Background: Using wearable passive back-support exoskeletons in workplace has attracted attention as devices that support the posture of workers, enhance their physical capabilities, and reduce physical risk factors. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a wearable passive back-support exoskeleton on the activity of the erector spinae muscles during lifting tasks at various heights. Methods: Twenty healthy adult males were selected as subjects. Electromyography (EMG) was used to assess the activity of the erector spinae muscles while performing lifting tasks at three distinct heights (30, 40, and 50 cm), with and without the application of the Wearable Passive Back Support Exoskeleton. EMG data were gathered before and after the application of the orthosis. Results: The use of the Wearable Passive Back Support Exoskeleton resulted in a significant decrease in muscle activity when lifting a 10 kg object from heights of 30 and 40 cm (p < 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant reduction in muscle activity when lifting from a height of 50 cm compared with that at lower heights (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The use of a wearable passive back-support exoskeleton led to a decrease in the activity of the erector spinae muscles during lifting tasks, irrespective of the object's height. Our results suggest that the orthosis we tested may help decrease risk of lower back injuries during lifting.

한국어는 ‘-이-, -히-, -리-, -기-’ 등과 같은 접미사가 첨가되어 흔 히 단일 피동문을 형성하는데 ‘-어지-’를 가하여 이중피동이라고 칭하고 구성된 것이다. 이 연구는 ‘피동접미사 + -어지-’ 구성을 대상으로 삼아, 이의 실제 언어 현실에서 구어로 많이 사용되는 양상과 통사 및 의미 특 징을 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한다. 구체적으로, ‘피동접미사 + -어지-’ 구 성에서 ‘-이/히/리/기-’와 ‘-어지-’가 함께 사용될 때, ‘-이/히/리/기-’ 가 피동의 의미를 유지하면서 ‘-어지-’의 피동 의미가 약해지고 다른 의 미가 발생한다는 주장을 제시한다. 연구 방법론은 국립국어원의 일상 대 화 말뭉치 2020(버전 1.1)을 중심으로 자료를 수집하고, 필요에 따라 인 터넷 자료를 보완적으로 활용한다. 이를 통해 ‘피동접미사 + -어지-’ 구 성의 양상을 추출하고, 다음으로는 통사적 특징을 서술어 제약, 시제나 양태를 나타내는 어미 제약, 보조용언 제약, 부정문 제약으로 구분하여 논의한다. 마지막으로, ‘피동접미사 + -어지-’ 구성의 의미 특징을 검토 하면서 ‘-어지-’의 의미는 ‘동작의 진행’을 강조하는 강조법과 ‘능력’이나 ‘무의도’의 양태 의미로 분석한다. ‘피동접미사 + -어지-’ 구성의 사용이 점차 늘어가고 있는 추세에서 보면 본 연구가 이 구성이 문법적인 표현으로 인정하는 것을 힘써서 일반적인 언어 변화의 양상을 고찰한 의의가 있다.

Although many attempts have been made to solve the atmospheric diffusion equation, there are many limits that prevent both solving it and its application. The causes of these impediments are primarily due to both the partial differentiation term and the turbulence diffusion coefficient. In consideration of this dilemma, this study aims to discuss the methodology and cases of utilizing a passive air sampler to increase the applicability of atmospheric dispersion modeling. Passive air samplers do not require pumps or electric power, allowing us to achieve a high resolution of spatial distribution data at a low cost and with minimal effort. They are also used to validate and calibrate the results of dispersion modeling. Currently, passive air samplers are able to measure air pollutants, including SO2, NO2, O3, dust, asbestos, heavy metals, indoor HCHO, and CO2. Additionally, they can measure odorous substances such as NH3, H2S, and VOCs. In this paper, many cases for application were introduced for several purposes, such as classifying the VOCs’ emission characteristics, surveying spatial distribution, identifying sources of airborne or odorous pollutants, and so on. In conclusion, the validation and calibration cases for modeling results were discussed, which will be very beneficial for increasing the accuracy and reliability of modeling results.

Background: Patients with stroke may show impaired balance due to the limited range of motion of the ankle resulting from abnormal soft tissues surrounding the ankle joint. Changes in the viscoelasticity of soft tissues and decreased mobility of the ankle impair the balance and lead to problems in the daily life of patients with stroke. Joint mobilization and stretching are effective methods of improving balance by increasing the viscoelasticity of soft tissues and range of motion of the ankle. Objectives: To effects of ankle joint mobilization and calf muscle stretching on balance in patients with stroke. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 20 patients with stroke were randomly assigned into two groups. The joint mobilization group (JMG) underwent anteroposterior joint mobilization of the talocrural joint, while the stretching group (SG) received calf muscle stretching. Functional reach test (FRT), berg balance scale (BBS), and timed up and go test (TUG) were used to assess balance. Results: The FRT, BBS, and TUG results significantly improved in the JMG and SG after invention (P<.05). However, the improvements were greater in the JMG group than those in the SG group (P<.05). Conclusion: Joint mobilization was an effective intervention to improve soft tissue performance and range of motion of the ankle, thereby improving balance in patients with stroke.

국내 고농도의 초미세먼지 발생 빈도 증가와 함께 그 전구물질인 NH3와 관련한 연구가 활발히 진행 중이다. NH3 배출에 있어 농업의 기여율이 높은 것은 자명한 사실이다. 그러나 비료 사용이 농경지 대기 중 NH3 농도에 장기간 미치는 영향에 관련한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 수동식 NH3 확산형 포집기를 활용해 11개월 간 농경지 대기 중 NH3 농도를 관측하였다. 그 결과 비료 살포 직후 한 달 동안 NH3 배출의 영향이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 그 이후 여름철 기온 상승으로 NH3 휘발이 촉진되어 대기 중 농도가 증가할 것으로 예상하였으나, 54일간의 지속적인 강우로 인하여 대기 중 높은 암모니아 농도는 관측되지 않았다. 그 후 NH3 농도는 가을과 겨울을 거치면서 점차 감소하였다. 비료의 영향력이 감쇠한 시점 이후에는 기온이 감소할수록, 그리고 강수량이 증가할수록 NH3 농도는 감소하는 것을 상관분석을 통해 확인할 수 있었다. 종합해 보면, 국내 NH3 배출량에서 비료의 기여율을 연구하는 데 있어 비료 살포 직후 최소 한 달 동안은 집중적으로 살펴보아야 할 것이며, 현장 연구 시 강수량과 무강우 일수 등의 기상 정보도 함께 고려해야 할 것이다.

This study investigated intra-learner variation in the effects of implicit and explicit focus on form (FonF) on second language (L2) acquisition of the English passive, an interface construction. The study employed a pretest-posttest-delayed posttest design, with five treatment sessions between the pretest and posttests. Implicit FonF was operationalized as textual enhancement (TE), and explicit FonF as consciousness-raising (C-R). Five different outcome measures were utilized to examine the respective treatment effects on the form, meaning, and function of the passive. Data were collected with four Korean high school students, two engaging in TE and the other two in C-R, whose developmental routes through the experiment were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The results of the analysis showed that implicit and explicit FonF led to differential variation within each learner, not only across the outcome measures but also over time, yet were suggestive of a potential benefits to each for the different domains encompassed in the passive. These results are further discussed in relation to the learners’ proficiency levels and the types of errors they produced.

Since the implementation of the Odor Prevention Act in 2005, the number of odor complaints has continuously increased due to the increased interest in the living environment. The current odor control means is a concentrationbased method for the source of odor. That is why there is a difference between the odor sensitivity and the result of the odor measurement in the odor damage area. The government is considering the introduction of the grid method, which is the odor management method of Germany, as the method of odor investigation in the odor damage area in the second comprehensive Odor Prevention Policy (2019-2028). The grid method is receptor-based odor measurement method that investigators use to judge odors in the field, task that expensive and requires substantial manpower and time. To study an odor measurement method that is suitable for domestic conditions, this study compared the correlation between results based on the odor frequency concept grid method around the livestock facilities and the result of ammonia concentration measured by passive air sampler. The correlation coefficient (R) that is between the frequency of odor per spot for the entire odor and the ammonia concentration that was measured by passive air sampler was 0.65 which is relatively good. Among the entire odor detected by the grid method, the correlation coefficient (R) between the odor frequency selected only for livestock odor and the ammonia concentration was significantly increased to 0.80. In addition, the correlation between odor exposure (ECPexist) and the ammonia concentration for the overall odor was 0.81 (linear) and 0.86 (index). If only the livestock odors were selected, the correlation between odor exposure and the ammonia concentration was very high at 0.96 (linear) and 0.95 (index).

Background: Measurement of passive ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ADROM) is often part of a physical therapy assessment. Objects: The objective of this study was to identify the effects of subtalar joint neutral position (SJNP) on passive ADROM according to knee position in young adults. Methods: We recruited 14 young adult participants for this study. Two examiners used a universal goniometer to measure passive ADROM with and without SJNP. Dorsiflexion force was applied to the forefoot until maximum resistance was reached in two knee positions (extension and 90˚ flexion) in the prone position. Subtalar joint position was also recorded at maximum ADROM. Passive ADROM was measured three times at different knee and subtalar joint positions, in random order. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the effects of subtalar joint and knee position on passive ADROM. Results: Passive ADROM was significantly lower with than without SJNP during both knee extension (mean difference: 7.4˚) and 90˚ flexion (mean difference: 16.9˚) (p<.01). Passive ADROM was significantly higher during 90˚ knee flexion than during knee extension both with (mean difference: 5.8˚) and without SJNP (mean difference: 15.2˚) (p<.01). The valgus position of the subtalar joint was significantly lower with than without SJNP during both knee extension (mean difference: 3.3˚) and 90˚ flexion (mean difference: 4.3˚) (p<.01). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the gastrocnemius may limit ankle dorsiflexion more than the soleus does. Greater dorsiflexion at the subtalar and midtarsal joints was observed during passive ADROM measurement without than that with SJNP; therefore, SJNP should be maintained for accurate measurement of ADROM.

A micromixer is a component of a lab-on-a-chip or microfluidic device that mixes two or more chemicals together. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of passive micromixer of various shapes. Six shapes of micromixers compared mixing performance. Three dimensional modeling was carried out to have the same hydraulic diameter. The commercial code, ANSYS Fluent, was used to simulate the internal mixing flow. A numerical analysis method is described in detail in this paper. The performance of the micromixer was compared with the mixing index and pressure drop. Consequently, the CDM-8T shape showed reasonable mixing performance and relatively low pressure drop.

소극적 안락사를 이해한다는 것은 단지 죽음에 대한 생물학적 이해를 벗어나 하나님에 관한 이해를 필요로 한다. 따라서 기독교 관점에서 죽음은 하나님의 주권을 인식하는 방법 중의 하나다. 안락사 는 자연사가 아니다. 환자로 하여금 편안하고 쉽게 죽고, 가정의 사회경 제적인 비용을 절감한다는 함의를 가지고 있음에도 비자연적인 죽음은 허용돼서는 안 된다. 그것은 성경에서 기록되어 있는 대로 하나님에 의해서만 허용되어야 한다. 본 연구는 세 가지의 관점으로 검토되었다. 첫째, 안락사는 어떤 경우에도 고통을 절대적인 악으로 간주되기 때문에 단지 고통을 경감하 기 위한 죽음이 되어서는 안 된다. 그것은 환자의 극단적인 고통이 계속되고 그의 가족이 사회경제적인 어려움을 겪기 때문에 가장 최선의 대안으로 이해하는 것이 필요하다. 따라서 적절한 대안은 환자가 죽음 과 하나님의 의지를 받아들이는 것이 준비된 경우 호스피스를 활용할 수 있을 것이다. 둘째, 기독교윤리는 생명경시사상을 불식하기 위한 조건 하에서 이루어져야 하고 의학적인 윤리 조건은 안락사를 포함하여 확립되어야 한다. 이 경우에도 하나님의 주권과 생명의 존엄성은 깊이 있게 논의되어야 한다. 셋째, 환자가 회복할 가능성이 없고 사망에 임박해 있는 경우, 우리 사회는 가정의 경제적인 고통을 분담해야 한다. 따라서 의료적인 비용에 대한 사회적 책임은 더욱 더 중대한 방법으로 논의되어야 하고, 건강보험제도는 의료보험 혹은 공공부조제 도를 포함하여 환자 혹은 가정을 위해 그 제도의 재구조화와 관련하여 개선되어야 한다. 본 연구는 소극적인 안락사에 관한 학제적인 연구를 토대로 하고 있고 선교적인 실천방안의 관점에서 방향성 혹은 대안을 찾고 있다는 점에서 그 중요한 단서를 제공하고 있다.

In this study, shaking table test has been carried out for the dual frame passive control system for seismic performance verification of the proposed system. The proposed system was separated into two independent frameworks that are strength resistant core and frame structure by connecting to the damper. Moreover, the seismic performance improvement of the proposed system has been verified by comparing and analyzing the experimental results of the proposed system with an existing core system. As a result of the shaking table test, acceleration and displacement responses of dual-frame vibration control system are decreased than those of the existing strength resistant type core system. In the case of the core system, while the damage was concentrated on the column of first floor, the damage of the dual system was dispersed in each layer. The damage also was concentrated on the damper, almost no damage occurs to the structural members. It has been emphasized that installed dampers in the proposed dual system reduce the input energy of whole structure by absorbing seismic input energy, which leads overall system damage to be reduced.

The contents of this paper is to develop a passive sampler for H2S measurement. When the H2S gas exists in the air, AgNO3 solution coated filter of white used phenomenon which is exchanged with black. If the H2S gas concentration increased, the color of AgNO3 solution coated filter is discolored more black. H2S passive sampler measures the H2S gas concentration by changed color of AgNO3 solution coated filter. The reproducibility of the H2S passive sampler is very stable to within an error 5%RSD. The black color of AgNO3 solution coated filter showed a linear relationship with the H2S gas concentrations. In addition, correlation of the developed CDM and CR-10(Minolta, Japan) showed a high correlation to 0.99. Manufactured H2S passive sampler must be kept refrigerated, stability and reactivity was observed for up to 20 days

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between the ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion (DF PROM) under a non-weight bearing condition and the normalized reach distance in three directions of the Y-Balance Test (YBT). Sixty-one healthy adults (32 males and 29 females, age: 23.0±3.0 years, height: 169.3±8.9 ㎝, weight: 61.9±5.4 ㎏) participated in this study. The ankle DF PROM was measured using a goniometer. To assess dynamic balance, all subjects performed three trials to determine the maximum lower extremity reach in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions of the YBT. The relationship between the ankle DF PROM and both the normalized reach distance in each direction and the composite score of the YBT were analyzed using the Pearson correlation. Only the normalized reach distance in the anterior direction of the YBT was significantly related to the ankle DF PROM measured under a non-weight bearing condition (r=.50, p＜.001). Neither the normalized reach distances in the posterior directions nor the composite score of the YBT were significantly correlated with the ankle DF PROM measured under a non-weight bearing condition. These findings suggest that ankle DF PROM does not affect the overall dynamic balance of the lower extremity, with only the anterior dynamic balance affected among the three directions.

In recent years, with the development of economy, the proportion of building energy consumption in the national energy consumption is growing. To reduce building energy consumption, has become an important measure to reduce energy consumption, and on the basis of general building sustainability into the design is closely related to residential design. To restrict the problems existing in the cold region residential energy saving construction in our country, the study of cold region in winter heating technology to design, is to summarize a set of suitable heating technology applied in the cold region sustainable residential promotion. The article is divided into five parts, the first part is the introduction, describes the research background, contents, methods, purpose, etc.; The second part mainly introduces the passive solar energy heating technology; The third part mainly introduces the sustainability of residential status and development prospects; The fourth part is how to passive solar heating technology is applied to sustainable residence that is application techniques to explore. The fifth part is through the research, the conclusion and the outlook for the future.

This research is carried out to investigate the odor emission characteristics in a sewage treatment plant. The plantwas divided into four areas (boundary areas, sewage treatment processes, sludge treatment processes and odortreatment plants), and measured around 27 sampling points. Odor characteristics from each areas were evaluatedby air dilution olfactory method and NH₃/SO₂/VOCs passive sampler, mainly in terms of spatial distribution. Themain odor emission sources were found out to be dewatering plant (S-4) of sludge, sludge transshipment place(S-5), and the outlet of odor treatment plant (B-2, B-3). The correlation between dilution number (OU) and ammoniaconcentration of passive sampler appeared to be low; correlation coefficient 0.49, but correlation coefficient for theresults of sulfur dioxide and toluene were very high, 0.95 and 0.93, respectively. These results indicate that odorcompounds form sewage treatment facility are mainly due to sulfur compounds and volatile organic compounds.

In recent years, with the development of economy, the proportion of building energy consumption in the national energy consumption is growing. To reduce building energy consumption, has become an important measure to reduce energy consumption, and on the basis of general building sustainability into the design is closely related to residential design. To restrict the problems existing in the cold region residential energy saving construction in our country, the study of cold region in winter heating technology to design, is to summarize a set of suitable heating technology applied in the cold region sustainable residential promotion. The article is divided into five parts, the first part is the introduction, describes the research background, contents, methods, purpose, etc.; The second part mainly introduces the passive solar energy heating technology; The third part mainly introduces the sustainability of residential status and development prospects; The fourth part is how to passive solar heating technology is applied to sustainable residence that is application techniques to explore. The fifth part is through the research, the conclusion and the outlook for the future.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of repeated passive movement (RPM) of different velocities on the improvement of knee joint position sense (JPS) in post-stroke patients with hemiplegia, thereby investigate the possibility of clinical application in the initial stage of rehabilitation for patients with post-stroke hemiplegia. Thirteen hemiplegic patients participated in this study. For the subjects' knee JPS tests, a passive angle reproduction test and an active angle reproduction test were performed prior to and after the intervention, which involved 30 repetitions of passive full-range-of-motion flexion and extension exercise of the knee joints at randomized degrees of , , and . Paired t-test analysis was done in order to compare changes in the pre- and post-intervention knee JPS. One-way repeated analysis of variance was used in order to compare changes in JPS after intervention at three different movement velocities. The level of significance was set at .05. The result was that the subjects' post-intervention knee JPS significantly improved after the RPM exercise at a and a relative to the RPM exercise (p<.05). JPS changes with RPM intervention at the rapid velocity of were most increased, suggesting the most effective enhancement in knee JPS is with intervention at the velocity (p<.05). Therefore, RPM intervention at a half or higher velocity improved stroke patients' knee JPS. During the initial stage of rehabilitation for patients with post-stroke hemiplegia, the efficient application of the RPM exercise at a half or higher velocity will be possible.

This study examined the effect of active and passive listening condition on young children's musical understanding of familiar and unfamiliar melody through researcher-invented notation. All subjects in this study were Korean children from 3 to 5 years of ages in a private prekindergarten in Seoul Korea. A pre-and posttest experimental design guided this study, which was conducted for five consecutive weeks, including three treatment sessions between pre-and posttest sessions in summer of 2009. The following research questions for the study were posed: 1) Is there a significant difference in young children's apparent understanding of tempo when comparing active and passive listening condition? and 2) Is there a significant difference in young children's apparent understanding of tempo according to familiarity of the melody? Listening conditions (independent variable) in this study were the presence or absence of body movement while children listened to short musical examples. The children's apparent musical understanding of tempo (independent variable) was captured through children's guided drawings that indicated where they understood tempo changes to occur in the music. The drawings were evaluated by three independent judges who scored four drawings for each child: for familiar and unfamiliar melodies in both the pre-and posttest. A two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the scores. The results revealed that there is no statistically significant difference between treatment and control groups, between familiar and unfamiliar melody, and no difference with the interaction of group and melody familiarity. Therefore, the null hypotheses for this study were accepted.