This study evaluated the importance of assessing personal exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by monitoring indoor, outdoor, and personal VOC levels in 15 Seoul residents over a 3-month period using passive samplers. Results indicated that limonene had the highest concentrations across indoor, outdoor, and personal samples, with this compound primarily originating from household cleaners and air fresheners. Other VOCs, such as 2-butanone and toluene, also varied by location. Health risk assessments showed that most VOCs had a Hazard Index (HI) below 1, while the HI of individual exposures were relatively higher. Notably, cancer risk assessments for chloroform and ethylbenzene exceeded permissible levels in some scenarios, suggesting potential cancer risks. This underscores the importance of diverse microenvironment monitoring for accurate health risk evaluations, as relying solely on indoor and outdoor levels can underestimate actual exposure risks. This study highlights the need for future research to monitor VOC levels in various microenvironments, in addition to the necessity of investigating personal activity patterns in depth to accurately assess personal exposure levels. Such an approach is crucial for precise health risk assessments, and it provides valuable foundational data for evaluating personal VOC exposures.

In addition to physical risks such as electrical, chemical, and mechanic ones in the workplace, psychosocial risks are also raising as an important issue in recent years in connection with human rights and work-life balance policies. The purpose of this study is to confirm the degree of effect of the psychosocial risk management plan at the workplace on workers through logistic regression analysis. Input data for logistic regression analysis is the results of a survey of 4,558 people conducted by the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health were used. There are 9 independent variables, including the change a workplace and confidential counseling, and the dependent variable is whether the worker feels the effect on the psychosocial risk management plan. As a result of this study, changes in work organization, dispute resolution procedures, provision of education program, notification of the impact of psychosocial risks on safety and health, and the persons in charge of solving psychosocial problems are shown effective in reducing worker’s psychosocial risks. This study drives which of the management plans implemented to reduce the psychosocial risk of workers in the workplace are effective, so it can contribute to the development of psychosocial risk management plans in the future.

본 연구는 유아교육기관 원장의 소진에 영향을 미치는 직무환경 위험요인을 밝혀 유아교육 기관 운영은 물론 교사와 가정의 영유아 보육(Edu-care)의 역할을 효율적으로 지원할 수 있도록 돕는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 유아교육기관에 재직 중인 원장 244명이었다. 연구를 위하여 김혜경(2011)의 직무환경 위험요소 척도와 Maslach와 Jackson(1986)의 소진척도를 사용하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 21.0 version으로 평균과 표준편차, ANOVA 검증 및 Scheffé의 사후검증, 적률상관분석 및 회귀분석(regression analysis)을 통해 분석하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 원장의 개인변인 중 채용유형, 학력, 월수입, 교직경력에 따른 직무환경 위험요인의 하위변인 및 전체와 부분적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 둘째, 직무환경 위험요인 전체와 하위변인 중 도전 기회부족과 역할 모호성은 냉소, 정서고갈, 개인 성취감 감소, 직무소진 전체와 정적인 상관이 있었다. 셋째, 원장이 인지한 직무환경 위험요인 중 업무과다, 도전적 기회부족, 역할 갈등, 업무모호성은 직무소진 전체를 높이는 영향을 미쳤다. 본 연구의 결과는 원장의 사회적, 정서적 지원을 통해 효율적으로 원장의 역할을 수행하기 위한 정책적 지원의 기초자료로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

In this study, we analyzed the factors affecting the concentration of airborne asbestos fiber in the indoor and outdoor environment of a slate roofing house, and performed a health risk assessment of residents living in houses with slate roofs. Sampling was conducted at ten houses with slate roofs on 3 different days under different weather conditions. A high flow rate pump was used for sampling. The specimen was assessed using a phase-contrast microscope. The degree of risk of exposure to asbestos was assessed using EPA’s carcinogen risk assessment method. Asbestos fiber concentrations for slate roofing houses were 2.43 fiber/L inside and 2.46 fiber/L outside, respectively. The correlation between the indoor and outdoor asbestos fiber concentration was 0.486. But on both sides, the asbestos fiber concentrations did not exceed the standard (10 fiber/L) for ambient air in Korea. The factors affecting the concentration of asbestos fiber were year of construction (p<0.05), total roof area (p<0.05) and average wind velocity (p<0.01). According to EPA’s ELCR (Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk) on air pollution substances, a level of 1.0E-04~1.0E-06 should be maintained. However, the ELCR level of 6 out of 10 houses was over 1.0E-04. Therefore, a risk management plan for residents of slate roofing houses must be prepared immediately.

This study measured and analyzed the heavy metal (Cd, As) content of fine dust in the city of Gwangyang, Jeonnam from September 19 to September 22, 2016. For cadmium, the arithmetic average was 0.21 ng/m3 (0.12~0.49 ng/ m3), which did not exceed the WHO's recommended level. The average of arsenic was 2.41 ng/m3 (0.30~142.08 ng/ m3) and the geometric mean was 11.18 ng/m3, which exceeded the WHO's recommended standard in 16 out of 24 measurements. In the case of cadmium, the CTE of male was 9.22 × 10−8 RME 1.91 × 10−7 and the female CTE was 9.44 × 10−8 RME 1.92 × 10−7, which did not exceed the EPA limit of CTE 2.18 × 10−5 RME 1.51 × 10−4 for men and CTE 2.23 × 10−5 RME 1.51 × 10−4 For women, CTE 2.23 × 10−5 RME 1.51 × 10−4 results were obtained, which exceeded the EPA's recommended limit and also exceeded the maximum allowable limit of 10-4.

The purpose of this article was to research the effects of physical environment on risk perception in customers at raw-fish restaurants in the Northeastern area of Kangwon province, South Korea. In this research, reliability analysis, factor analysis and path analysis were carried out. Physical environments were divided into four factors and risk perception into three factors. ‘Exterior facility’ had a negative influence on performance (p<0.001) and financial risk (p<0.001). ‘Interior facility’ negatively affected performance risk (p<0.001), financial risk (p<0.001) and time risk (p<0.001). ‘The others’ negatively influenced performance risk (p<0.05). Lastly, ‘press copy’ negatively influenced performance risk (p<0.001). Based on these results, various physical environments affected the risk perception in customers at raw-fish restaurants, and satisfaction level of customers was based on risk perceptions. As a result, food-service companies need to manage the physical environment as a marketing strategy, as well as reduce risk perception to increase customers loyalty.

This study was conducted to compare the value of the working environment measurement with the expected exposure value drawn by using a program, thereby going to investigate whether it is available to the risk assessment of domestic workplace. We used the ECETOC TRA program which is one of the exposure predictive models. Four kinds of substances were measured in two workplace which was exposed to organic solvents and one kind of substance was measured in three workplace which was exposed to dusts and then an exposure assessment of chemical risk factors was conducted. The result value of the working environment measurement, solid substance exceeded standard in one site, and it was found that the other solid and liquid substances were within the standard. The value of the exposure assessment program showd the same result; it was higher than the value of the working environment measurement, suggesting that due to its nature, the exposure assessment program is run only on the worst situation. Therefore, it was found that when the exposure assesment program is used, variables should be substituted only after accurately assessing the workplace and it is a good idea to assess the risk beforehand with the exposure assessment program in the case of the workplace which employs no more than 5 people and where it is hard to assess the working environment.

해상교통환경의 위험도를 평가하기 위해서는 위험도를 구성하고 있는 위험요소들을 명확히 식별하고, 식별된 위험요소들을 평가할 수 있는 기준을 마련하여야 한다. 한편 이러한 각 위험요소들의 위험수준의 합으로 전체 위험도를 나타낼 수 있으므로, 각 위험요소가 전체 위험도에서 차지하는 비중인 상대적 중요도가 분석되어야 한다. 본 연구는 선행연구에서 국내·외 해상교통환경 위험도 평가모델들의 검토를 통하여 제시된 국내 해상교통환경의 위험도를 구성하는 20가지 위험요소와 평가기준 및 해상교통전문가 집단에 의한 설문조사를 통하여 계층분석적의사결정법으로 분석한 각 위험요소의 상대적 중요도를 바탕으로, 국내 목포항 및 그 진입수로에 대한 해상교통환경의 위험도를 평가하였다. 목포항 및 그 진입수로는 비교평가를 위하여 총 4개의 해역으로 구분하여 분석하였으며, 분석결과 위험요소 해수운동 복잡성 예인선 도선사 선박교통관제 등에서 위험수준이 높게 나타난 정등해 항로의 위험도가 가장 높게 평가되었다. 이러한 평가결과는 동일한 해역에서 본 연구와는 다른 정성적 혹은 정량적 위험도 분석기법을 이용한 연구들의 평가결과와 대체로 일치하였다.

The classification of risk factors and the identification of risk acceptance criteria are core works to assess risk levels with high enough confidential level in the field of marine traffic environment. In the previous study work, the twenty kinds of risk factors and its assessment criteria for the domestic marine traffic environment were proposed. In this paper, with these previous studying results, the relative importance of the risk factors were analyzed by questionnaire survey of marine traffic experts using the analytic hierarchy process. The analysis results showed that the relative importance of the visibility restriction is the highest among the twenty kinds of risk factors, and the relative importance of the traffic condition is the highest among the five kinds of risk categories. As results from analysis, it is expected that the approaching method on the relative importance is to be one of basic techniques for the development of risk assessment models in the domestic marine traffic environment.

해상교통환경의 위험도를 평가하기 위한 기술로는 대표적으로 FSA, PAWSA, IWRAP 등이 있으며, 이러한 기술의 개발을 위해서는 해상교통환경에 적합한 위험요소를 선정하고 이에 대한 평가기준이 마련되어야 한다. 기존 기술에서 위험도는 사고의 출현빈도와 이로 인한 영향의 곱으로 정의되어 이에 따라 사고의 출현빈도 및 영향에 해당되는 위험요소들이 각각 구분되어 선정되고 있었다. 그러나, 본 연구는 각 위험요소에 요소별 출현빈도와 영향을 포함하여 이들의 합으로 위험도를 정의함으로써 기존 기술에서 사고의 영향에 해당되었던 위험요소들을 제외하는 한편, 위험요소 분류체계에 관한 기존 연구의 사례 검토를 통하여 위험도를 구성하는 위험요소를 20가지로 추출한 후 유사한 성격에 따라 5가지 카테고리로 분류하였다. 또한, 선정된 각 위험요소에 대하여 관련 통계자료 등을 이용 실용적으로 용이하게 평가할 수 있는 기준을 제시하여, 향후 국내 해상교통환경에 적합한 위험도 평가모델의 개발을 위한 기초를 마련하였다.

PURPOSES: This study is to investigate the consideration which relates with a disaster from route alignment process and proposed the method it will be able to evaluate a disaster danger fixed quantity. METHODS: Use the landslide disaster probabilistic map of GIS based and in about landslide occurrence of the route alignment at the time of neighboring area after evaluating a risk fixed quantity, it compared LCC expense in about each alternative route. It developed the system it will be able to analyze a LCC and a disaster risk in about the alternative route. In order to verify a risk analytical algorithm and the system which are developed it selected national road 59 lines on the demonstrative route and it analyzed a disaster risk. RESULTS: Demonstrative route not only the disaster risk to be it will be able to compare a disaster risk fixed quantity like the economical efficiency degree in compliance with LCC expense productions it compared and there being the designer will be able to decide the alternative route, it confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: Roads can be designed by considering occurs repeatedly landslides and debris flow caused by disasters in advance and expect to be able to effect that can reduce the overall cost to recover losses caused by the disaster, and temporally loss is expected.

This article reports a case study on the impacts of an interactive, culturally-sensitive computer-based learning environment on at-risk teenage students' motivation and learning of American history in an alternative school in the United States of America. Hip-hop culture combined with interactive software and digital audio workstations was applied to motivate at-risk teenagers and to promote active and effective learning. Data were collected through interviews, archived multimedia data, learning artifacts, teacher’s notes and reflections. Multiple positive impacts were found on both learners’ motivation and learning outcomes. Implications on practice and research were discussed, together with suggestions for educators, researchers and practitioners.

The goal of this study is to propose the effective method of investigating the injurious factors and make improvement plans that prevents the workers against musculoskeletal disorders at plastic product companies and the same business field with similar working conditions and process. A questionnaire are adopted to analyze the symptoms of workers' musculoskeletal disorders, and ergonomic assessment methods such as RULA, OWAS are performed to find out harmful factors of workplace and working posture. Based on the result of the evaluation, to enhance the working environment, improvement of worktable, working space, tools, and outfit was suggested, and induction of mechanical system was also suggested. It can be concluded that the method and process described in this paper could be helpful for diagnosing the musculoskeletal disorders risk factors and making improvement plans to the plastic product companies and the same business field with similar working conditions and process.

We performed taxonomic reviews and habitat circumstances survey for 41 un-introduced environmentally harmful plants (as designated by the Ministry of Environment, Korea in 2016). For this purpose, we investigated plant specimens from several herbaria and performed a field survey in the southeastern region of the United States. Base on the result, we presented the most comprehensive results of weed risk evaluation and taxonomic description up to now as well as classification keys for 11 species to apply the regulation management of putative invasive alien species – Centaurea maculosa Lam., Centaurea diffusa Lam., Mikania micrantha Kunth. (Asteraceae), Cenchrus echinatus L., Neyraudia reynaudiana (Kunth) Keng ex Hitchcock, Brachiaria mutica (Forsskål) Stapf, Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray, Lolium persicum Boissier & Hohennacker, Setaria palmifolia (J. Konig) Stapf (Poaceae), Prosopis glandulosa Torr. (Fabaceae), Fallopia baldschuanica (Regel) Hobub. (Polygonaceae).

2016년 환경부가 한반도 미유입 환경위해우려종으로 고시한 41분류군을 대상으로, 분류학적 특징을 이용하여 종을 동정하 는 방법을 제공하고 또한 자생지의 분포 및 환경 특성에 대한 정보를 제공하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 이를 위하여 국외의 여러 표본관에 소장된 건조표본을 확인하였으며, 미국 서부 지역인 캘리포니아주, 오레곤주 및 워싱턴주의 현장조사를 수행하였다. 우선, 조사 결과의 일부로 미국 서부 농업지역을 중심으로 분포하는 Carduus acanthoides L. (국화과), Carduus tenuiflorus W. Curtis (국화과), Onopordum acanthium L. (국화과), Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. (국화과), Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f. (산형과), Oenanthe pimpinelloides L. (산형과), Ehrharta erecta Lam. (벼과), Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Bergius (벼과)의 8종에 대하여 위해성 검토, 잡초위험평가, 분류학적 특징 및 국내외 유사종과의 비교 검색표를 제시하였다.

최근 기후변화는 짧은 시간의 지역적인 집중호우와 예상치 못한 폭우에 영향을 미치고 이는 생명과 재산의 손실에 영향을 준다. 본 연구에서는 침수위험도를 결정하기 위한 방법으로 산술평균방법, 가중평균방법, 주성분 분석방법을 이용하여 침수위험도에 따른 순위를 결정하였다. 재해연보 및 도시계획현황에서 선택한 인자들에 대한 표준화를 통해 단위를 통일시켰으며 표준화를 통한 산술평균방법, 상관관계분석을 통한 가중평균방법, 상관도가 높은 인자들을 묶어 분석한 주성분 분석방법을 통해 침수위험도를 결정하고 그 순위를 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 사용된 산술평균방법의 경우 간단하기는 하지만 각각의 인자들이 동일한 가중치를 가지는 문제점이 있고 가중평균방법의 경우 각각의 인자들이 다른 가중치를 갖기는 하지만 많은 변수들 때문에 변수들 간의 상관관계가 복잡해지는 문제점이 있다. 이러한 문제점을 극복하기 위해 주성분 분석방법을 사용하였으며 각 지역의 수방능력 및 재해위험을 고려한 침수위험도를 결정하였다.