본 연구에서는 커피생두의 로스팅 과정에서 쉽게 발견되는 커피 은피(coffee silver skin)의 열수와 에 탄올 추출물을 사용하여 항산화, 미백, 주름개선, 세포독성실험을 진행하였다. 커피 은피의 열수와 에탄올 추출 물은 농도가 증가함에 따라 농도 의존적으로 DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성이 높아졌으며, 열수 추출물보다 에탄올 추출물이 항산화력이 높게 나타났다. 특히 에탄올 추출물의 경우 50 μ g/mL에서 92.26%의 ABTS 라디칼을 소거시켜 양성대조군과 비슷한 항산화 효과를 나타내었다. 미백효과의 정도를 조사하기 위하여 tyrosinase 저해효과와 DOPA 산화 저해효과를 조사한 결과 농도 의존적으로 저해효과를 나타내었다. 또한 주름개선효과의 정도를 조사하기 위해 elastase와 collagenase 저해 효과를 조사한 결과 elastase와 collagenase를 농도 의존적으로 저해 효과를 나타내었다. 각질형성세포(HaCaT)를 이용하여 세포독성 및 증식실험을 진행하였다. 커피 은피 추출물의 세포생존율은 무처리 대조군과 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 그러므로 커피 은피는 주름개선, 미백, 항산화 효과를 나타내므로 화장품에 응용 가능한 기능성 소재로 평가된다.

Various bioactive substances are found in Loranthus tanakae, including quercetin 3-rhamnoside (1), kaempferol 3-rhamnoside (2), rhamnetin 3-rhamnoside (3), and rhamnocitrin 3-rhamnoside (4), which inhibit tyrosinase. These compounds are mainly found in the EtOAc fraction of L. tanakae extract and demonstrate higher rates of tyrosinase inhibition than ascorbic acid, which was used as a control. Our results suggest that L. tanakae extracts can be utilized in skin whitening cosmetics.

Background: Invasion of these invasive plants in the ecosystem threatens the habitat of endemic species, reduces biodiversity, and causes a disturbance in the ecological system. Hypochaeris radicata L. (Asteraceae), the most invasive plant in Korea, particularly in Jeju Island, invades farmlands, and autochthonous forests, resulting in the establishment of monocultures and modification of the ecosystem structure. Methods and Results: In this study was, we evaluated the biological activity of 70% ethanolic extracts from different parts of Hypochaeris radicata L. The biological activities of 70% ethanolic extracts of different parts, such as flower, leaf, stem, and root, of H. radicata were investigated. The total polyphenol content was highest in flower extracts (50.82 ± 3.16 ㎎ · GAE/g). In addition, the highest flavonoid content was observed in flower extract (15.19 ± 2.03㎎ · QE/g). The flower extract of H. radicata exhibited stronger DPPH radical-scavenging activities, ABTS radical scavenging activities, and reducing power than the other parts. The flower extract of H. radicata was observed to have the highest tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Conclusions: The flower extracts of H. radicata exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity as well as tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects. These activities might be related to the phenolic compounds present in the H. radicata flower extract.

This study examined the anti-inflammatory and whitening effects of Amaranth (Amaranthus spp L.) seed extract. Amaranthus spp L. seeds were extracted using 70% ethanol and then fractionated sequentially with n-hexane, dichloromethan, ethyl acetate and butanol. For the study of anti-inflammatory activity in RAW 264.7 cells, EtOAc fraction of Amaranthus spp L. seeds significantly inhibited nitrogen oxide production as well as the protein level of iNOS. Furthermore, EtOAc fraction of Amaranthus spp L. seeds inhibited expression of TNF-α, PGE2 and the protein level of COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Inaddition, the tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the Amaranthus spp L. seed 70% ethanol extract and subfractions were also measured to see if these extracts can be used as an ingredient for whitening cosmetics. Tyrosinase is an oxidase that is a rate-limiting enzyme for controlling the production of melanin. Therefore, tyrosinase inhibitors have become increasingly important in cosmetics and medical products with regards to hyperpigmentation. EtOAc fraction of Amaranthus spp L. seeds showed mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner. This activity was more potent than that of a positive control cynandione A. These results suggest that Amaranthus spp L. seeds may be a valuable natural ingredient for the food and cosmetics industries.

Background: The light emitting plasma (LEP) has recently attracted attention as a novel artificial light source for plant growth and functional component enhancement. We investigated the effects of LEP on whitening and antioxidant activities of the plant parts of perilla. Methods and Results: Previously germianted seeds of perilla were cultivated under different light conditions (fluoresce lamp, LED red, blue, white, green, and LEP) in a culture room for 2 months. Parts of perilla were harvested and extracted in 70% EtOH. The extracts were used to detect total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis- 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), reducing power and tyrosinase inhibition activity as indicators of biological activity. Biological activity was highest in seedlings grown under LEP. The total phenolic content was highest in the stems and the total flavonoid content was highest in the roots of perilla exposed to LEP. The DPPH and ABTS radical activity in all the parts of perilla exposed to LEP were higher by approximately three-fold compared to that in the control (fluoresce lamp). The reducing power values of perilla significantly increased after treatment with LEP. In addition, all the extract of perilla plants exposed to LEP promoted the tyrosinase inhibitory activity. These results suggest that LEP can be an important artificial light source for enhancement of biological activity. Conclusions: LEP could promote whitening and antioxidant activity of perilla.

Background: We investigated the antioxidative and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of 70% ethanol extract, and its fractions, of the root of Rumex japonicus HOUTT. Methods and Results: The total phenolic compound contents of the 70% ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction were 168.99㎎/ g and 651.78㎎/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity was compared through the DPPH radical and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assays. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest DPPH radical and NO scavenging abilities, which confirmed the antioxidant activity. Specifically, the ethyl acetate fraction showed a higher DPPH radical scavenging ability than ascorbic acid. These results were related to the total phenolic compound content of the ethyl acetate fraction. Moreover, in the tyrosinase inhibition assay, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited stronger inhibitory activity than arbutin, which was used as the positive control. The cell viability of L929 cells was analyzed by MTT assay after treatment with 70% ethanol extract and all fractions; no changes in viability were observed, which demonstrated the nontoxic nature of the extract and fractions. Conclusions: These results suggested that the extract from the root of R. japonicus and its ethyl acetate fraction could be a novel resource for the development of a cosmetic with antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity.

Various bioactive substances are found in mistletoe, including viscumneoside III (1) and homoflavoyadorinin B (2), both which inhibit tyrosinase. These two compounds are mainly found in the EtOAc fraction of the mistletoe extract and demonstrate higher rates of tyrosinase inhibition than ascorbic acid, which was used as a control. Our results suggest that mistletoe extracts can be utilized in skin whitening cosmetics.

Background : Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a member of the malvaceae family and has been prescribed in traditional folk medicine in Africa and India. It showed broad biologicas activities such as hepatoprotective activity, antioxidative activity and haematinic activity, Recently, immunomodulatory effect of kenaf extract has been elucidated. However, depigmenting activity from kenaf extract has not been evaluated. In the present study, the tyrosinase inhibitory effect of kenaf leaf extract was investigated before and after subjecting the extract to together with infrared(FIR) irradiation. Methods and Results :　FIR irradiation involves electromagnetic waves with wavelengths ranging from 4 to 15 μM. It has been hypothesized that FIR treatment during extraction of polyphenols from plant cells stimulates exudation of chemical components in cells without destroying the cells by radiant heat and breaks covalent bonds of polymerized polyphenols resulting in the release of active, natural antioxidants with a low molecular weight. The purpose of this study was to evaluate not only the changes in antityrosinase activity but also the chemical transformation of kenaf extract exposed to FIR(Scheme 1). Conclusion: The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of kenaf xtract was evaluated after far-infrared (FIR) irradiation. The ethanol extract of kenaf was prepared and its main component was analyzed as a kaempferitrin (kaempferol-3,7-O-a-dirhamnoside). Inhibitory activity of kenaf extract was not detected in tyrosinase assay. However, tyrosinase inhibitory activity was observed in kenaf extract treated with FIR irradiation. After 60 min of FIR irradiation onto kenaf extract at 60oC, a ethanolic extract was prepared and it showed significant tyrosinase inhibitory activity (IC50=3500ppm). According to HPLC analysis, kaempferol, afzelin and minor product were detected(. The inhibitory activity may be due to the existence of kaemperol, afzelin and minor product. This study showed that FIR irradiation method can be used as a convenient tool for deglycosylation of flavonoid glycoside.

In this study, the antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of aqueous ethanolic extract from the immature fruits of Malus pumila cv. Fuji were evaluated. The antioxidant capacities of the extract was investigated employing radical scavenging assays using DPPH and ABTS+ radicals. The skin-whitening effect of M. pumila cv. Fuji extract was tested using mushroom tyrosinase assay. In addition, the total phenolic content was measured by a spectrophotometric analysis. All tested samples showed a dose-dependent radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Among the tested samples, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-soluble portion from the immature fruits of M. pumila cv. Fuji was showed the significant DPPH and ABTS+ radicals scavenging activities. Also, the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-soluble portion from immature apples was higher than other solvent-soluble portion. These results suggest that unripe fruits of M. pumila cv. Fuji could be considered as a new valuable source of natural antioxidant and skin-whitening agents. Systematic investigation of immature fruits of Malus pumila cv. Fuji will be performed for the further development of its biological properties.

본 연구에서는 마테(Ilex paraguariensis)로부터 50% 에탄올 추출물, 에틸아세테이트 분획물 및 아글리 콘 분획물을 제조하였고 이들 추출물/분획물에 대하여 항산화능을 평가하였다. 추출물 및 분획물의 수율은 건조 분말 당 각각 32.0, 4.48 및 0.82%를 나타냈다. 1,1-Phenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) 라디칼 시험법을 이용한 자유 라디칼 소거 활성과 루미놀 발광법을 이용한 총 항산화능을 평가하였다. 50% 에탄올 추출물, 에틸 아세테이트 분획물 및 아글리콘 분획물의 라디칼 소거활성(FSC50)은 각각 8.83, 5.84 및 6.05 μg/mL이었다. 추출물 및 분획물의 총항산화능(OSC50)은 모든 추출물이 비교 대조군으로 사용한 L-ascorbic acid (1.72 μg/mL)과 유사한 항산화능을 나타냈으며. 50% 에탄올 추출물의 경우 OSC50은 1.03 μg/mL로 활성이 가장 큰 것으로 평가되었다. 1O2로 유도된 세포 손상에 대한 보호 효과 실험에서 모든 추출물은 10 μg/mL 농도에서 비 교 대조군인 (+)-α-tocopherol과 유의적으로 큰 세포 보호 활성(τ50)을 나타내었다. 특히 아글리콘 분획물 은 10 및 50 μg/mL 농도에서의 세포 보호 효과가 (+)-α-tocopherol 보다 약 5배나 크게 나타났다. 에틸아 세테이트 분획과 아글리콘 분획의 tyrosinase에 대한 저해 효과는 미백제로 알려진 알부틴과 유사하였다. 이상 의 결과들은 마테 추출물이 항산화 및 항노화 화장품 원료로서 응용 가능성이 있음을 시사한다.

This study was conducted to clarify the antimicrobial effect, antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the biological composition having the Phytolacca americana, and to enhance the natural materials utilization of foods and cosmetics. The antimicrobial activities of the different parts of P. americana were evaluated using the agar diffusion test. The antimicrobial activity of P. americana was relatively high in Malassezia furfur known as a skin fungi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus compared to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. However, the antimicrobial activity in Vibrio parahaemolyticus did not show at all parts of P. americana. Both the DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity have been increased with the higher concentration of methanol extract. In particular, leaf extract of P. americana exhibited the highest activity both ABTS radical scavenging activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity. The nitrite scavenging activity was decreased when the pH was changed from pH 1.2 to pH 6.0. The highest nitrite scavenging activity was exhibited from the methanol extract of fruit, followed by root, stem, and leaf at pH 1.2. However, the nitrite scavenging activity at pH of 6.0 was not almost detected. All plant parts of P. americana showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The highest activity was found in the stem, and followed by root, leaf, and fruit in order. These tyrosinase inhibitory activity was progressively increased in a concentration-dependent manner. In this experiment on the methanol extracts of different organ from P. americana, we confirmed that the extract of P. americana showed potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Taken together, we conjectured that the P. americana had the potent biological activities, therefore this plant having various functional components could be a good material for development into source of natural food additives and cosmetics

본 연구에서는 항산화 기능을 가진 자소엽, 어성초 그리고 녹차 추출물들과 이들 추출물의 혼합물을 사용하여 항산화, 미백, 세포독성실험을 진행하였다. 자소엽, 어성초와 녹차의 추출물을 동일 양으로 혼합하였을 때 처리농도가 증가함에 따라 농도 의존적으로 DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성이 높아졌으며, 추출물을 혼합한 경우 낮은 농도인 10 μg/mL에서도 80.2%, 98.0%의 DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼을 소거시키는 우수한 항산화 효과를 나타내었다. 미백효과의 정도를 조사하기 위하여 tyrosinase 저해효과를 조사한 결과 자소엽과 녹차추출물 그리고 각 추출물의 혼합물이 농도 의존적으로 tyrosinase 저해효과가 증가되었다. HaCaT 세포를 사용한 세포독성실험의 경우 자소엽, 어성초 추출물의 경우 세포생존율이 무처리 대조군과 같거나 높게 나타났으며 특히 어성초추출물의 경우 100 μg/mL에서 무처리 대조군 보다 10% 이상의 높은 생존율을 보였다. 녹차와 각 식물 추출물 혼합물의 경우 500 μg/mL 이상에서는 무처리 대조군에 비하여 세포생존율이 감소하였다. 그러므로 세 가지 식물의 추출물 혼합물이 100 μg/mL 농도일 때 세포에 안전하며 높은 항산화 활성과 함께 tyrosinase 저해 효과가 있었다.

기질 분자로서 2-[(2,6-dioxocyclohexyl)methyl]cyclohexane-1,3-dione 유도체(1-23)들의 분자 내 치환기(R1 및 R2)가 변화함에 따른 tyrosinase 수용체의 저해활성에 관한 2D-QSAR 모델로부터 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 유도된 최적의 2D-QSAR 모델은 Obs.pI50=-0.295(±0.031)TDM -0.120(±0.014)DMZ+0.135(±0.050)DMX. R2+6.382(±0.17)이었으며, 예측성(q2=0.843)보다는 상관성(r2=0.905)이 큰 모델이었다. Tyrosinase 저해활성은 TDM > DMX.R2≥DMZ 순으로 영향을 미치었으며, 기질분자의 소수성(ClogP > 0)이 크고, R1-치환기의 입체적 크기가 클수록 더욱 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 모델을 분석한 결과, 분자 내 R2-치환기 상 X-축 성분의 쌍극자능률(DMX.R2)이 클수록, 그리고 분자 전체의 쌍극자능률(TDM; Total Dipole Moment)과 Z-성분의 쌍극자능률(DMZ; Dipole Moment of Z-Component)이 작을수록 기질분자의 tyrosinase 저해활성이 높아짐을 암시하였다. 따라서 tyrosinase 저해활성은 기질분자 및 R2-치환기의 전자 친화력에 기인한 것으로 예상되었다. 그러므로 저해활성을 증가시키려면 분자 내 극성 그룹을 소수성에 기여하는 비극성 작용기로 대체함이 바람직할 것으로 예측되었다.