α-아밀라제의 강력한 저해물질을 생성하는 분리주 BY-445를 토양으로부터 분리하여 이를 동정하였다. 이 균주의 기균사는 나선형이며, 포자의 표면은 침상형(spiny)이었다. 멜라닌 색소 및 용해성 색소는 음성이었으며, 단백질 및 전분 분해력은 강한 편이었다. 세포벽 성분중 diaminopimelic acid는 LL형이었고 세포의 지방산은 16 : 0 iso가 25.30%, 15 : 0 anteiso는 16.19% 그리고 16 : 0이 13.16%였으며 이 균주는 Streptomyces violaceusniger와 유사하였으나 몇몇 배양학적, 생리학적 특성이 달라 Streptomyces sp. BY-445로 명명하였다.

본시험은 경운(耕耘)이 불가능한 산지(山地)를 경운(耕耘)을 하지 않고 초지화(草地化) 할 수 있는 효과적인 방법(方法)을 구명(究明)할 목적으로 1983-1984년 사이에 수행되었다. 시험구의 처리로서는 제초제(除草劑)를 살포하지 않은 무처리구와 Glyphosate 및 Paraquat의 다른 양(量)을 목초파종(牧草播種) 30일, 445일 및 60일전에 살포하는 구를 두었다. 오차드그라스의 정착율(定着率)은 제초제의 영향을 받지 않았으나 라디노클로비의

Immobilization of radioactive borate waste containing a high boron concentration using cement waste form has been challenged because the soluble borate phase such as boric acid reacts with calcium compounds, hindering the hydration reaction in cement waste form. Metakaolin-based geopolymer waste form which has a pure aluminosilicate system without calcium can be a promising alternative for the cement; however, secondary B-O-Si networks are formed by a reaction between borate and silicate, resulting in poor mechanical characteristics such as low compressive strength and final setting retardation. Thus, it is important to optimize the Si/Al molar ratio and curing temperature which are critical parameters of geopolymer waste form to increase borate waste loading and enhance the durability of geopolymer. Here, metakaolin-based geopolymer waste form to immobilize simulant radioactive borate waste was fabricated by varying the Si/Al molar ratio and curing temperature. The 7 days-compressive strength results reveals that the Si/Al molar ratio of 1.4 and curing at 60°C is advantageous to achieving high waste loading (30wt%). In addition, geopolymer waste forms with the highest borate waste loading exceeded the 3.445 MPa after the waste form acceptance criteria such as thermal cycling, gamma irradiation, and water immersion tests. The leachability index of boron was 7.56 and the controlling leaching mechanism was diffusion. The thermal cycling and gamma irradiation did not significantly change the geopolymer structure. The physically incorporated borate waste was leached out from geopolymer waste form during leaching and water immersion tests. Considering these results, metakaolin-based geopolymer waste form with a low Si/Al ratio is a promising candidate for borate waste immobilization, which has been difficult using cement.

On 21 August 2017, during 16:49 UT and 20:02 UT period, a total solar eclipse started. The totality shadow occurred over the United States in time between ~17:15 UT and ~18:47 UT. When the solar radiation is blocked by the moon, observations of the ionospheric parameters will be important in the space weather community. Fortunately, during this eclipse, two Swarm satellites (A and C) flied at about 445 km through lunar penumbra at local noon of United States in the upper ionosphere. In this work, we investigate the effect of the solar eclipse on electron density, slant total electron content (STEC) and electron temperature using data from Swarm mission over United States. We use calibrated measurements of plasma density and electron temperature. Our results indicate that: (1) the electron density and STEC have a significant depletion associated with the eclipse; which could be due to dominance of dissociative recombination over photoionization caused by the reduction of ionizing extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation during the eclipse time (2) the electron temperature decreases, compared with a reference day, by up to ~150 K; which could be due to the decrease in photoelectron heating from reduced photoionization.

This study was carried out to investigate the flora and the vegetation of Samusan mountain on Jecheon-si, located in the middle part of the Korean peninsula. The vascular plants which were collected in 9 times from June 2014 to October 2015 were identified as 502 taxa in total, including 102 families, 314 genera, 445 species, 6 subspecies, 49 varieties, 1 form and 1 hybrid. The largest families were as follows; Asteraceae (70 taxa), Poaceae (52 taxa), Rosaceae (30 taxa), Fabaceae (28 taxa), and Cyperaceae (20 taxa). Of them, Korean endemic plants numbered 10 taxa, and vascular plants listed in the red data according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) numbered 14 taxa. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 61 taxa in total. Among them, 5 taxa revealed the floristic grade Ⅴ, 11 for floristic grade Ⅳ, 14 for floristic grade Ⅲ, 10 for floristic grade Ⅱ, and 21 for floristic grade Ⅰ. The alien plants were identified as 43 taxa and the percentage of naturalized index (NI) was 8.6%, and urbanization index (UI) was 13.4%, respectively. Samples of the forest vegetation on the Samusan Mt. were mainly classified as Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Q. acutissima, Q. mongolica, Zelkova serrata and Robinia pseudoacacia forest. The vertical structures of the forest were stable and the DBH-Class analyses showed that the dominant tree species would be maintained. In the surveyed areas, high plant diversity was shown, and a number of endemic, rare, calcicole plants and phytogeographically important plants were found. Nonetheless, numerous and diverse biological resources native have been consistently disturbed or damaged by human activities without some form of protection. Therefore, it is needed to set up strategies for conservation forest vegetation in this study area.

In this study, the ion index characteristics of small and medium urban land use types were investigated in the city of Chungju. The average temperature for each land use type was in the order: general commercial district (29.59℃) > general residential district (28.34℃) > productive green district (28.31℃). The average relative humidity was in the order: productive green district (70.12%) > general residential district (69.93%) > general commercial district (66.48%). The average wind speed was in the order: productive green district (0.95 m/s) > general commercial district (0.87 m/s) > general residential district (0.54 m/s). Positive and negative ions were investigated to determine the ion index by land use type. The average amount of positive ion generated was in the order: general commercial district (737 ea/cm3) > general residential district (492 ea/㎤) > productive green district (445 ea/㎤). The average negative ion production decreased in the order: productive green district (930 ea/㎤) > general residential district (754 ea/㎤) > general commercial district (744 ea/㎤). The ion index calculated from measured data can be arranged in the order: productive green district (2.09) > general residential district (1.53) > general commercial district (1.01). These results confirm the state of positive and negative ion generation in each land use type. Further, the differences in the ion index by land use type were confirmed. However, a limitation of this study is that simple summer measurements were conducted, and seasonal characteristics were not considered. Therefore, any future investigation and research should consider seasonal variation characteristics.

In this study, soy-powder yogurt (SPY) with enhanced levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and isoflavone aglycone was produced from sprouting high-protein soybeans (HPSs). The fermented steam-HPS sprouts (0 to 4 cm) were fermented (72 h) with Lactobacillus brevis, and the total free amino acids (FAAs) of the formed mixtures were determined to be 79.53, 489.93, 877.55, 780.53, and 979.97 mg/100 mL in the fermented HPS (FHPS), and the fermented steam-HPS with 0 cm (FSHPS-0), 1 cm (FSHPS-1), 2 cm (FSHPS-2), and 4 cm sprouting lengths (FSHPS-4), respectively. The levels of glutamic acid (GA) and GABA were observed to be the highest, 100.31 and 101.60 mg/100 mL, respectively, in the unfermented HPS (UFSHPS-1, 1 cm) and FSHPS-1 sprouts, respectively. Moreover, the total contents of the isoflavone glycoside form decreased proportionally to the increasing total levels of isoflavone aglycones after fermentation in FSHPS-0, FSHPS-1, FSHPS-2, and FSHPS-4. The levels of isoflavone aglycones were detected as 350.34, 289.15, 361.61, 445.05, and 491.25 μg/g in FHPS, FSHPS-0, FSHPS-1, FSHPS-2, and FSHPS-4, respectively. While FSHPS-1 exhibited the highest DPPH (63.28%) and ABTS (73.28%) radical scavenging activities, FSHPS-4 contained the highest isoflavone aglycone ratio (81.63%). All in all, the FSHPS-1 mixture prepared in this study exhibited high GABA content and functional prosperity, thereby making it suitable for potential applications in the soy-dairy industry.

The efficiencies of Gang-Byeon sewage treatment facilities, which are based on GPS-X modelling, were analysed and used to design recycle water treatment processes. The effluent of an aeration tank contained total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) of 1.8 mg/L with both C-1 and C-2 conditions, confirming that most ammonia nitrogen (NH3 +-N) was converted to nitrate nitrogen (NO3 --N). The concentrations of NH3 +-N and NO3 --N were found to be 222.5 and 227.2 mg/L, respectively, with C-1 conditions and 212.2 and 80.4 mg/L with C-2 conditions. Although C-2 conditions with higher organic matter yielded a slightly higher nitrogen removal efficiency, sufficient denitrification was not observed to meet the discharge standards. For the total nitrogen (T-N) removal efficiency, the final effluent concentrations of T-N were 293.8 mg/L with biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of 2,500 mg/L, being about 1.5 times lower than that (445.3 mg/L) with BOD of 2,000 mg/L. Therefore, an external carbon source to increase the C/N ratio was required to get sufficient denitrification. During the winter period with temperature less than 10 , the denitrification efficiency was dropped rapidly even with a high TKN concentration (1,500 mg/L). This indicates that unit reactors (anoxic/aerobic tanks) for winter need to be installed to increase the hydraulic retention time. Thus, to enhance nitrification and denitrification efficiencies, flexible operations with seasons are recommended for nitrification/anoxic/denitrification tanks.

The ubiquitin-26S proteasome system is important in the quality control of intracellular proteins. The ubiquitin-26S proteasome system includes the E1 (ubiquitin activating), E2 (ubiquitin conjugating) and E3 (ubiquitin ligase) enzymes. U-box proteins are a derived version of RING-finger domains, which have E3 enzyme activity. Here, we present the isolation of a novel U-box protein, OsUPS, from rice (Oryza sativa).The cDNA encoding the O.sativa U-box protein(OsUPS) comprises 1338bp, with an open reading frame of 445 amino acids. The open reading frame of the OsUPS protein is comprised of notable domains: a single ~70-amino acid domain and a GKL domain that contains conserved glycine, lysine/ arginine residues and leucine-rich feature. We found that full-length expression of OsUPS was up-regulated in both rice plants and cell culture in the absence of inorganic phosphate (Pi). A self-ubiquitination assay indicated that the bacterially expressed OsUPS protein had E3 ligase activity, and subcellular localization results showed that OsUPS was located in the chloroplast. Suppression of OsUPS resulted in servre signs of toxicity caused by the over-accumulation of Pi. These results support the notion that OsUPS plays an important role in the Pi signaling pathway through the ubiquitin-26S proteasome system.

In order to prevent tendon from corrosion and to provide a sufficient bond between tendon and concrete, post-tensioning grout has been used. But, the normal mixture with w/c ratio of 0.40 and add the expansive agent for 1% was not support for specification(BS EN 445) compliance. Thus, it should add some supplementary cementitious materials to improve the properties. Therefore, based on this test result, not only evaluation of bleeding, volume change, fluidity, and compressive strength, but also estimation of the shrinkage of post-tensioning grout under restrained condition remains as a pressing need.

Seven tetracycline classes of antibiotics were treated using ultraviolet (UV) and UV/H2O2 oxidation. Two different UV lamps were used for the UV and UV/H2O2 oxidation. The performance of the UV oxidation was different depending on the lamp type. The medium pressure lamp showed better performance than the low pressure lamp. Combining the low pressure lamp with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) improved the removal performance substantially. The by-products formation of tetracycline by UV and UV/H2O2 were investigated. The protonated form ([1 + H]+) of tetracycline was m/z 445, reacted to yield almost exclusively two oxidation by-products by UV and UV/H2O2 oxidation. Their protonated forms of by-products were m/z 461 and m/z 477. The structures of tetracycline’s by-products in UV and UV/H2O2 system were similar.

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of indigenous habitat of Donghae-si and Samcheok-si in Gangwon-do, Korea. The vascular plants were collected 18 times (from March to October 2011), and were identified as 804 taxa; 127 families, 445 genera, 720 species, 8 subspecies, 69 varieties, 5 forms and 2 hybrids. In the flora of this area, the calcicolous plants were 55 taxa; Cheilanthes argentea, Clematis serratifoliam, Quercus variabilis. Epipactis papillosa, etc. The endangered plants designated and protected by the wildlife protection law, the Ministry of Environment, Korean were counted to one taxon; Cymbidium macrorhizum. The red list of vascular plants according to IUCN valuation basis were examined, endangered species (EN); Prunus yedoensis and Cymbidium macrorhizum, Vulnerable species (VU); Juniperus chinensis, Pulsatilla tongkangensis, Diarthron linifolium and Swertia wilfordii, Near Threatened species (NT); Paeonia japonica, Allium senescens, Epipactis papillosa and Pogonia minor, Least Concern species (LC); Asplenium ruta-muraria, Platycladus orientalis, Monotropa hypopithys and Eleutherococcus divaricatus var. chiisanensis, etc., Data Deficient species (DD); Paeonia lactiflora var. trichocarpa, and Not Evaluate species (NE); Prunus choreiana, Panax ginseng and Polygonatum infundiflorum etc. Korean endemic plants of this area were 26 taxa; Aconitum pseudolaeve, Corydalis hirtipes, Vicia chosenensis, Salvia chanroenica and Hemerocallis hakuunensis, etc. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 130 taxa comprising 11 taxa of grade Ⅴ, 15 taxa of grade Ⅳ, 33 taxa of grade Ⅲ, 15 taxa of grade Ⅱ, 56 taxa of gradeⅠ. The naturalized plants were identified as 67 taxa and the percent of naturalized index (NI) was 8.3% of total 804 taxa vascular plants.

The brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been used in many household products such as plastics of electronicequipment, furniture, textiles to increase their flame ignition resistance. Among the mixtures of BFRs, polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) have been widely usedas commercial additive during the last decade. This study has been performed to investigate the concentration of BFRsin waste electrical and electronic equipment which has potential threat on environment and human health. We analyzedPBDEs, TBBPA and HBCD in 18 products from 2 TV manufacturing companies, 19 parts from 3 refrigerators, shreddedplastic from recycling center, 3 other plastics from recovery process, and 43 small electronics using heating source. Theconcentration of PBDEs in TVs ranged from 306mg/kg (manufactured since the year of 2000) to 145,027mg/kg(manufactured in 1983~1997). The concentration range of PBDEs in rear housing is greater than those of front cover.The concentration of TBBPA were detected from 30 to 201mg/kg and HBCD was not detected (ND) in all samples ofTV. The PBDEs concentrations in plastics of refrigerator waste were detected from ND to 445mg/kg, the concentrationof PBDEs in upper housing cover is higher than those of other parts. The concentration of PBDEs in small electronicswas not detected in most products but HBCD and TBBPA were detected several hundred ppm in 1mixer and severaldozen of ppm in 1mixer, 1 coffee port and 2 electronic rice cookers, respectively. Based on the concentrationcharacteristics of BFRs in waste electrical and electronic equipment, we will be established the environmentally soundstrategies for the management policies of the waste containing BFRs.

In this study, we analyzed Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) contained in TV covers of 15 and refrigerator components of 9 produced in Korea. In the TV front covers, 70 ~ 2,296 mg/kg of PBDEs were detected and in the back covers, the PBDEs detection was as follows: 128,773 ~ 158,104 mg/kg for TVs produced between 1983 ~ 1997, and 42 ~ 41,625 mg/kg between 2000 ~ 2005, which indicates that PBDEs content started to substantially decrease from 2000. When comparing these figures with those from other countries, we found that the front covers of televisions contain lower levels of PBDEs than those produced in Japan and back covers had similar or higher levels. The concentrations of the components of the refrigerator samples ranged from N.D. to 445 mg/kg. By comparing isomer patterns of PBDEs obtained from the products and those reported to be found in the environment, this study estimated distribution characteristics of PBDEs and the correlation between their pollution sources and the environment. The results showed that deca-BDE used in TVs has an impact on the environment, for example, indoor dust and sediment in rivers. We suggest that in order to prevent hazardous substances contained in electrical and electronic products from continuously circulating in the environment, the E-waste should be managed in terms of waste treatment and that the XRF screening method is appropriate to regulate the contents of toxic substances in an economic and effective way.

This study was performed to examine whether it is possible to promote rice growth by midsummer drainage without damage of golden apple snails in environmentfriendly rice farming. The effect of drainage on the life of snails was examined in a greenhouse before the filed experiment. Spats (young shells) of snails survived 100% at 12 days after drainage, and 93.3% at 15 days after drainage. The midsized shells survived 100% at 9 days, 93.3% at 12 days, and 86.6% at 15 days after drainage. In the field experiment, 10-days drainage did not affect the snail population and there was no significant difference of weeding activity of snails between the midsummer drainage treatment and the continuous submerged treatment. The plant height and the effective tiller number in the midsummer drainage treatment were higher than those of the continuous submerged treatment. The rice yield of midsummer drainage plot was 511kg/10a, which was 66kg/10a higher than 445kg/10a of continuous submerged plot. In conclusion, midsummer drainage could increase rice growth and yield without damage of golden apple snails in the environment-friendly rice farming.

국내 강원광산과 동해광산 주변 토양입자의 이화학적 광물학적 특성을 이용해 이들 광산주변내 토양 중금속 오염 원인을 규명하고자 하였다. 입도에 따른 중금속의 농도를 분석한 결과 강원광산의 경우 가장 큰 입경군인 10~18 mesh 구간에서 비소가 250.5 ppm, 가장 작은 325 mesh 이하 구간에서 445.7 ppm으로 나타났다. 동해광산의 경우에도 마찬가지로 10~18 mesh 구간에서 비소 70.4 ppm, 납 1,055 ppm, 아연 789.9 ppm으로 나타났으며 325 mesh 이하 구간에서 비소 117.7 ppm, 납 2,295 ppm, 아연 1,346 ppm으로 입도가 작아질수록 농집되는 경향을 보였다. 중금속과 토양 내 광물의 상호작용을 분석하기 위해 물리적 선별(자력, 부유선별) 후, 이들 시료에 대한 X-선 회절분석과 주사전자현미경 분석결과 강원광산 시료의 주 구성광물은 석영, 운모, 조장석, 녹니석, 자철석, 각섬석으로 확인되었으며 동해광산 시료에서는 석영, 운모, 고령석, 녹니석, 각섬석, 금홍석이 주 광물들로 나타났다. 강원광산의 자철석은 비소 농도와의 상관성이 매우 좋은 것으로 나타난 반면, 동해광산 시료에서는 티탄철석이 확인되었으며 미량의 비소를 포함하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 같은 결과들은 토양 내 광물의 이화학적 정보와 광물학적 특성 규명이 토양 오염원 형태와 이를 바탕으로 한 토양환경 오염처리에 매우 중요함을 시사하고 있다.

Improvement of winter hardiness, diseases resistance and good quality have been recently received more attention by covered barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) breeders than ever in Korea. “Hyegang”, a new covered barley cultivar with similar maturing and high yield was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2011. It was derived from the cross between “Milyang87/NWX-GB-G 2” and “Milyang87/Chalbori” with good quality. The initial cross was done in 2000 and the selected line, “Iksan445” (YB4625-B-B-6-2), showed high yield and good quality characteristics under yield trial test in 2008. It was cultivated three times for three years (2009～2011) in the four locations of regional yield trial (RYT) in korea and was investigated about agronomic and quality characteristics and released as “Hyegang”. The heading date was May 4 in upland and April 26 in paddy field which was 1 and 0 day lateness respectively than that of check cultivar, “Olbori”. The culm length was 77 cm which was 6 cm shorter than that with check cultivar. It showed the spike length of 4.7 cm, 800 spikes / m2, 64 grains / spike and 25.1g for 1,000 grains weight. It showed similar maturing and stronger resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) compare to check cultivar. It showed higher diastatic power 216DP than that of check cultivar, ‘Olbori’. Average yield of “Hyegang” in the RYT was 4.61 MT/ha in upland and 4.38 MT/ha in paddy field, espectively.

This study was conducted to identify the sedimentation quantity and settling velocity, sediment fundamental data that an important position of water quality management of Seston, POC, PP and PN in Nakdong river basin using a sediment traps to collect suspended material pollutants. Nakdong river basin is that average sedimentation quantity of seston, POC, PP and PN were 124∼1,125 g/m2/d, 2,963∼25,072, 26∼347, 445∼2,184 mg/m2/d, respectively. Settling velocity of Seston, POC, PP and PN were 17.0, 35.5, 8.7, 2.4 m/d. It was appeared that various results according to the river flow, weather and other environmental factors. There was no significant correlation, each suspended material pollutants. Sedimentation rates are likely to be overestimated because the flow is not considered to resuspended materials. Therefore diversification through continued monitoring is needed to be analyzed.

본 연구에서는 초등 예비교사의 교직 인식론적 신념과 성취목표지향(숙달접근, 숙달회피, 수행접근, 수행회피)이 교육학 성적에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사를 하였다. 선행연구들과 달리 2X6 요인구조(박병기⋅채선영, 2006)에 근거한 교직 인식론적 신념에 초점을 두었다. 이를 위해 D 교육대학교 4학년 학생 445명을 대상으로 실시한 본 연구의 주요 측정 변인들 간의 관계 모형을 설정하고 상관관계, 적합도 및 경로분석을 하였다. 결과 초등 예비교사들의 교직 인식론적 신념은 숙달접근과 수행접근 지향성과 정적 상관관계를 보였고, 숙달회피와는 부적 상관을 보였으며, 수행회피와는 상관관계가 없었다. 그리고 성취 변인인 교육학 성적은 세련된 교직 인식론적 신념과 부적 상관을 보였다. 이러한 상관 자료와 선행연구들을 기초로 성취목표지향성을 매개변인으로 한 경로분석의 결과에 의하면 교육학 점수에 영향 미치는 교직 인식론적 신념의 경로에서 매개효과가 크지는 않지만 성취목표 지향성에 대한 간접효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과에 기초한 논의를 하였다.