Middle-income states like Thailand face a structural dilemma: EU-style AI regulation exceeds administrative capacity, while voluntary models fail to protect fundamental rights. Leveraging Thailand’s 2025 BRICS Partner status, this study proposes a Thai–BRICS Hybrid Governance Model based on functional modularity. This approach avoids wholesale transplantation, instead selectively adapting regulatory mechanisms from BRICS nations to fit Thailand’s specific legal and fiscal constraints. The model addresses five critical gaps: infrastructure dependency, algorithmic opacity, accountability deficits, institutional fragmentation, and labor displacement. The study’s central thesis is that rights remain symbolic without developmental sovereignty, the material control over digital infrastructure. By prioritizing sovereign capacity, Thailand can ensure that algorithmic accountability is enforceable rather than aspirational. This framework reconciles human rights with developmental goals, avoiding the prohibitive compliance burdens seen in previous GDPR-inspired legislation and positioning infrastructure as a prerequisite for genuine rights protection.

Expanding dye use elevates ecological risks by increasing dye-contaminated wastewater discharge. Cationic dyes resist removal owing to high stability and toxicity, but activated carbon adsorption remains an efficient and economical treatment. In this study, we examine methylene blue (MB) removal using activated carbon prepared from petroleum pitch through KOH activation, followed by nitrogen plasma treatment for 5, 10, 15, and 30 min. To characterize the surface chemistry and porosity of the nitrogen-functionalized carbon, we employed elemental analysis (EA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and N2 adsorption–desorption (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, BET) measurements. Batch adsorption tests were conducted at MB concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg L⁻¹. The nitrogen plasma treatment increased the surface nitrogen content (from 0.44% to 1.94% depending on the treatment conditions) and enhanced MB adsorption performance. Equilibrium data were fitted using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models; the Freundlich model showed a better correlation, indicating multilayer adsorption on a heterogeneous surface and suggesting that plasmaintroduced nitrogen sites provided additional adsorption sites.

Graphene oxide frameworks (GOFs) constitute a novel class of three-dimensional porous materials assembled by grafting molecular linkers onto graphene oxide sheets. Through careful selection of linker type, length, and concentration, as well as fine-tuning of reaction conditions, one can precisely modulate GOF porosity, surface area, thermal resilience, and electronic and mechanical performance. These versatile, tunable properties render GOFs highly attractive for a range of applications, including membrane desalination, gas capture, catalytic transformations, and biomedical uses. This review systematically examines contemporary advancements in GOF research, with an emphasis on innovative synthesis strategies, structure–property correlations, and emerging applications across multidisciplinary domains.

One of the primary problems with making a hydrogen economy work is finding a way to store hydrogen. This is especially true because existing materials have a trade-off between storage capacity, stability, and reversibility. Although numerous studies have investigated hydrogen adsorption on carbon-based materials, a comprehensive understanding of how surface functionalization modulates adsorption mechanisms is still lacking. This review addresses this knowledge gap by focusing on current developments in hydrogen storage using functionalized graphene as a model system to elucidate the general behavior of carbon-based materials.Graphene’s high surface area, low mass density, and chemical tunability make it an ideal reference platform compared to other storage media such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are often structurally fragile, and metal hydrides, which require high desorption temperatures. Insights derived from density functional theory (DFT) and DFT-based ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations are emphasized. The effects of metal decoration, heteroatom doping, and defect engineering on hydrogen adsorption behavior are systematically evaluated. Among defect types, single-vacancy graphene shows more favorable hydrogen binding than Stone-Wales or double-vacancy structures. Metal decoration with elements such as lithium, magnesium, calcium, or palladium enhances adsorption capacity, although clustering remains a persistent challenge. Combined strategies, for example, nitrogen doping with lithium decoration, further improve gravimetric capacity and adsorption reversibility. AIMD simulations reveal that thermal stability and desorption dynamics strongly depend on material configuration and temperature. By positioning graphene as a model carbon platform, the review highlights how computational modeling can guide the design of highperformance hydrogen storage materials and identifies dual-functionalized graphene systems as particularly promising candidates for future applications.

건강기능식품은 인체에 유익한 기능성을 가져, 전세계적 으로 소비가 증가하고 있다. 이에 따라 중금속 오염 실태에 대한 모니터링이 중요하게 여겨지고 있다. 본 연구의 목적 은 국내 유통 건강기능식품 고시형 원료 335개, 개별인정형 원료 97개에서 납 (Pb), 카드뮴 (Cd), 수은 (Hg )의 함량과 만 성 일일 섭취량 (평균 노출량, CDI)을 평가하였다. 생산량, 섭취 빈도 및 오염 가능성을 종합적으로 고려하여 총 432 개 제품을 선정하였으며, 납과 카드뮴은 ICP-MS로, 수은은 수은분석기를 이용하여 분석하였다. 분석법 검증 결과 직선 성, 정확성, 정밀성 및 숙련도 시험에서 적합한 성능을 확 인하였다. 모든 시료에서 중금속은 전반적으로 낮은 농도로 검출되었으며, 납은 0.0011-0.9750 mg/kg (평균 0.0391 mg/ kg), 카드뮴은 0.0000-0.2160 mg/kg (평균 0.0113 mg/kg), 수 은은 0.0001-0.0485 mg/kg (평균 0.0009 mg/kg) 범위로 나타 났다. 이를 활용하여 CDI를 산출한 결과, 평균 노출량은 납 0.0035 μg/kg b.w./day, 카드뮴 0.0008 μg/kg b.w./day, 수은 0.0002 μg/kg b.w./day로 산출되었다. 또한, 노출 기여도 분 석 결과, 건강기능식품 중 납의 경우는 차전자피 식이섬유 55.47%, 카드뮴의 경우 단백질 29.67%, 수은의 경우 폴리덱 스트로스가 33.33%로 주요 기여 원료로 확인되었다. 이러 한 결과는 생산량, 섭취 빈도 및 섭취량을 종합적으로 반영 한 것으로, 기여도 값이 높다고 해서 해당 원료의 중금속 함량이 높은 것을 의미하지 않으며, 함량과 섭취 관련 요 인이 복합적으로 작용한 결과로 해석된다. 또한, 전반적인 중금속의 검출 농도 및 노출 수준은 국내외 선행 연구와 유사한 수준으로 나타났으며, 본 연구 결과는 건강기능식 품 중 중금속에 대한 노출 기반 위해성 평가 및 안전관리 정책 수립을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사 료된다.

Background: Hip abductor muscles play a critical role in stabilizing the pelvis during functional activities. A decline in hip abductor strength is associated with impaired balance and an increased risk of falls, particularly in elderly females who experience physiological changes and age-related muscle loss. Although limb dominance has been proposed to influence lower extremity muscle strength in young adults, no studies have yet examined differences in hip abductor strength between the dominant and non-dominant limbs in elderly females. Furthermore, the relationship between hip abductor strength and self-reported functional ability, as measured by the Korean version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), has not been investigated in this population. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between hip abductor strength and the Korean version of the LEFS and to compare hip abductor strength between the dominant and non-dominant limbs in elderly females. Methods: Sixty-seven elderly females were recruited from community centers. Hip abductor strength was measured using a Smart KEMA Pulling Sensor. The relationship between hip abductor strength and LEFS scores was analyzed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient, while a paired t-test was used to identify significant differences in strength between the dominant and non-dominant limbs. Results: Hip abductor strength in both the dominant limb (r = 0.355, p < 0.05) and in the non-dominant limb (r = 0.406, p < 0.05) showed a significant positive correlation with LEFS scores. No significant difference was found in hip abductor strength between the dominant and non-dominant limbs in elderly females (p > 0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that hip abductor strength should be considered an important factor influencing lower extremity functional ability, as assessed by the LEFS, in elderly females.

This study compared the use of health functional foods (HFF) by household composition—specifically the presence of minor children—and identified the factors associated with the level of purchase using data from the Food Consumption Behavior Survey 2023 by the Korea Rural Economic Institute. The responses from 3,176 household food purchasers were analyzed, using complex-sample design weights. The primary food purchasers in households with minors (HM) were characterized by a higher proportion of females and purchasers in their 40s–50s, whereas households without minors (HNM) were more often 1–2-person adult households with older purchasers. Both groups reported high rates of home cooking, but HM had a higher shopping frequency. HFF purchases were largely self-initiated rather than gift-driven. The motivations of HFF purchase differed by household type: HM more frequently reported growth/development, learning enhancement, and disease prevention, while HNM emphasized fatigue recovery, health promotion, and disease treatment. The non-use of HFF was most commonly attributed to the lack of perceived needs; information deficits were more salient in HM, whereas cost concerns were stronger in HNM. The average use was 2.2 products per household, with vitamins/minerals, probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, and ginseng most common. Logistic regression analysis showed that income, interest in health, purchasing method, and product variety were significant predictors of increased HFF spending in HNM, but the explanatory power of the model was not statistically significant in HM. These findings suggest that consumer education and communication strategies regarding HFF should be tailored to the household life cycle and emphasize their safe use, particularly for HM.

Based on previously established probiotic function of Lactiplantibacillus pentosus SC65, this study aimed to produce synbiotic yogurt using L. pentosus SC65 as a probiotic and fructooligosaccharide (FOS) as a prebiotic. Functional properties of the resulting yogurt were evaluated after incubating for 21 days. The pH of the yogurt slightly decreased with the increase in incubation time, whereas titratable acidity and lactic acid production increased. Syneresis degree in the FOS-containing yogurt decreased as the water-holding capacity increased. Moreover, the antioxidant effect of probiotic-supplemented yogurt was higher than that of nonprobioticsupplemented yogurt. In addition, RAW 264.7 macrophages showed higher nitric oxide production when treated with probiotic or synbiotic yogurt than when treated with probiotic alone, suggesting that probiotic or synbiotic yogurt is beneficial to human health. Therefore, L. pentosus SC65 shows promise as a candidate ingredient for synbiotic yogurt.

Probiotics provide benefits for gut health, immune modulation, and skin and mental health. However, their use is limited by concerns regarding antibiotic resistance, poor intestinal colonization, strain-specific effects, and inter-individual variability. In contrast, postbiotics, including culture broth, are inactivated by heat or pressure yet retain immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, intestinal barrier–protective, and antioxidant activities through cell wall components, proteins, and metabolites. They contribute to the alleviation of intestinal inflammation and restoration of gut microbial balance. Postbiotics can serve as alternatives to live probiotics in animal feed by improving productivity, suppressing pathogens, and also reducing stress. Their applications are currently expanding to areas such as anticancer activity, metabolic disease management, gut–brain axis modulation, and oral health. Although postbiotics offer superior safety and stability, challenges still remain, including an insufficient mechanistic understanding, lack of standardized production, and limited large-scale clinical evidence. With further strain-specific mechanistic studies and regulatory establishment, postbiotics have a strong potential as functional ingredients in regard to food and feed applications.

중국어 다의동사 ‘闹’는 ‘闹+X’ 구조에서 다양한 명사 ‘X’와 광범위한 결합을 이룬 다. 기존의 다의어 연구가 의미 확장에 주목해 분화 관계와 의미 구조를 추적했다면, 본고에서는 ‘闹+X’ 구조에서 나타나는 다층적인 의미 현상을 ‘의미 응축(semantic co ndensation)’이라는 관점에서 분석하고자 시도하였다. ‘闹’는 단순한 행위 동사로 기 능하기보다, 사건에 수반되는 ‘소란성, 역동성’이라는 기능적 의미를 내포하며, 이는 ‘사건의 현저화’라는 단일 기능으로 응축된다. 본고에서는 ‘闹’의 다층적 의미가 ‘闹+ X’ 구조 안에서 하나의 기능적 의미로 재구조화되는 과정과 기제를 규명하고자 하였 다. 결과적으로 ‘闹+X’ 구조는 ‘闹’의 의미와 ‘X’의 어휘 의미가 단순히 더해진 것이 아니라, ‘X’의 평가적 속성과 ‘闹’의 기능적 의미가 맞물려 구조적 차원의 의미를 구 현하는데, 주로 ‘문제적 상황’이라는 부정적 가치로 범주화된다.

목적: 본 연구에서는 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 상호작용식 메트로놈(Interactive Metronome; IM) 중재를 실시한 후 집중력, 상지기능, 일상생활활동, 낙상 효능감 및 삶의 질에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자 20명(실험군 10명, 대조군 10명)을 대상으로 하여 단일맹검 무작위 대조군 설계로 진행되었다. 실험군은 뇌졸중 환자의 상황을 고려하여 재구성한 IM 중재를, 대조군은 과제기반의 양측성 상지훈련을 수행하였다. 중재 전과 후의 집중력, 상지기능, 일상생활활동, 낙상효능감 및 삶의 질을 측정하기 위해 숫자 따라 말하기 검사(Digit Span Test), 뇌졸중 상지기능검사(Manual Function Test), 수정된 한국판 바델지수(Korean Version of Modified Barthel Index), 버그 균형 척도(Berg Balance Scale), 한국판 낙상 효능감척도(Korean Version of Fall Efficacy Scale), 뇌졸중 특이 삶의 질 척도 (Stroke-Specific Quality of Life)를 사용하였다. 결과: 연구 결과 중재 후 실험군은 집중력, 상지기능, 일상생활활동, 균형능력, 낙상 효능감, 시야를 제외한 다른 모든 삶의 질 항목에서 유의한 향상을 보였고(p < 0.05, p < 0.01), 대조군은 집중력, 상지기능, 균형능력, 낙상 효능감에서 유의한 향상을 보였다(p < 0.05, p < 0.01). 실험군과 대조군의 집단 간 변화량을 비교한 결과 집중력, 일상생활활동, 삶의 질에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었다(p < 0.01, p < 0.001). 결론: 상호작용식 메트로놈 중재를 뇌졸중 환자의 특성을 고려하고 근거에 기반하여 재구성함으로써 치료사들에 게 유용한 가이드라인을 제시했다는 것에 의의가 있으며, 뇌졸중 환자들에게 효과적인 중재 방안이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.