Organoleptic parameters such as color, odor, and flavor influence consumer perception of drinking water quality. This study aims to evaluate the taste of the selected bottled and tap water samples using an electronic tongue (E-tongue) instead of a sensory test. Bottled and tap water's mineral components are related to the overall preference for water taste. Contrary to the sensory test, the potentiometric E-tongue method presented in this study distinguishes taste by measuring the mineral components in water, and the data obtained can be statistically analyzed. Eleven bottled water products from various brands and one tap water from I city in Korea were evaluated. The E-tongue data were statistically analyzed using multivariate statistical tools such as hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The results show that the E-tongue method can clearly distinguish taste discrimination in drinking water differing in water quality based on the ion-related water quality parameters. The water quality parameters that affect taste discrimination were found to be total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sulfate (SO4 2-), chloride (Cl-), potassium (K+) and pH. The distance calculation of HCA was used to quantify the differences between 12 different types of drinking water. The proposed E-tongue method is a practical tool to quantitatively evaluate the differences between samples in water quality items related to the ionic components. It can be helpful in quality control of drinking water.

시몽동의 기술철학의 “개체화”(individualization)의 기초모델은 “결정화”(crystalization)라는 물리화학적 현상에서 시작된다. 결정화 과정은 결정종(결정씨앗: germe/seed)과 모액(母液: mother liquid)이라는 주위환경(milieu) 사이에서 일어난다. 결정씨앗은 주위환경(milieu) 안에서 자신의 현실적 구조를 형성하며 확장해나간다. 한편 결정씨앗이 자라기 이전에는 잠재력(potential)으로만 남아 있던 주위환경은 결정씨앗이 자라기 시작하면서부터 발동하여, 그 잠재력이 에너지로 전환되고 역동성으로 가득 찬 주위환경이 되어 씨앗의 숙성과 구조화를 가능하게 하여 씨앗의 잠재성을 현실화한다. 시몽동의 결정화와 변환의 시각에서 세이머스 히니(Seamus Heaney)의 전 시집과 시론의 핵심적인 내용을 파악한 조감도를 그려보는 작업은 성장과정에 있는 젊은 시인의 “개체이전의 존재”와 “앞선 미래”를 내다보는 비전을 선험적(apriori)으로 제시해준다. 시몽동의 변환과정은 이질적인 힘을 임시적으로 집결하여 통합을 생성할 뿐 아니라, 존재나 실체를 둘러싸고 있는 것을 구조화하는 것을 설명하여, 개체이전의 존재의 과거와 현재로부터 미지의 미래로 창의적인 도약을 생성한다. 또한 주위환경 내에서 그리고 주위환경으로서 존재를 에워싸고 또 존재를 가능하게 하는 영역을 생성한다. 시몽동의 변환의 시학의 문맥에서 보면 히니의 시론과 시를 새로이 자리매김할 수 있다.

Sarcoma is rare malignant tumors that develop from mesenchymal cells. Metastasis to the oral cavity is a rare occurrence. Undifferentiated Pleomorphic sarcoma(UPS), formerly known as Malignant fibrous histiocytoma(MFH), is rare spindle cell neoplasm that can have poorly prognosis with metastasis and local recurrence. This report describes a case of a 77-year-old man who was diagnosed with Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma of the chest wall and underwent adjuvant radiation therapy after surgical resection. Although there was success of wide excision, two years later, he presented with metastasis to the several organs including tongue. We retrospectively analyzed results of Next Generation Sequencing(NGS), and we figured out RB1 gene mutation. Until now targeted therapy of RB1 gene mutation is not established. Surgeon needs to consider metastatic tumors through identifying patients’ chief complaints and past medical & dental history. We need to research through NGS, and take a step closer to find targeted therapy for tumors.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma(ACC) is an uncommon tumor of the head and neck. It is one of the most common malignant tumor of the salivary glands. Although ACC has clear pathologic features, it can be diagnosed as a benign lesion in terms of cytological and radiologic aspects. In this paper, we report a rare case of ACCACC on tongue that is diagnosed as ACC but appears as a benign lesion in cytological and radiologic views.

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is an unusual histiocytosis by an unknown cause, which rarely occurs in the oral cavity. Its clinical presentation is non-specific, so prevents to differentiate it from other oral mucosal diseases. In addition, limited oral JXG cases have been reported so far, and clinical features and therapy of oral JXG are more and less different from cutaneous JXG. The purpose of this report is to present a case of JXG on the dorsal tongue and a review of relevant literature.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of gender on meat quality traits and sensory characteristics of pork loin. A total of 90 pork carcasses (180 days old, 45 barrows and 45 gilts, each gender group was consisted of fifteen 1+, 1 and 2 carcass grades) were selected and loin cuts were excised to investigate meat quality, electronic tongue measures and sensory panel test. There were significant differences in drip loss (1.66% vs 1.21%), released water (12.19% vs 10.68%) and cooking loss (23.67% vs 21.04%) between loins from barrow and gilt (p<0.05). However, no significant differences in meat color (CIE L* a* b*) and shear force were observed between gender groups (p>0.05). Umami and richness values of barrow were significantly higher than those of gilt, while barrow had significantly lower sourness value compared to gilt (p<0.05). On the sensory evaluation, barrow scored higher in flavor, juiciness and tenderness both, and as a result, barrow (5.51 points) also scored significantly higher than gilt (4.86 points). These results suggest that the umami intensity and sensory taste of barrow loin are superior to gilt loin due to its high water-holding capacity.

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) is an unusual reactive benign lesion of vascular origin caused by endothelial cell proliferation, which rarely occurs in oral cavity. IPEH appears in various forms because it has non-specific clinical presentation, so it can be misdiagnosed as a malignant lesion.Therefore, it is important to make a differential diagnosis by understanding the characteristics of this lesion.We report a case of IPEH in a 22-year-old Korean female patient, discussing about differential diagnosis and treatment. This report presents review of literature and describes a case of IPEH.

Objectives: Lipoma is the most common soft tissue mesenchymal tumor which grows slowly. [1] [2] Intraoral lipomas are rare and have been reported in approximately 1 to 4% of all neoplasm in various literature. [2-5] Oral lipomas mostly develop slowly without symptoms, [6] and predominantly affect the buccal mucosa, floor of mouth, tongue and lip. [3] Material and Methods: A 71-year old male presented with asymptomatic swelling on tongue. On the clinical examination, there were various size of three swelling areas on the dorsum of tongue. Result: All lesions were surgically removed via intraoral approach under general anesthesia. They were soft and yellowish in color. All of the specimens has histologically revealed as typical lipomas. Conclusion: It is a report of tongue lipomas as a rare site, with clinical, histological and radiographic features. Also, there were several reports of a large or huge lipoma in oral cavity, however there were no report of multiple lipomas on the tongue. So, authors report the rarity of it.

This study aims at investigating 1)the perception of international students' mother tongue and Korean language, 2)whether their perception differs with the degree of Korean proficiency, and 3)whether the degree of exposure to Korean can affect Korean proficiency. Eighty nine international students participated in a questionnaire survey. The overall results on the survey showed that the international students' perception of their mother tongue was strong in general. However, interesting findings were that the participants' level of Korean proficiency was closely related to the perception of mother tongue: the participants who had a low level of Korean proficiency showed a comparatively strong perception of mother tongue. Furthermore, the perception of Korean language was weaker compared to that of their mother tongue. However, the exposure to Korean(e.g. the frequency of using Korean) playing a role in improving Korean proficiency was observed. Therefore, this study suggests that acquiring Korean can be related to the perception of mother tongue and that the international students should raise the frequency of contact with Koreans for their Korean proficiency.

목적 : 본 연구는 저항운동으로 6주간 적용된 혀-유지 메뉴버 프로그램이 Shaker 운동 프로그램과 비교하여 정상성인의 삼킴 근육 활성도에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 2015년 10월부터 12월까지 10대에서 50대의 건강한 성인 26명을 대상으로 혀-유지 메뉴버 그룹과 Shaker 운동 그룹으로 무작위 할당하여 주 5일, 하루 1회, 30분씩 6주간 적용하였다. 표면근전도를 사용하여 설골상근 (suprahyoid muscle)과 설골하근(infrahyoid muscle)에 대한 근활성도를 수집하였다. 시각적 비율척도(Visual Analog Scale), 자각인지 척도(Borg-Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale) 척도를 사용하여 삼킴 시 노력과 피로를 측정하였다. 결과 : 혀-유지 메뉴버 그룹과 Shaker 그룹 모두 설골상근과 설골하근의 근활성도가 유의한 향상을 보였지만, 두 그룹 간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 또한 두 그룹 모두 삼킴 시 노력 및 피로가 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보였으나, 두 그룹 간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결론 : 건강한 성인을 대상으로 6주간 혀-유지 메뉴버를 통해 삼킴 근육 근활성도에 대한 긍정적인 효과를 확인하였다. 향후에는 삼킴장애 환자를 대상으로 혀-유지 메뉴버에 대한 임상적 효용성을 검증하여 유용한 치료기법으로 사용되기를 기대한다.

Oral examination in a patient with a history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) needs considerations of leukemia relapse and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Oral manifestations may contribute to early detection of relapse or systemic complications making accurate oral examination and diagnosis significant. We report a case of a large tumor like mass arising in a patient with a history of ALL and HCT. The patient had been diagnosed with ALL relapse and was being treated with chemotherapy, and furthermore was suspected of GVHD development.

In this study, pH, oBrix, salt concentration, sodium content, color, hardness, and sensory evaluations were measured during storage at low temperatures for 21 days after making tongue sole Jangajji with different types of Gochujang sauces. The pH was higher than those of samples not containing Maesil fermented liquor at all storage periods. The oBrix of the Maesil fermented liquor added samples was higher than that of the samples not added at the early stages of storage. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the samples with and without Maesil fermented liquor at the later stages of storage. The sodium content was lower than that of the samples not containing Maesil fermented liquor. The lightness (L) was lower in the early stages of storage than those of the Maesil fermented liquor. In the late stage of storage, however, the lightness was higher than those of the samples not containing Maesil fermented liquor. The redness (a) of the GRWO sample group showed the highest value at all storage periods compared to the other sample groups. The yellowness (b) of the GRWO sample group was high at the early stages of storage. On the 21st day of storage, however, the GRW sample group was significantly higher (p<0.01). The hardness results showed that the value of the later storage period was lower than that at the initial storage stage. The sensory evaluation showed that the Maesil fermented liquor reduced the spicy, salty, bitter, and unpleasant taste. As a result of the acceptance test, the GRWO and GRW samples were evaluated as the acceptance group with color, aroma, texture and overall acceptability compared to the brown rice Gochujang sample group.

“Cartilaginous choristoma” refers to as a tumorlike cartilaginous mass composed of normal tissues in an abnormal location. Oral cartilaginous choristomas are extremely rare. Although its rarity, most intraoral choristomas occur in the tongue. Adenomatoid hyperplasia of the minor salivary glands may be seen on the minor salivary gland bearing areas, especially seen on the palate. This report describes a case of firm mass on the left lateral tongue that was resulted cartilaginous choristoma associated with adenomatoid hyperplasia, which occurred in a 23-year-old male patient. And It hasn’t recurred during 17 months after complete excision.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells able to differentiate into several cell lineages, which has implications for cell therapy and reproductive biotechnologies. Although MSCs have been isolated from many species, including humans and animals, there is limited data on MSCs from large ruminants, such as bovines. In this study, we tried to isolate and characterize bovine tongue tissue-derived MSCs (boT-MSCs) by investigating phenotype morphology, performing proliferation properties, and determining cell surface marker expression patterns, self-renewal, and differentiation potentials. As a result, the boT-MSCs were successfully isolated by collagenase digestion and maintained proliferative capacity until 20 passages. Moreover, the boT-MSCs expressed pluripotency markers (OCT3/4, SOX2, and NANOG) and MSC-specific surface markers including CD44, CD90, and CD105, but not CD45 and MHC-II. The boT-MSCs could also differentiate into mesodermal (adipocyte, osteocyte, and chondrocyte) cell lineages. Our results suggest that the tongues of bovines could be used as a source of MSCs.

Bourbon is the major coffee variety grown in Rwanda. Fully washed bourbon produced in Rwanda is a nascent specialty coffee and no investigation of its quality characteristics has been reported. Thus, this study aimed at providing information about intrinsic flavor characteristics and identifying the most discriminating aroma compounds of this coffee from the major growing areas in four provinces (considered by this study as geographical sub-regions) in comparison with Arabica coffee from Ethiopia and Brazil using electronic nose and electronic tongue. Samples were discriminated and characterized by performing a principal component analysis (PCA). A discriminant factorial analysis (DFA) model was also used to predict the geographic origin of coffee samples based on their flavor characteristics. A similarity was observed between flavor characteristics of coffee samples from western and southern sub-regions as well as between northern and eastern sub-regions of Rwanda. Twenty one most discriminating aroma compounds were found but the identified and confirmed ones are: Butan-2-one, Acetic acid, n-Butanol, 2, 3- Pentanedione, Ethyl-2-methybutyrate, Dimethylsulfide, 2-Prpanol, 2-Methylfuran, Ethylacetate, Ethyl propionate and Heptanal. A DFA model using e-nose was successful in predicting the geographic origin of coffee samples but not with e-tongue. This means that aroma can reliably be used to predict the geographic origin of coffee samples than their taste characteristics. Further investigation is required to test the possibility of origin recognition based on taste characteristics.

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a brain specific isoenzyme of the glycolytic enzyme, is characterized by its consistent occurrence in the cytoplasm of mature neurons. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the expression of NSE in the developing tongue of Korean native goats. The tongues of the fetuses were removed from 2- to 4-year-old female Korean native goats by caesarean section performed under general anesthesia. The expression of NSE in the developing tongue of goat fetuses (60, 90, 120, and 150 days) was studied using immunohistochemistry. In 60-day-old fetuses, NSE-immunoreactivity (IR) exhibited weak appearance in lamina propria of the basal portion and the apical epithelia of the tongue. In 90-day-old fetuses, NSE-nerve fibers were extended in the core part of connective tissue, and primordia of the taste buds was moderately positive. In 120-day-old fetuses, NSE-IR was strongly expressed in taste buds and gustatory nerve fibers. In neonates, the taste buds of vallate papillae were strongly positive for NSE, and development of nerve fibers was synapsed with connective tissue of well innervated taste buds. These results indicate that NSE expressions were associated with the sign of nerve innervation in prenatal development of goat tongues and NSE may be a useful neuronal marker to understand the development of gustatory nerve innervations.

Oral hyperpigmentation is common in patients older 40 years. But lesions in a newborn are unusual and congenital melanotic macule of the tongue has rarely been reported. A 2-month-old infant with 3 pigmented lesion on the right side of the dorsal tongue was evaluated. They were brown black but not homogeneous in color, smooth, nonblanchable, and nonpalpable, with irregular margins. We recommend excisional biopsy under general anesthesia because of possibility of malignancy, but parents refuse invasive procedure. On a following-up examination of the child at the age of 1 year, the pigmented lesions were unchanged. We report a case of congenital melanotic macules on the tongue and a review of literature about the lesion.

An FDA approved drug for the treatment of type II diabetes, Troglitazone (TRO), a peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma agonist, is withdrawn due to severe idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. In the search for new applications of TRO, we investigated the cellular effects of TRO on YD15 tongue carcinoma cells. TRO suppressed the growth of YD15 cells in the MTT assay. The inhibition of cell growth was accompanied by the induction of cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 and apoptosis, which are confirmed by flow cytometry and western blotting. TRO also suppressed the expression of cell cycle proteins such as cyclin D1, cdk2, cdk4, cyclin B1, cdk1(or cdc2), cyclin E1 and cyclin A. The inhibition of cell cycle proteins was coincident with the up-regulation of p21CIP1/WAF1 and p27KIP1. In addition, TRO induces the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-7, as well as the cleavage of PARP. Further, TRO suppressed the expressions of Bcl-2 without affecting the expressions of Bad and Bax. Overall, our data supports that TRO induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis on YD15 cells.

The tongue has 4 kinds of papillae, which are filiform, fungiform (FU), foliate (FO) and circumvallate papilla (CV). Tongue papillae except filiform papilla include taste buds. The papillae differ in taste sensitivities, likely due to differential expression of taste receptors. In this study, we evaluated differences in the expression levels of taste receptors in FU, FO and CV. Male DBA2 mice, 42-60 days old, were used in the study. Messenger RNAs were extracted from the murine epithelial tissues including FU, FO and CV. Cloned DNAs were synthesized by reverse transcription. Quantitative PCRs (qPCRs) were performed to determine mRNA expression levels of taste receptors. Results of qPCR revealed that the relative expression levels and patterns were different among FU, FO and CV. All three type 1 taste receptors were expressed FU, FO and CV at varying relative expression levels. All 35 kinds of type 2 taste receptors showed higher expression in FO and CV than in FU. Tas2r108 and Tas2r137 showed the two highest expression levels in all tested papillae. The differential expression levels and patterns of taste receptors among the three papillae could contribute to the different physiological sensitivities by tongue areas. Additional studies such as in situ hybridization or taste receptor cell activity recording is necessary to elucidate the functional relationship between expression levels of taste receptors and taste sensitivity.