이 연구는 전기고령여성의 화장품 사용실태 및 요구도에 따른 노인화장 품의 필요성에 대해 검증하고자 하였다. 이 연구는 서울 및 지방도시 지역 에 거주하는 60세 이상의 전기고령 여성을 대상으로 2023년 12월 23일부 터 2024년 1월 16일까지 최종 286부를 SPSS 25.0 프로그램을 활용하 였다. 분석결과, 전기고령 여성은 자신의 스타일과 피부에 맞는 제품을 찾 기 위해 개인적으로 화장품을 선택하고 구매하는 경향을 보였고, 피부 건강 과 미용에 대한 관심이 높았으며, 피부 탄력과 주름 개선에 초점을 맞춘 제품을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 화장품의 촉촉함과 무향성을 중요 시하며, 특히 주름 개선 기능이 있는 아이크림에 대한 수요가 높았다. 제품 의 용량과 가격을 고려하는 것이 중요한 경제적 요인으로 작용했으며, 화장 품의 디자인으로 심플함과 쉬운 개폐 구조를 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과에서, 노인화장품은 피부 건강과 미용에 대한 전기고령 여 성들의 요구를 충족시키고, 경제적으로 적정한 가격대의 노인화장품을 개발하 고 보급한다면, 전기고령 여성들의 삶의 질 향상에 기여할 것으로 예상된다.

This article examines the current views and pedagogical approaches of Korean school grammar from the perspectives of usage-based theory, and suggests future directions for Korean Grammar Pedagogy that reflect authentic usage of Korean and facilitate meaningful learning. To this end, the basic assumptions of the usage-based theory were reviewed and its applicability to Korean explored. As a result, it is shown that usage-based theory provides us with alternative explanations that overcome the limitations of traditional school grammar and enable meaningful inquiry activities. At the phonological level, while school grammar has ignored the various CVCC syllable configurations actually observed, from the point of view of usage-based theory, syllable-final consonant clusters such as [rp], [rt], and [rk] are appropriately described. At the morphological level, construction-based morphology sheds light on various schema and patterns of word formation that school grammars have overlooked. Finally, usage-based theory provides an alternative explanation of the complement category defined by school grammar.

PURPOSES : The actual service life of repair methods applied to cement concrete pavement is analyzed based on de-icing agent usage. METHODS : Highway PMS data pertaining to de-icing agent usage are classified into three grades: low (1~5 ton/lane/year), medium (5~8 ton/lane/year), and high (greater than 8 ton/lane/year). The repair methods considered include diamond grinding, patching, joint repair, partial depth repair, and asphalt overlay on five major highways. The service life of each repair method is analyzed based on the usage level of the de-icing agent. RESULTS : The service lives of the applied repair methods are much shorter than expected. It is confirmed that the service life afforded by diamond grinding, patching, and joint repair methods are not significantly affected by the use of de-icing agents, whereas that afforded by asphalt overlay and partial depth repair methods is affected significantly. The service life afforded by the asphalt overlay and partial depth repair methods decreases at high usage levels of the de-icing agent (greater than 8 ton/lane/year). CONCLUSIONS : Among the repair methods considered, the service life afforded by partial depth repair and asphalt overlay is affected significantly by the amount of de-icing agent used. Additionally, the differences between the expected and actual analyzed service lives should be considered in the next-generation maintenance strategy for cement concrete pavements.

본 연구는 타오바오 라이브 스트리밍 쇼핑의 특성과 주관적 규범이 라이브 스트리밍 쇼핑 사용 의도에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대해 조사하였다. 타오바오 라이브 스트리밍 쇼핑의 특성인 ‘인식된 즐거움’, ‘신뢰성’, ‘상호작용성’, ‘즉시성’과 ‘주관적 규범’이 타오바오 라이브 스트리밍 쇼핑의 사용 의도에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 몰입이론과 합리적 행동 이론을 기반으로 연구를 진행하였다. 중국인 335명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. ‘상호작용성’을 제외한 나머지 특성인 ‘인식된 즐거움’, ‘신뢰성’ 및 ‘즉시성’이 타오바오 라이브 스트리밍 쇼핑 사용에 대한 태도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 타오바오 라이브 스트리밍 쇼핑 사용에 대한 태도는 타오바오 라이브 스트리밍 쇼핑 사용 의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 ‘주관적 규범’이 사용 의도에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 타오바오 라 이브 스트리밍 쇼핑의 특성과 ‘주관적 규범’이 라이브 스트리밍 쇼핑 이용 의도에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 이해하는데 도움이 될 뿐만 아니라 다양한 라이브 스트리밍 쇼핑에 관한 마케팅 전략을 개발 하는데 도움이 될 수 있다.

By adopting a usage-based approach to language acquisition, this study investigated the emergence and development of L2 constructional knowledge. A total of 19 English verb-argument constructions (VACs) and their associated verbs were extracted from a learner corpus and three verbal fluency tasks, each conducted in L1 and L2 English and L1 Korean. We compared verb usage in the target VACs across proficiency levels between the L1 and L2 groups and between data types for VAC productivity and verb-VAC associations. The results identified three stages through which Korean learners’ VAC knowledge develops in L2 English: emerging through the frequent use of a few general verbs, expanding the range of verbs associated with a VAC to include more specific and prototypical verb types, and then developing them into a creative constructional schema. Moreover, we determined similarities between L1 and L2 English VAC knowledge in higher L2 proficiency levels, as well as L1 Korean influences related to L1 typology and L1 collocational transfer.

Usage-based approaches to language acquisition explain language development as a gradual process of generalizing constructions through language experience. This study investigated second language learners’ development of constructional knowledge from the perspective of usage-based language development. A total of 169 Korean EFL students at five grade levels completed a sentence-sorting and a translation task. Results of the sorting task showed stronger constructional sorting as the learners’ grade level increased. Additionally, the sorting of intermediate-level learners was influenced by verb semantics such that the sentences including light verbs were more strongly clustered according to constructions than the sentences with heavy verbs, suggesting learners’ reliance on light verbs in the early stages of constructional development. Results of the translation task demonstrated a higher translation accuracy with increasing proficiency, but with a significant amount of variation across individual constructions contingent on the constructions’ syntactic and semantic complexity. Overall, our findings confirm the usage-based development of L2 learning.

In an increasingly globalized world, consumers are continuously exposed to global products in their domestic markets. As a result, companies are seeking ways to adapt their business in order to target the global consumer segment, which is favorably disposed to global market offerings (Papadopoulos & Martin Martin, 2011). Research on conceptualizing consumers’ positive dispositions towards global products is burgeoning, with a number of researchers focusing on the role of global/local consumer identities (i.e. Tu, Khare, & Zhang, 2012). Global identity implies that a person identifies with the entire human kind and feels as a resident of the entire world (Cannon & Yaprak, 2002), and consequently has a more positive view toward globalization and shows more interest into global events (Guo, 2013). Local identity, on the contrary, derives from the overall awareness of belonging to a community that shares the same national values and cultural norms (Thompson, 2001). Empirical evidence shows that global and local identities positively influence the evaluations and willingness to purchase global and local brands, respectively (Verlegh, 2007; Zhang & Khare, 2009). Despite the growing academic focus on consumers’ location-based identities (i.e. global/local) and their impact on consumer decision making, research on this topic is mainly focusing on tangible products, ignoring how digitalization has transformed the international marketing landscape. Drawing on social identity theory and the existing literature with regards to how global/local identity is influencing consumers’ disposition towards global products, this paper considers the case of global digital products. In particular, we aim to investigate whether global and local consumer identities influence the usage of two of the most famous global Social Network Sites (SNSs), namely Facebook and Instagram. Combining existing literature on global consumer culture and marketing of SNSs, we develop and empirically test a set of hypotheses with two samples of Facebook and Instagram users from Austria and Thailand. The choice of these specific countries allows us to explore whether consumers with global or local identities behave similarly in marketplaces characterized by completely different settings regarding the availability and use of SNSs.

몰입감은 게임을 플레이 하는데 중요한 요소이며 궁극적으로 게임 자체의 성공을 좌우하는 재미 그 자체아 결부되기도 한다. 시각적 영역과 밀접한 연관이 있는 해상도는 게임 개발에 있어서 비중있는 요소이며 게임을 개발할 때 염두에 두어야 할 요소이기도 하다. 그래픽 기술의 발전은 하드웨어 발전과 함께해 왔으며, 대부분의 게임은 현재 고해상도의 고품질 그래픽으로 개발되고 있다. 현재 다양한 사용자들의 다양한 해상도 정보 분석 및 시장 조사는 게임 개발자들에게 효과 적인 정보를 제공해 줄 것이며 연구 가치가 있다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 지난 4년 간 네이버 소프트웨어 문서분야에서 가장 많은 다운로드 수를 기록하고 있는 문서 뷰어인 'DAVU'의 사용자 정보를 통해 한국인 IT사용자들의 평균 해상도를 분석한다. 'DAVU'는 국내 통합 뷰어 솔루션으로 2014년 국내 문서 및 이미지 뷰어 솔루션을 통해 서비스를 시작했으며 사용자가 뷰어를 실행할 때 개인정보를 제외한 사용자 정보(해상도, 파일 포맷, OS, IE정보 등)를 서버로 전송하여 집계가 가능하다. 이 연구는게임 및 소프트웨어뿐만 아니라 모니터 하드웨어 산업에도 효율적 정보를 제공해 주는 연구가 될 것이다.

Purpose – Blockchain technology, which has the characteristics of credibility, security, integrity and decentralization, has brought innovation to internet platforms that mediate peer to peer transactions, as well as changes to the contents distribution services. Blockchain-based copyright distribution platforms can solve problems which have been articulated on prior internet social networks: increased market dominance of platform business because of centralization with no reward to creators who upload on platforms, and lack of fairness, such as unfair profit distribution between the copyright holder and businesses. With this background, the current research confirmed the factors that affect the intention of usage and behaviors, targeting potential users of blockchain-based copyright distribution platforms. Research design, data, and methodology – Centered around the UTAUT2 Model, the research model was designed with 'Perceived Security' added as Construct, and 'Age' and 'Knowledge Level' added as moderating variables. For data, 607 responses were collected by an online survey, and 601 responses were included in the final analysis. We analyzed the research model and sample by using SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0 on the collected responses. Results – First, results of research on whether Constructs make positive effects on Intention of use is: social influence, facilitating conditions, habit, and perceived security had positive effects on intention of use, and performance expectancy, effort expectancy, hedonic motivation, and economic value did not. Second, results of the research on whether facilitating condition, habit, and intention of use made an impact on using behaviors, it was shown that only habit and intention of use made positive effects. Third, in two groups divided by age above or under 40, group effort expectancy, intention of use, habit, and intention of use had controlling effects, and facilitating condition, intention of use, perceived security, and intention of use had effects in both groups. Conclusions – The research shows that no matter how great a blockchain-based platform is, if advantages of blockchain are not proved in various industries and utilized in real life like the internet, blockchain-based distribution systems will develop slowly. Rather than a short-term inducement emphasizing technology, there is a need for a strategic approach that can foster the environment.

In our daily life, we often use temperature terms to convey not only literal meanings which show physical temperature but also figurative meanings as an important way of communication. Among the temperature terms, this paper focuses on ‘cool’ and aims to investigate its usage and meanings in depth through a corpus of American newspapers. First, ‘cool’ is dealt with statistically in terms of grammatical functions and semantic aspects as a quantitative analysis. Second, this paper analyzes the meanings of ‘cool’ found in the corpus of newspapers and explores how its literal meanings are metaphorically extended in detail as a qualitative analysis. In this way, this study explains that the meanings of ‘cool’ are derived from our conceptualization and this conceptualization is primarily based on human physical and cultural experience.

The present study investigates the semantics involved in the L2 English article use by Korean EFL learners. The examined usage data were extracted from the researcher compiled learner corpus, the Kyungpook National University Student English Learner Corpus-Writing (KSELC-W). The importance of current research is in the fact that the investigated data was not collected through formal elicitation tasks or grammar focused activities. Therefore, the learner corpus data represent Korean EFL learners' unconscious knowledge of the English article system and their performance on timed writing sessions which did not focus on grammar. The findings reveal that Korean EFL learners do not make random misuse or overuse errors in production of English articles the and a(n) and that the patterns are in accordance with the Fluctuation Hypothesis. Additionally, results show that the semantic feature specificity effects the Korean EFL learners in the current study and provide supporting data for direct UG access underlying article choice. These results support previously reported findings by Ionin et. al. (2004, 2009) and Ko et al. (2009).

The use of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in cell-based therapy has attracted extensive interest in the field of regenerative medicine, and it shows applications to numerous incurable diseases. hMSCs show several superior properties for therapeutic use compared to other types of stem cells. Different cell types are discussed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages, with focus on the characteristics of hMSCs. hMSCs can proliferate readily and produce differentiated cells that can substitute for the targeted affected tissue. To maximize the therapeutic effects of hMSCs, a substantial number of these cells are essential, requiring extensive ex vivo cell expansion. However, hMSCs have a limited lifespan in an in vitro culture condition. The senescence of hMSCs is a double-edged sword from the viewpoint of clinical applications. Although their limited cell proliferation potency protects them from malignant transformation after transplantation, senescence can alter various cell functions including proliferation, differentiation, and migration, that are essential for their therapeutic efficacy. Numerous trials to overcome the limited lifespan of mesenchymal stem cells are discussed.

본 연구에서는 한국 온라인 게임 시장에 대해 장르 구분에 의거한 경쟁 구조를 가정하고, 장르에 따라 분류된 하부시장 내에서 각각 다르게 나타나는 경쟁 강도와 특징에 대한 분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. (1)플레이타임 합계 기준으로 볼 때, 온라인 게임의 장르별 점유율은 "RPG 〉 FPS/RTS 〉 스포츠 〉 아케이드/포커 〉 고스톱 〉 보드/레이싱"의 순서로 높게 나타났다. (2)플레이타임 점유율 기준으로 볼 때, 장르에 따른 온라인 게임의 하부 시장 구조 내에서 게임 간 경쟁 강도는, "RTS 〉 레이싱 〉 FPS/스포츠 〉 고스톱 〉 포커 〉 아케이드/보드 〉 RPG"의 순서로 크다는 사실을 확인하였다. 경쟁 강도의 높고 낮음에 대한 평가 및 해석은 다음과 같다. 경쟁 강도가 높을수록(RTS 〉 레이싱 〉 ·s), 이용자가 가지는 게임에 대한 충성도와 재이용률이 낮은 반면 교체이용 성향이 높게 나타나므로, 신규 게임의 시장 진입 장벽이 낮다고 평가할 수 있다. 반대로 경쟁 강도가 낮을수록(·s 〉 아케이드/보드 〉 RPG), 이용자가 가지는 게임에 대한 충성도와 재이용률이 높은 반면 교체이용 성향이 낮게 나타나므로, 신규 게임의 시장 진입 장벽이 높다고 평가할 수 있다.

본 연구에서는 사회통계학적 분류 또는 게임 장르 구분에 따른 온라인 게임의 이용특성을 분석하였다. 기존의 유사 연구 사례에서는 주로 설문에 의한 접근 방법을 사용하였으나, 본 연구에서는 실제 게임 접속 기록에 대한 객관적인 데이터 분석을 수행하였고, 일부 요인의 분석을 위해서는 모수적 모델링 및 수리적 접근 방법을 사용하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 가설의 검정 결과, 다음과 같은 사실이 확인되었다. 온라인 게임 이용 인구는, 성별 기준으로 남자〉여자, 직업분류에서는 학생〉화이트칼라〉주부〉블루칼라〉자영업〉무직/기타, 학력 기준에서는 대졸〉초중고생〉고졸〉대학(원)생, 월 소득 수준별 구분에서는 300∼500만〉100∼300만〉500만이상〉100만(원) 미만, 그리고 결혼여부에 있어서는 미혼자〉기혼자의 관계가 성립되었다. 장르 구분에서는 웹보드〉RPG〉시뮬레이션〉(액션, 레이싱, 슈팅)〉스포츠 순으로 이용자가 많았고, 최대동시접속자 측면에서는 RPG가 타 장르보다 MCR(Max Concurrent User Ratio)이 높은 것으로 확인되었다, 한편, 장르별 지속이용율의 차이에 대한 가설은 기각되었다. 온라인 게임의 이용 인구 구성에 있어서 성별×연령, 장르×성별, 장르×연령의 상호작용의 존재가 확인되었고, 이들 각 상호작용에 대하여 사후분석을 수행하여 그 결과를 제시하였다.