Sorghum×sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, SSH) is one of the most important summer forage crop and it is widely used for silage in Korea. Agriculture is highly dependent on the climate condition and experiencing significant loss of productivity due to climate change. This study was conducted to investigate the correlation analysis between productivity of forage SSH and climatic factors in Central Northern region of South Korea for 3 years (2017 to 2019). Plant height and dry matter yield of SSH were significantly higher in Gyeonggi-do than Ganwon-do. The productivity of SSH is more closely related with temperature than other climatic factors. Maximum temperature and Growing degree days in May and June showed a positive correlation. However, correlation between production of SSH and precipitation was not clear in this study, but rainy days showed a negative correlation (0.42). In conclusion, temperature is most important climatic factor to the maintenance of plant yield.

This study was performed to persue the optimal cropping system for the cultivation of upland crops on rice-paddy field. It was conducted at Anseong-si Gyeonggi province of Korea from 2013 to 2015. In order to investigate growth and yield characteristics of sorghum under different paddyupland rotation systems, varieties of Nampungchal, Moktaksusu, Aneunbangisusu and Hwanggeumchal were examined. Four paddy-upland rotation systems of upland (1 year)-rice paddy (1 year)-upland (1 year), rice paddy (1 year)-rice paddy (1 year)-upland (1 year), rice paddy (1 year)-upland (1 year)- upland (1 year) and upland (1 year)-upland (1 year)-upland (1 year) systems were tested. The pH of upland (1 year)-upland (1 year)-upland (1 year) system exhibited the highest (pH 6.68), showing a tendency that the longer the upland years, the higher the soil pH. Among four paddy-upland rotation systems, the higher exchangeable Ca was obtained from upland (1 year)-upland (1 year)-upland (1 year) system (5.03 cmol+/kg), showing a tendency that the longer the upland years, the higher the exchangeable Ca. Upland (1 year)-upland (1 year)-upland (1 year) system exhibited the shortest days from seeding to heading (68 days) among four paddy-upland rotation systems and Hwanggeumchal showed the shortest days from seeding to heading (62 days) among four varieties. In the average of culm length and ear length, there was no significance between four paddy-upland rotation systems, but Moktaksusu (151.7 cm in culm length) and Aneunbangisusu (27.4 cm in ear length) exhibited the highest culm length and ear length respectively. The highest grains per ear was obtained from upland (1 year)-upland (1 year)- upland (1 year) system (1,068 grains) among four paddy-upland rotation systems and Nampungchal (1,107 grains) among four varieties. In average yield per 10a among four rotation systems, rice paddy (1 year)-upland (1 year)-upland (1 year) system produced the highest yield (221.2 kg/10a).

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer management is one of the important aspects of economic production of sorghums in sustainable agriculture. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of different N application rates and its split N application methods on productivity, growth characteristics, N accumulation, N use efficiency (NUE), and feed value of Sorghum × Sudangrass hybrids. Treatments consisted of five N application rates (0, 150, 200, 250, and 300 kg ha-1) and two split N application methods (40% in basal N, 30% at the growing stage, and 30% after the first harvest vs. 50% in basal N and 50% after the first harvest). Plant height, leaf width, and stem diameter were increased (p≤0.05) with increasing N fertility rates at each harvest. Chlorophyll content (expressed as SPAD values) was the highest at a rate of 300 kg N ha 1 (first harvest, 46.32; second harvest, 33.09). It was the lowest at zero N (first harvest, 21.56; second harvest, 18.5). Total N, N uptake, and NUE were increased with higher N rates. Split N application had little effect on total N, amount of N uptake, or NUE. Total dry matter yields were the highest (21,715 kg ha-1) at a rate of 300 kg N ha-1. It was the lowest (10,054 kg ha-1) at zero N. Our results suggest that more than 300 kg N ha-1 can improve dry matter yield to be above 116% compared to zero N, thus enhancing the agronomic characters of sorghums. However, no significant effect had been found for split N application. Further work is needed to determine the optimal N levels and the effect of split N application rates.

본 연구는 실험실에서 인위노화처리로 종자활력을 조절한 후 실시한 몇 가지 종자세 검정치와 포장출현력과의 관계를 설정하여 수수의 포장출현력 예측에 가장 적합한 종자세 검사방법을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 수수 종자의 종자세가 높은 상태에서는 표준발아검사에서의 유아장이 포장출현력 예측에 효과적이며, 노화된 종자에서는 저온발아검사(CGT)에서의 정상묘율이 포장출현율과 높은 상 관관계를 가지고 있었다(r = −0.998, p < 0.01). 포장출현력 예측에 효과적인 몇가지 종자세지수를 이용하여 stepwise multiple regression 분석을 실시한 결과 표준발아검사에서의 종자세 지수(vigor, SGT)가 95%의 높은 포장출현력 예측효과를 나타내었으며, 표준발아검사에서의 정상묘율(% normal seedling), 테트라졸리움의 종자세(vigor, TZ), 저온검사(cold test)에서의 정상묘율과 저온발아검사(CGT)에서의 정상묘율과 같은 변수를 회귀방정식에 추가함에 따라 포장출현율 예측효율을 증가시킬 수 있었다. 표준발아검사와 저온발아검사는 노화정도가 다른 수수 종자의 종자세 검사방법으로 적합하다고 사료된다.

Two sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. Hwanggeumchal-susu and Miryang 3) samples were milled using different milling methods, and their physicochemical properties were tested. Particle size was classified into five groups such as pin mill and low temperature-microparticulation(LTM; 10, 000, 20, 000, 30, 000, and 40, 000 rpm). The water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index(WSI), and a rapid Visco analyzer(RVA) were used to examine particle size distribution and color differences. Particle size of sorghum flour prepared using LTM was lower than that prepared using a pin mill. Particle size was further reduced by successive dry milling of the LTM flour. Lightness of colored pigments increased when particle size decreased. The WAI of Miryang 3 pin milling(M1) flour was the lowest after LTM, and WSI was higher in the order of M2, M3, M4, and M5. LTM sorghum flour had significantly higher pasting viscosity, as determined using a rapid Visco analyzer. LTM Miryang 3 sorghum flour(M2～M5) flour showed lower breakdown viscosity and higher final viscosity compared to those of M1 flour, resulting in an increased setback value.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the appearance, sensory and physicochemical characteristics of muffin added glutinous(GSP) and non-glutinous sorghum powder(NGSP). As increasing the amounts of sorghum powder, proximate (moisture, ash and protein) and minerals composition(K, Ca, Mg and Na) of muffin were significant difference. The weight, volume, height, lightness(L-value) and yellowness(b-value) were decreased as increasing the amounts of sorghum powder. In the results of sensory evaluation, appearance, color, flavor, taste, texture and overall quality of untreated muffin were 1.4, 1.6, 1.4, 1.0, 1.1 and 0.9, and muffin added 10% GSP and NGSP were scored relatively high. Antioxidant compounds contents of muffin added sorghum powder were increased as increasing the amounts of sorghum powder. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities on methanolic extracts of untreated muffin were 0.74 and 1.31 ㎎ TE/g ER, respectively. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities of 100% GSP muffin were 9.40 and 19.14 ㎎ TE/g ER, and 100% NGSP muffin were 10.59 and 18.78 ㎎ TE/g ER, respectively. The results of this study show that notable antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity on muffin added sorghum powder are considered to have significant health benefits.

본 연구는 탄소 : 질소(탄질)비가 다른 유기자재를 시용하였을 때 시기별 양분의 동태와 유기재배 수수*수단그라스의 비료이용율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 처리구는 질소함량 210kg/ha 수준으로 축분퇴비, 알팔파, 유박, 화학비료를 포함하였다. 유박과 알팔파는 가장 낮은 탄질비를 나타내었고 축분퇴비는 33.7 : 1의 가장 높은 탄질비를 보였다. 축분퇴비는 시용량이 가장 많았고 이에 따라 토양내 양분농도를 증가시켰다. 탄질비가 낮은 유박과 알팔파는 축분퇴비에 비해서 질소의 무기화율을 촉진시켰다. 질소이용효율은 화학비료구에 비해서 알팔파와 유박이 약 60% 전후를 나타내었고, 축분퇴비는 20% 이하의 효율이 관찰되었다. 인산의 이용효율은 알팔파가 가장 높았고 축분퇴비가 가장 낮았다. 이에 따라 탄질비를 고려한 유기자재를 선택해서 밭토양에 시비를 해야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

We measured cobalt content in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry: their absorbance and back ground values. These analyses were with AA-680 of Shimadzu. The mode was BGC; wave length, 240.8 ㎚, 240.7 ㎚, 240.6 ㎚, respectively. The recommended wave length is 240.7 ㎚ for Co analysis. It was done through several ratios among 4 factors; mean of absorbance(AM), standard deviation of absorbance (AS), mean of background(BM), standard deviation of background.(BS). The result was t㏊t 240.6 ㎚ was the favourable. And t㏊t of 240.8 ㎚ was better t㏊n t㏊t of 240.7 ㎚ for the Co analysis.

수수 (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)의 미량 광물 (微量鑛物) 성분의 한가지인 카드뮴을 원자흡광분광 분석기 (이하 분광기)를 이용하여 바탕선을 수정하는 방법 (BGC)으로 분석했다. 실험은 가) 비료 무시 용구인 대조구 (對照區), 나)정수장(淨水場) 슬러지를 부숙 (腐熟)시킨 구, 다) 정수장(淨水場) 슬러지에 질소, 인산, 칼륨 비료 (肥料)를 시용한 구, 라) 부숙 (腐熟)시킨 정수장 (淨水場) 슬러지에 질소, 인산, 칼륨 비

수수(Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench) 잡종의 미량(微量) 광물질(鑛物質) 함량에 미치는 정수장(淨水場) 슬러지의 영향에 관해 조사를 했는데, 이번 보고는 니켈 성분의 분석에 관한 것이다. 대조구(對照區), 부숙(腐熟)시킨 정수장 슬러지, 정수장 슬러지+질소－인산－칼륨 비료, 부숙시킨 슬러지+질소, 인산, 칼륨 비료의 4가지를 처리로 하였고, 1, 3, 5시간 예열(豫熱) 시간이 실험 조건이었다. 5시간 이후의 조건에서 백그라운드의 값이

본(本) 시험(試驗)은 여름철 청예사초(靑刈飼草)로서 이용(利用)이 급증하고 있는;수단그라스계(系) 잡종(雜種) (수수-수단그라스잡종(雜種);Sorg hum bicolor (L.) Moench)중 우리나라에서 생산성(生産性)과 적응성(適應性)이 가장 우수(優秀)하다고 인정된 Pioneer988을 공시품종(供試品種)으로 하여 질소시비수준(窒素施肥水準)과 예취(刈取)높이가 예취후(刈取后) 그루터기의 고사(枯死)와 저장탄수화물함량(貯藏炭水化物含量)에 미치는

본(本) 시험(試驗)은 여름철 청예사초(靑刈飼草)로서 이용(利用)이 급증하고 있는 수단그라스계(系) 잡종(雜種) [수수-수단그라스잡종(雜種); Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] 중 우리나라에서 생산성(生産性)과 적응성(適應性)이 가장 우수(優秀)하다고 인정된 Pioneer 988을 공시품종(供試品種)으로 하여 질소시비수준(窒素施肥水準)과 예취(刈取)높이가 신지(新枝)(측지(側枝) 및 분얼경(分蘖莖))의 발생(發生), 건물중(乾物重) 및

The sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) variety ‘Sodamchal’ was developed and registered by Department of Sothern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) in 2013. This variety was developed from the cross between ‘Hwanggeumchal’ with brown grain and ’Jungmo4001’ with semi-dwarf trait. ‘Sodamchal’ is the first semi-dwarf stature with waxy endosperm ever developed in Korea. The yield performance of ‘Sodamchal’ was 2.95 MT/ha in local adaptability test for 2 years. It had 91 cm culm length, which was 58 cm shorter than that of ‘Hwanggeumchal’, 26.3 cm panicle length, 22.0 mm thickness of culm, 21.1 g in 1,000 grain weight. It could be reduce the lodging problem and also adapted to mechanized cultivation. ‘Sodamchal’ produces high quantities of polyphenol and radical scavenging activitiy with diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) in pigmented testa. Above all ‘Sodamchal’ is suitable for use as a parental source for the development of improved pollinator parent lines for developing semi-dwarf sorghum with waxy endosperm and antioxidant activity. (Variety registration No. 6244)

Green manure has been used as alternative to chemical fertilizer. To evaluate the effect of green manure on the chemical properties of top-soil and sorghum yield, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth, HV), manure barley (MB), and a mixture of hairy vetch and manure barley (HV+MB) were incorporated into the soil at a rate of 100 kg-N N ha -1 before the sorghum was transplanted. Total biomass of sorghum grown in the HV, MB, and HV+MB treatments was 13.1, 31.6, and 25.2 t ha -1 , respectively, and the nitrogen production of the treatments was 81, 74, and 145 ㎏ ha -1 , respectively. The SPAD value of the uppermost leaf of sorghum plants grown in the soils with HV, MB, or HV+MB were very similar until heading stage; however, at maturity, the SPAD value of sorghum cultivated in the soils with HV was lower than that of sorghum in the soils with MB or HV+MB. This could be because the nitrogen release from HV was too rapid to supply nitrogen to sorghum during the later stage of grain filling. Compared with chemical fertilizers, the incorporation of green manure increased the pH, exchangeable cations (K + , Mg ++ , and Ca ++ ), and total nitrogen in soil postharvest, indicating an improvement in soil chemical properties. Total carbon content increased in soil with green manure incorporated, but decreased in the chemical fertilized soil, suggesting that sorghum cultivation using green manure may sequester carbon in soils. The yield of sorghum cultivated with green manure was not different from the yield of sorghum cultivated with chemical fertilizers. These results suggest that the mixture of hairy vetch and manure barley can be a useful chemical fertilizer alternative in sorghum cultivation.

Direct seeding of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) has a problem of low yield including poor establishment. This poor establishment results from poor quality seed, poor seedbed preparation, seedling pests, poor sowing technique and high soil temperature. This study sought to establish the age at which sorghum seedlings can be transplanted with minimal effects on grain yield. Transplants were raised in 128 nursery tray pot. Five seedling ages were established by transplanting at 10 (T10), 15 (T15), 20 (T20), 25 (T25) and 30 (T30) days after planting (DAP). The treatment combinations were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times with an individual plot size of 6 x 5 m 2 . Each plot had five ridges with a planting space of 0.60 x 0.20 m 2 at one plants per stand. Results showed that seedling age on transplanting significantly affected growths and yields to sorghum after transplanting. Plant heights and diameters of transplants at T15 were longer than the other transplants. Conclusively, The advantages of this practice were better control of crop density and greater yields; either to fill gaps after emerging and thinning of crops or to compensate for a growth period that was too short for a complete crop cycle.

This study was conducted to affirm the potential of seed priming techniques for optimizing mechanized growing technologies to maintain production of sustainable small cereal crops. Seed priming conditions were preliminary tested in laboratory. Sorghum seeds were hydroprimed and osmoprimed comprising a total of 33 treatments of different priming combination along with control. Seed primed in aerated solution of distilled water, PEG8000 (-0.15 MPa and –0.3 MPa), KCl(1% and 2%), KH2PO4 (0.5% and 1.0%), KNO3 (1.0% and 3.0%), CaCl2 (1.0% and 3.0%) solutions for 6, 12, 24 hours at 15℃. Maximum seed germination percentage, germination rate and reduced mean germination times (MGT) were observed when the seeds primed by CaCl2 1.0% for 24 h, whereas the lowest germination percentage observed in seeds which treated with KNO3 3% solution. Priming improved the MGT, germination index, and germination rate of all primed seeds statistically comparing to control. The MGT reduced by increase of treatment time. Further studies for field performance of primed seeds are needed.

This study was conducted to affirm the potential of seed priming techniques for optimizing mechanized growing technologies to maintain production of sustainable small cereal crops. Seed priming conditions were preliminary tested in laboratory. Sorghum seeds were hydroprimed and osmoprimed comprising a total of 33 treatments of different priming combination along with control. Seed primed in aerated solution of distilled water, PEG8000 (-0.15 MPa and –0.3 MPa), KCl(1% and 2%), KH2PO4 (0.5% and 1.0%), KNO3 (1.0% and 3.0%), CaCl2 (1.0% and 3.0%) solutions for 6, 12, 24 hours at 15℃. Maximum seed germination percentage, germination rate and reduced mean germination times (MGT) were observed when the seeds primed by CaCl2 1.0% for 24 h, whereas the lowest germination percentage observed in seeds which treated with KNO3 3% solution. Priming improved the MGT, germination index, and germination rate of all primed seeds statistically comparing to control. The MGT reduced by increase of treatment time. Further studies for field performance of primed seeds are needed.

본 연구는 수요와 재배면적이 점차 확대되고 있는 수수의 안정적인 생산을 확립하기 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 주 요 4품종(남풍찰, 동안메, 황금찰, 흰찰)을 이용하여 종자의 형태적 특성과 다양한 종자세 검사 등 종자의 기본적인 특 성을 알아보았다. 1. 수수의 형태적 특성에서는 폭을 제외한 장과 두께는 차이가 나타나지 않았으며, 종실형태는 흰찰은 원형, 나머지 품종은 난형의 형상으로 보였다. 종피색에서는 흰찰과 나머지 품종간의 뚜렷한 차이를 보이며, 남풍 찰과 황금찰은 무광택 종자이었다. 2. 표준발아검사 및 저온검사는 황금찰>남풍찰>동안메> 흰찰 순으로 나타났고, 노화촉진검사에서는 표준발아 검사와 비교시 동안메에서만 15% 이상의 감소를 보였 으며, 전기전도율 검사는 표준발아검사, 저온검사 및 노화촉진검사의 발아율과 부의 상관관계를 나타났다. 3. 출현율 평가에서는 황금찰이 가장 높은 85.7%로, 가 장 낮은 출현율을 보인 흰찰보다 40% 이상의 차이가 나타났고, 평균 출현율일수에서는 흰찰이 가장 느린 6.0일로 보이며 품종별 뚜렷한 차이가 나타났다.

This study was conducted to evaluate effect of plants number per hill (PNH) on growth and yield of sorghum in drained paddy field for 2 years. Crop growth and development and yield in the field was examined to know the efficiency of proposed cropping system. At seeding after 40 days, leaf number and stem diameter were highest at 1 PNH plot, on the other hands, plant height was at 5 PNH plot the 1st and 2nd, respectively. The harvest stage, 5 PNH plot was highest culm length of 183, 188 cm the 1st and 2nd, however, culm diameter was lowest. Culm length of sorghum was highest by 183, 188 cm at 5 PNH plot also, culm diameter was thickest by 19.18, 20.13 mm at 1 PNH, respectively. Yield components of ear length, seed number per ear and 1000-seed weight were highest at 1 PNH the 1st and 2nd, respectively. As yield of sorghum was highest at 2 PNH plot 344 kg․10a-1, 382 kg․10a-1 yearly, respectively that it were in order of 1 PNH plot > 3 PNH plot > 4 PNH plot > 5 PNH plot.