lunch and dinner. Majority of respondents chose a watermelon as the most preferred fruits and the first chosen among nine fruits (apple, pear, madarin, strawberry, cherry tomato, watermelon, grape, melon, and peach). Cherry tomato was found as the least preferred fruits by 30% of students, however cherry tomato was most frequently offered fruits in elementary school lunch menu. About 50% students were satisfied with the served fruits in their school lunch program. In addition, most students said that they would have fruits more frequently in their lunch menu. However, one fifth of students addressed that they were not satisfied with the fruits in school lunch program because of kinds of fruits, freshness of fruits, taste of fruits, and quantity of fruits. Almost 71% of students preferred apples. Seventy three percents of students preferred eating apples without peel and 78% of students ate apples as slices of apples. In addition, 61% of students indicated their preference of apple salads. Many students responded they did not eat apples and pears frequently since they do not have a chance to eat them. The implications to increase the chance to eat fruits and promote elementary children's fruits consumption were discussed.

평균 연령 10.8세인 비만 아동 17명을 대상으로 12주간 영양교육을 중심으로 한 체중조절 프로그램을 실시한 결과 비만도와 BMI에서는 유의적인 변화를 보이지 않았으나 허리둘레 및 엉덩이 둘레가 유의적으로 감소하였고, HDL-콜레스테롤이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 지방 조직 분비 호르몬-resistin, adiponectin, leptin의 수준은 체중조절 프로그램 실시전과 후에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. Resistin과 leptin의 변화량은 BMI 변화량과 양의 관계를, adiponect의 변화량은 음의 관계를 나타내 체위와의 상관성을 보여주었으나 본 연구만으로 이들 호르몬들과 체위변화와의 상관성을 규명하기에는 부족했다. 또한 체중조절 프로그램 후 열량 외에 무기질과 비타민 등 대부분의 영양소 섭취가 감소하여 체중조절 프로그램을 진행할 때 열량섭취는 줄이면서 미량 영양소의 섭취는 유지할 수 있게 올바른 식품을 선택할 수 있도록 하는 교육이 강화되어야 할 것이다. 본 연구는 비교적 단기간의 체중조절프로그램의 효과를 살펴본 것으로서, 본 연구결과를 토대로 앞으로 영양교육의 내용을 수정하고, 체조성 변화에 대한 연구를 강화하며 좀 더 장기적인 체중조절 프로그램을 수행한다면 아동 비만 치료에 더 좋은 효과를 낼 수 있을 것이라 사료된다. 또한 비만과 체지방분비호르몬의 상관성에 대한 후속연구도 필요한 것으로 본다.

목적 : 상자와 나무토막 검사는 손의 기능, 즉 조작능력을 평가하는 방법으로 보다 객관적이고 일상생활에서 많이 쓰는 손의 기능을 검사할 수 있는 가장 기본적이고 간단한 검사방법이다. 따라서 본 연구는 서울의 초등학생을 대상으로 일반적인 특성(성, 연령, 우세한 손)과 신체적인 특성(앉은키, 몸무게)에 따른 상자와 나무토막 검사의 정상아동 표준치를 제시하여서, 아동 치료에 기초가 되는 자료를 제공하고자 하였다.연구방법 : 연구 대상자는 서울에 위치한 한 초등학교에 다니는 남학생 85명(45.2%), 여학생 103명(54.8%)으로 전체 188명이였다. 자료는 8세에서 13세까지 6집단으로 나누고, 평균, 표준편차, 백분위 점수로 나타내었다.결과 : 상자와 나무토막 검사에서 평균값은 성별, 연령, 우세손에 따라 계산되었다(남자: 80.15, 여자: 75.68). 성별에 따라 점수를 비교했을 때, 남자 학생들의 점수가 왼손, 오른손 손 검사에서 모두 높은 점수를 얻었다(p<0.05).결론 : 본

The purposes of this study were to investigate the accomodations for the disabled children of the elementary schools in Suwon and to give helpful information to the parents and teachers for the improvement of the independence of disabled children at school. We measured the ramps, toilets, doorways and other accomodations in 64 elementary schools according to the checklists. The checklists of these facilities were based on the legal requirements of "The Act for the Benefit of the Disabled, Elderly and Pregnant Women". The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and the test. None of the investigated schools satisfied all the legal requirements of the facilities. Fifteen elementary schools had adequate accomodations for the disabled children which allowed them to move independently from the entrance of the school to their classrooms located on the first floor. Only eight of fifteen schools had elevators to access their classrooms upstairs. The schools were divided into two groups according to their construction dates; before and after April 11th 1998, when "The Act for the Benefit of the Disabled, Elderly and Pregnant Women" took effect. There were statistically significant differences in the number of toilets, the width of the toilet entrance, and the slope of the ramps between the two groups (p<.05). We suggest that the accomodations for the disabled children need to be established on a systematic and on-going basis in the future. The teachers and administrators should be more aware of the legal requirements for appropriate accomodations for the disabled children.

The purpose of this study was to survey the concern for health, nutrition knowledge, and nutritional attitude of the elementary school children's mothers, to investigate the correlations among them, and to estimate their effects on the growth of their children. The questionnaire was answered by 780 mothers in the Busan area. The concerns over health and nutritional attitude were above average in all items. The perception and accuracy with respect to nutrition knowledge were 90.3% and 77.0%, respectively, and the mean score of the nutrition knowledge was 17.5 on a basis of twenty-five. This indicates that the subjects had a comparatively deep concern for health and good knowledge of nutrition, and professed a relatively desirable attitude. These results indicate a desirable dietary attitude for children as well as parents. The correlation coefficients between nutrition knowledge and a concern for health, and between nutrition knowledge and nutritional attitude were very low. This suggests that the subjects' knowledge of nutrition does not develop into practice. The correlation coefficient was high (r=.610) between the concern for health and the nutritional attitude. In conclusion, the nutrition education program for mothers should be developed to add good practice to knowledge, thus increasing the concern for health, correcting their faulty knowledge of nutrition, teaching the good nutrition, and taking a practical attitude toward the use of their present nutritional knowledge.

The purpose of this study is to investigate children's satisfaction with side dishes served in elementary school food service program in Seoul area. Two hundreds and thirty two children participated in this study through a questionnaire developed by the researchers. Conclusion drawn from the results of this study is that there seems no significant problems in school food service program since children are generally satisfied with food provided by school. However, minor problems such as hot and salty food, inappropriate temperature of warm dishes, and excessive amount of food, need to be improved through a newly developed menu, cooking method, and food distribution method.