The activated carbon "C" was obtained by carbonization followed by activation with steam at 40% of burn-off. Oxidized carbons C-N, C-P and C-H were obtained by oxidizing the activated carbon C with concentrated nitric acid, ammonium peroxysulfate and hydrogen peroxide, respectively. The textural properties of the carbons were determined from nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The acidic surface functional groups were determined by pH titration, base neutralization capacity and electrophoretic mobility measurements. The cation exchange capacities of un-oxidized and oxidized carbons were determined by the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) from their aqueous solutions. The surface area and the total pore volume decreased but the pore radius increased by the treatment of activated carbon with oxidizing agents. These changes were more pronounced in case of oxidation with HNO3. The surface pH of un-oxidized carbon was basic whereas those of the oxidized derivative were acidic. The removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) was pH dependent and the maximum removal of the both ions was obtained at pH of 5-6. Cu(II) was more adsorbed, a phenomenon which was ascribed to its particular electronic configuration.

Osteoporosis is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease and is characterized by diminished bone strength predisposing to an increased risk of fracture. Thus, this study was performed (1) to examine the effect of aquatic exercise on osteoporosis caused by an ovariectomy in the rats, and (2) to elucidate involvement of histopathologic findings in mediating these actions. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Body weight of the subjects increased after the experiment. There was a statistically significant difference (p<.05) between Group I (sham operated) and Group II (control group). 2. In respect to the length, circumference and weight of the femur, there was no statistically significant difference between the control group and the other groups (p>.05). 3. With the osteocalcin level used as one of the bone formation indexes the bone mineral density increased in every group in comparison with the control group, and in particular, there was a statistically significant difference between Group III and Group IV. The above results suggest that aquatic exercise treatment is effective in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

In a companion paper, we have presented so-called Spatio-Spectral Maximum Entropy Method (SSMEM) particularly designed for Fourier-Transform imaging over a wide spectral range. The SSMEM allows simultaneous acquisition of both spectral and spatial information and we consider it most suitable for imaging spectroscopy of solar microwave emission. In this paper, we run the SSMEM for a realistic model of solar microwave radiation and a model array resembling the Owens Valley Solar Array in order to identify and resolve possible issues in the application of the SSMEM to solar microwave imaging spectroscopy. We mainly concern ourselves with issues as to how the frequency dependent noise in the data and frequency-dependent variations of source size and background flux will affect the result of imaging spectroscopy under the SSMEM. We also test the capability of the SSMEM against other conventional techniques, CLEAN and MEM.

As Korea has approached the aging society, older Koreans have become an important force in restaurant sales today. To succeed with this silver market, it is important for restaurant managers to know who they are and what factors influence older Koreans' eating-out decision making process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the silver consumers' education level on eating-out decision making process. Data were collected from 178 older consumers above 55 years old and analyzed using the descriptive statistic analysis, MANOVA, and one-way ANOVA. The results showed that the elderly consumers' education level significantly influenced the decision making process in determining where to eat out. Significant differences were found in the Problem Recognition Step(Wilks' Lambda=0.817, F=2.991), Information Search Step(Wilks' Lambda=0828, F=2.218), Alternative Evaluation Step II(Wilks' Lambda=0.741, F=3.596), Purchase Decision Step(Wilks' Lambda=0.859, F=2.223), and the Post-Purchase Behavior(Wilks' Lambda=0.885, F=1.780). The higher education level was, the more directly involved in the eating out decision process. The elderly consumers with university education were likely to 'propose to eat out by themselves'(F=9.346), to obtain restaurant information from the 'printed materials'(F=7.452), to go to 'family restaurant'(F=9.057), 'Japanese restaurant'(F=8.7891) and 'fine dining restaurants'(F=3.936), and to directly express their emotion when they had complaints about restaurant service(F=3.206). In conclusion, older Koreans will become more healthy and wealthy which means the dining out activity will be an important part of their life to socialize with people. Therefore, food service operations should consider the elderly consumers' needs and expectation of restaurant services and actively position themselves for this new market segment.

본 연구는 한우 난구 복합체의 체외성숙에서 OA가 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사하였다. 도축 한우암소의 난소로부터 난구 복합체를 채취하여 PVA-TCM199로 3회 이상 세정 후 PVA-TCM 199, 0.2 uM, 2 uM, 20 uM OA를 각각 첨가하여 공기, 에서 6, 12, 24시간 동안 체외성숙을 실시하였다. 또한 체외성숙시 cycloheximide(CX)와 OA와 체외성숙 효과를 확인하기 위하여 0.1M-PVA TCM199, CX 25 ug/m

The FIMS(Far-ultraviolet IMaging Spectrograph), the main payload onboard the first Korean Science Technology SATellite, STSAT-1, has performed various astronomical observations, including the Cygnus Loop, Vela supernova remnants, LMC(Large Magellanic Cloud), since its launch on September 2003. It has been found that the attitude information provided by spacecraft bus system has the errors of more than about 10-15 arcmins due to the time offset problem and errors in attitude knowledge. We develop an algorithm for correction of position errors in FIMS data. The aspect for the FIMS data is determined by comparing the positions of observed bright stars with the Tycho-II and TD-1 catalogs. The position errors of the bright stars along the scanning ( γ) and spatial (δ ) directions were considered as functions of δ, ignoring errors in position angle. The corrected positions of the bright stars coincided very well to their Tycho-II and TD-I positions. The correction algorithm is essential for the FIMS data analysis, and is being used for the FIMS data analysis.

동체시력 (Dynamic Visual Acuity) 은 물체나 관찰자가 움직이는 상태에서 사물을 볼 수 있는 능력을 익미한다. 즉， 동체시력은 안구운동계의 전반적인 능률 (efficiency) 과 관계가 깊고， 또한 측정시스템의 구성에 따라 측정에 영향을 줄 수 있다. 따라서 시표크기에 따라 동체시력이 차이가 날 수 있다. 본 연구는 일반인 (1 ，Il)군과 운동선수 (IIl， N)군을 각각 두꾼 으로 나누어 란톨트 (Land이t) 고리 시 표크기 를 2.1 cm, 3.71 cm로 탈리하여 동체시력을 측정하였다. 시표크기를 2.1 cm 측정한 결과 일반인(1)군의 평균 동체 시 력 은 85.71 :t 15.05 deg/sec 였으며 , 운동선수( IIl)군은 1oo.63 :t 21.75 deg/sec 였다. 시표크기를 3.7cm로 측정한 결과 일반인(Il)군의 평균동체시력은 136 :t 7.19 deg/sec 였 으며 운동선수군 (N) 은 149 :t 14.20 deg/sec 였다. 일반인군이나 운동선수군에서 같은 정도의 동체시 력 상승이 있으나， 측정 속도로 볼 때 운동선수군이 시표크기에 많은 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다 이는 경기력과 상관성이 있는 것으로 알려진 운동선수 의 동제시력을 측정힐 때 시표크기에 유의해야함을 보여준다. 본 연구는 동체시력 연 구에 관련된 기초 자료로 앞으로 동체시력을 연구하는데 도융을 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

We present measurements of interstellar H2 absorption lines in the continuum spectra of 54 early-type stars in the Galactic disk and halo and 3 stars in the Magellanic Clouds. The data were obtained with the Berkeley Extreme and Far-Ultraviolet Spectrometer (BEFS), part of the ORFEUS telescope, which flew on the ORFEUS-SPAS I and II space-shuttle missions in 1993 and 1996, respectively. The spectra extend from the interstellar cutoff at 912＼AA to about 1200＼AA with a spectral resolution of ∼3000 and statistical signal-to-noise ratios between 10 and 65. Assuming a velocity profile derived from optical observations (when available), we model the column densities N(J) of the rotational levels J = 0 through 5 for each line of sight. Our data reproduce the relationships among molecular and total hydrogen column density, fractional molecular abundance, and reddening first seen in Copernicusobservations of nearby stars (Savage et al. 1977). The results show that most of these molecular clouds have H2 total column densities between 1015cm−2 and 1021cm−2, and kinetic temperatures from 21 K to 232 K, with average of 89 K, consistent with the result of Copernicus (Savage et al. 1977).

조절력과 나이의 변화에 따라 어두운 곳에서 눈의 굴절상태가 근시쪽으로 변화하 는 야간근시 와 Contrast sensitivity( 대 비 감도) 및 Glare sensitivity( 눈부심 감도)의 상 관성을 암아보기 위하여 안과적 질환이 없는 20-61 세 사이의 정상인을 대상으로 현 성굴절상태 (31 명 62 안)와 조절마비굴절상태 06 명 32 안)에서 조절력， Mesotest II b 륜 이용한 야간근시도， 대비감도 빛 눈부심감도， 적외선 동공측정계를 이용한 일반조명 과 암실에서 동공크기， 근거리검영법에 의한 암소초점 및 현성굴절상태에서 야간끈시 를 교정하여 대비감도 빚 눈부섬감도의 변화틀 측정하였다. 현성굴절상태에서 야간근시가 높을수록 대비감도 및 눈부섬감도가 증가하였으며 (CS: r = -0.65 GS: r = • 0.46) 조절 력 이 높을수록 야간근시 가 증가하고 (r = -0.88) 대 비감도 및 눈부섬감도가 증가하였다 (CS: r = 0.68; GS: r = 0.58) 암실에서 동공직경 은 야간근시 (r 二 0.39), 대비감도 빚 눈부심감도와 낮은 상관성이 있었다 (CS: r - 0.36 ; GS: r = 0.36). 암소초점이 높을수록 야간근시가 증가하고 (r = 0.88), 대비김도 벚 눈 부섬감도가 증가하였다 (CS: r = -0.79; GS: r 二0.64). 현성굽절상태에서 대비감도 (2.25) 와 눈부심감도 0.56) 는 모두 야간근시플 교정하였을 때 유의한 증가를 보였다 (p < 0.05). 조절마비굴절상태에서 야간근시가 높을수록 대비감도는 감소하였으나 눈부-심감도 는 관계가 없었으며 (CS: r = 0.33; GS: r 二0.09) 나이가 많을수콕 야간근시가 증가하 고 (r 二-0.32) 대비김도 및 눈부심감도는 감소하였다 (CS: r = -0.83; GS: r = -0.71). 동공직경은 야간근시 (r = 0.15) 와 상관성이 없었으나， 동공직경이 클수록 대비감도 및 눈부심감도가 증가하였으며 (CS: r = 0.48; GS: r 二0 .42) 암소초점은 야간근시와 관계 가 없었고 (r = 0.05) 암소초점이 높을수록 대비감도 및 눈부심감도는 증가하였다 (CS: r = -0.32; GS: r = • 0.33) 현성굴절상태에서 야간근시( -1.04D)와 암소초점 (-2.22Dl은 조절마비 굴절상태 에 서 0.15D와 -0.63D로 각각 감소하였다 (p < 0.05) 특히 20 대군은 현성굴절상태에서 대비감도 (2.57) 와 눈부심감도(1. 76) 는 조절마비꿀 절상태에서 각각 3.42와 2.73으로 증가되었고 (p < 0.05), 현성굴절상태에서 야간근시틀 교정했을 때 대비감도 및 눈부심감도는 각각 0.84와 0.97 증가하였다. 따라서 조절력과 나이는 야간활동에 불편을 줄 수 있는 야간근시， 대비감도 및 눈 부심감도 등에 영향을 줄 수 있으며 야간근시의 교정으로 대비감도 및 눈부심감도틀 개선시킬 수 있었다.

This study delivers the actual condition of investment for industrial accident prevention based on survey of 526 construction sites. The various research techniques were used such as technical statistic analysis for construction industry, construction and civil engineering works, cost comparison of industrial accident prevention and accident loss. A formula was deduced to calculate accident loss and accident frequency by accident prevention cost through regression analysis.

본 연구는 제7차 교육과정 고등학교 한문교과서를 대상으로 현토문의 문제점을 지적하고 그 개선안을 제시하고자 하였다.고등학교 한문교과서에는 현토문을 수록하였는데 문장의 의미를 정확하게 반영하지 못하고, 읽기에도 적합하지 않으며, 한문 본래의 틀을 유지하지도 못하는 문제점을 안고 있다. 심지어 현토문인지 국한문 혼용문인지 구분하기 어려운 부분도 있다. 이에 본고는 현토의 문제점을 體言用言尊稱의 오류 등으로 구분하여 고찰하였다.아울러 이러한 문제점의 해결 방안으로 휴지(休止)와 토(吐)의 조화를 추구할 것, 전통적으로 사용해온 토를 발전적으로 계승할 것 등 두 가지를 제안하였다.

This paper reviews the history of E-learning policies, current status, and finally the representative cases in a sequence. Korea made national master plans to be “the most wired nation in the world.” One of the national plans, Comprehensive Plan for ICT in Education (CPIE), began in 1997 as the corner stone of E-learning. The initial stage of the CPIE (1997-2000), focused on ICT infrastructure and ICT literacy set-up, supplying every school classroom with access to Internet service. The second stage with CPIE(II) (2001-2005), has turned its emphasis to the integrated use of ICT in curriculum and information distribution and teachers’ training. CPIE(
), now under design, aims at fundamental change in school education, ushering in an ‘E-learning era.’ The focus of ICT policies for infrastructure in school education has changed. At the beginning the one computer for one teacher or for one classroom was the goal of the policy. However, over time, integrated use of ICT in curriculum has been more focused. Digital contents development and distribution of the public sector from the late 1990s up until now entered into three critical phases: (1) content development- enriching ICT multimedia contents for education, (2) sharingcollecting and distributing contents based on (3) the quality control-reviewing and screening of collected data. In terms of the professional development of teachers, Korean government set up life cycle for professional development for teachers such as (1) standards and models set-up, (2) training programs delivery, and (3) best practices distribution, and followed the cycle. In addition this article described several examples of E-learning in Korea such as Eductional TV programs for the college scholastic ability test, Cyber home learning networks, and Cyber high school.

Nanopowders of titanium dioxide incorporating the transition metal element(s) were synthesized by flame synthesis method. Single element among Fe(III), Cr(III), and Zn(II) was doped into the interior of crystal; bimetal doping of Fe and Zn was also made. The characteristics of transition-metal-doped nanopowders in the particle feature, crystallography and electronic structures were determined with various analytical tools. The chemical bond of Fe-O-Zn was confirmed to exist in the bimetal-doped nanopowders incorporating Fe-Zn. The transition element incorporated in the was attributed to affect both Ti 3d orbital and O 2p orbital by NEXAFS measurement. The bimetal-doped nanopowder showed light absorption over more wide wavelength range than the single-doped nanopowders

본 연구는 아스팔트 덧씌우기 포장에 나타나는 반사균열을 제어하기 위하여 노후된 시멘트 콘크리트 포장과 아스팔트 덧씌우기 포장 경계면에 보강재의 효과적인 부착 방법을 찾기 위하여 수행하였다. 이를 위한 부착재로는 RSC-4 유화아스팔트, 컴파운드, 불포화 폴리에스터 수지 (UPR) 등 3종류를 사용하였다. 또한 아스팔트 혼합물은 3종류의 밀입도 혼합물(AC 60-80, RLDPE 8%, PG 76-22)을 사용하였다. 보강 재료로서 유리섬유 그리드 하부에 직포가 부착된 것을 사용하였다. 복합모드 파괴(mode II)의 모사를 위한 촉진시험은 휠트랙킹 장비를 이용하여 수행하였다. 반사균열의 진전은 피로수명으로서 하중 사이클 수에 따라 측정하였고, 공시체의 변위는 각각 시험 공시체에 대하여 demec 게이지를 이용하여 측정하였다. 본 연구 결과, UPR 부착이 가장 효과적이었으며 다음은 RSC-4의 순이었다. 그러나 현장 적용성을 고려할 때 , RSC-4 유제가 보강 재료의 부착을 위해 적절한 선택으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to define more precisely the anatomy of the thumb flexor pulley system and to determine the relative contribution of each of the pulleys to the biomechanics of thumb motion at the metacarpophalangeal (MP) and interphalangeal (IP) joints. For this, 22 hands from 11 cadavers were used and randomly assigned to two groups. In the first group, the first annular (A1) pulley was cut first followed by the variable annular (Av) pulley and then the oblique pulley. In the second group, the oblique pulley was cut first followed by the, pulley and then the Av pulley. In 7 of 22 hands, it was a transverse structure parallel to the, pulley with a gap between the A1 and Av pulleys, referred to here as type I. In 9 hands, the A1 and Av pulleys were connected without any gap (type II). In 6 hands, the space between the A1 and Av pulleys were triangular in shape with fibers of the Av pulley converging toward the radial side (type III). In biomechanical study of both first and second experiments, there was no significant difference in MCP joint flexion between the all intact, A1 section, A1/Av section, A2 intact (A1/Av/oblique section), and no pulley configuration (p>.05). In occurring displacements less than 10 mm, there was no significant difference in IP joint flexion (p>.05). However, there was a significant decrease in IP joint flexion occurred in both 15 mm and 20 mm excursion (p<.05), when the oblique pulley was resected additionally after cutting the A1 and Av pulleys in first experiment, and when the A1 pulley was resected additionally after cutting the oblique pulley. According to the results, the injury of only the oblique pulley does not decrease thumb motion significantly. The oblique pulley injury with both the A1 and Av pulleys laceration decreased thumb motion significantly. The additional laceration of the A2 pulley does not decrease thumb motion.

All machines and systems in a firm should be managed for optimizing its productivity. Actually, however, it is hard to manage the machines of a firm in collective methods because the company making each machine varies and the way maintaining each machine is various. As a machine Is out of order, the machine is fixed by the repair person from the company making the machine. Every time comes repair person to fix a machine firm having the machine would experience time loss and cost loss. Therefore, a firm needs to manage blueprint of their machine to reduce loss in time and cost and to maintain their facilities in TPM(Total Productive Management) to make operators manage directly. In this study, we suggest the method to manage a blueprint of a machine with TPM.

우리나라 종합병원의 의료서비스의 질을 향상시킬 수 있는 방안을 모색하기 위해 K대학병원의 소아과와 처방전 서비스를 대상으로 연구를 수행하였다. 연구방법은 시뮬레이션을 수행하여 분석였다. 시뮬레이션을 수행하기 위해서는 네트워크 모델링 방식인 SLAM II를 사용하였다. 분석결과를 요약하면 소아과보다는 처방전의 서비스를 향상시키기 위한 대안적 방법을 고려할 필요가 있는 것으로 분석되었다.

Hereditary dentin defects consists of dentin dysplasia(DD) and denti nogenesis imperfecta(Dr) ‘ The Dl associated with osteogenesis imperfecta has been classified as DI type 1. whereas isolated inherited defects have been categori zed as DI types II and III , However‘ whether DI type III should be considered a distinct phenotype 01' a variation of DI type 1I is debatable , Recent genetic findings have focused attention on the role of the dentin sialo phosphoprotein(DSPP) gene in the etiology of inherited defects of tooth dentin, We have identified novel mlltation( c,727G - > A, p,D243N) at the 243th codon of exon 4 of the DSPP gene in a Korean patient with DI type III The radiographic and histologic features of the patient revealed the classic phenotype of shell teeth These findings sllggest that DI type II and III are not separate diseases bllt rather the phenotypic variation 01' a s ingle disease

1'0 determine Lhe ll1echanism of cell c1eath incluced by iron chelators. we explored the pathways of the three structurally relatecl ll1 itogen-activatecl protein(MAP) kinase subfami li esduring iron cbelator- inclucecl apoptosis ancl differentiation of oral precancerous ancl cancel‘ cells. The iron chelator c1 eferoxamine(DFO) exertecl potent timeancl c1ose-c1epenclent inhi bitory effects on the growth of IHOK and HN4 cells The major mechanism of growth inhibition following DFO treatment was fOllncl to be apoptosis incluction. as assessecl by annexin V-FITC staining. cell cycle analysis‘ DNA lacldering, a ncl Hoechst staining. We report that DF'O s trongly activates the p38 MAP kinase and extracell ular signal- regu lated kinase(ERK). but c10es not activate the c-Jun N-terminal kin ase/ stl않s-activaLecl protein kinase(JNK/8APK) . Of the three MAP kinase blockers usecl‘ the selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor 8ß203580 ancl ERK inhibitor PD98059 protected oral premaIignant ancl malignant cells againsL iron chelator- nclllced cell death. which incl icates that the p38 MAP kinase serves as a major mecliator 01' apoptos is induced by this iron chelator DFO also evoked the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, and incluced the activation of caspase-3 ancl caspase-8 in oral cancer cells, which suggests that apoptosis occurs via the mi tochoncl ri on - mecl iaLed pathway. DFO enhanced the expression of Bax in IHOK ancl HN4 cells. consistent witll thei r p53 status Moreover. DFO downregulatecl the expression 01' Bcl-2 in oral cancer cells. which suggests that DFO- incluced apoptos is 01' oraJ cancer and precancerous cells may be mediatecl by an increase in the ratio of pro-apoptotic to anti-apoptotic proteins. ln terestingJy, trcatmcnt 01' IHOK ancl HN4 cel ls with 8B203580 abolishecl cytochrome c release‘ as wel l as the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8. DFO suppressecl the expression of epithelial di ffe rentiation markers, such as involucrin, t ransglutaminase II. CK6. and CK19. ancl this suppression was blockecl by p38 ancl ERK MAP kinase ll1hlbltors The oral premalignant(IHOK) ancl malignant cell s(I-lN4) showed differential responses to DFO with respect to the expression of cel l cycle regulatory proteins. cell growth. ancl apoptosis. Coll ectively. the current study reveals that p38 MAP kinase plays an ill1 portant role in iron chela tor-mecliatecl cel l cleath and in the suppression of differentiation of oral premalignantandmalignanLcell s.by activating a c10wnstream apoptotic cascade that executes the ceIl c1eath pathway