The effects of punching treatment on mycelial culture and fruiting body productivity were investigated in a new Lentinula edodes cultivar, “Jadam”, in sawdust medium for the stable production of oak mushroom. As the punching volume and number increased, the weight loss rate and color difference increased and the L value decreased. After spawn inoculation, the sawdust medium temperature and CO2 concentration reached their highest values at 33 and 19 days of incubation, respectively. The O2 concentration showed the lowest value on the 14th day of incubation, which was the opposite pattern to the CO2 concentration. As the punching volume and the number increased, the medium temperature and O2 concentration increased, and the CO2 concentration decreased. Higher punching volumes and numbers resulted in higher temperatures and lower CO2 concentrations. The best fruiting body yield was 5 × 70 mm - 30 (punching diameter × depth - number), and the total yield after three cycles was 644.7 g.

A new spore-less cultivar Lentinula edodes ‘Daedam’ was bred from monokaryotic strains of ‘LE15401-24’ and ‘LE192118-10’. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of ‘Daedam’ on potato dextrose agar was 22~25oC. Total cultivation period of the new cultivar, from inoculation to its first harvest, was 134 days, similar to that of the control cultivar ‘Hwadam’. Total yield of ‘Daedam’ was 222g per 3kg substrate, and was lower than that of control cultivar(266.0g). The fruiting body of ‘Daedam’ had a thick and small pileus and a longer stem compare to control cultivar. As a result of a analyzing the productivity of ‘Daedam’ on the different substrate types, the biological efficiency was 26.7% in the 1.2kg cylindrical substrate(CS), which was higher than that of the 3kg rod-type substrate(RS). 'Daedam' had a similar yield compared to 'Hanacham' in first fruiting body production, but the cultivation period was 40 days shorter. Therefore, 'Daedam' can only harvest fruiting bodies once, it is thought that it can be used as spore-less oak mushroom cultivar for short-term cultivation instead of 'Hanacham' in mushroom farms.

This study was conducted to reduce the phenomenon of the biased cultivation of certain mushroom varieties and to develop a competitive variety of Pleurotus nebrodensis. We have collected and tested characteristics of genetic resources from domestic and overseas varieties since 2015. We bred the domestic variety ‘Boram’. The optimal temperature was 26~29oC for mycelial growth and 15~18oC for fruit body growth temperature. This variety was similar to the control variety (Uram) in terms of the number of cultivation days and yield per bottle. The shape of the new cultivar was round, whereas that of the control group was spatula-like. The yield was 181.1 g/bottle, which was statistically similar to that of the control variety. When incubating the parent and control varieties, the replacement line was clear. Moreover, polymerase chain reaction analysis of mycelial DNA resulted in different band patterns between the parent and control varieties, confirming the hybrid species.

본 연구는 가출청소년의 모래놀이치료 단일사례이다. 참여자는 중2 여학생이다. 본 연구는 2023년 1월 1일~ 2023년 4월29일 까지 총 18회기 진행되었다. 상담 초기 참여자는 분노 감정으로 인하여 쉼터 생활에 적응하지 못하고 재가출을 시 도하고 혼란한 상태였다. 가족에 대한 불신감과 내면 깊이 내재 되어 있는 불안감 으로 계속 부적응을 보여왔다. 학교생활에서도 갈등이 심하고 학업성취도 매우 낮 았다. 자신에 대해 매우 부정적인 자아상을 갖고 있어 주변과 다툼이 지속되었다. 연구 결과, 자신의 깊은 내면의 감정들을 모래상자에 표현하면서 분노감정이 조금 씩 소거돠는 것을 보였다. 쉼터에서의 공격성, 분노, 가출 충동성의 문제성향이 구 체적으로 감소되었다. 학교생활에서도 자신의 문제행동을 스스로 알아차리고 주변과 타협하는 능력을 습득해나갔다. 참여자는 가출한 것을 후회하고 가족에게도 미 안함을 보였다. 참여자의 시각도 매우 긍정적으로 변화되었다.

본 연구는 가정폭력에 노출된 아동의 분노조절을 위한 모래놀이치료이며 단일 사례연구이다. 가정폭력 아동의 분노를 깊이 다루는 것이 본 연구의 필요성이다. 본연구의 목적은 가정폭력 아동의 분노를 조절하는 기초자료가 되는 것이다. 본 연구는 2023년 2월1일부터 6월25일까지 연구하였다. 모래놀이기간은 3월 10일부 터 4월 25일까지 주 2회 총 20회기 회기당 50분 진행하였다. 참여자는 가정폭력 으로 인하여 어머니와 쉼터에 거주하고 있는 초등 2(남아)학년이다. 자료분석은 동적 집. 나무. 사람 그림검사(K-HTP), 동적가족화(KFD)를 사전 사후에 실시하였다. 연구결과, 첫째 모래놀이치료를 통해 가정폭력쉼터 아동의 분노행동이 감소되었 다. K-HTP에서는 무기력감, 고립, 철회와 밀착이 사라지고 적극적이고 사회와 상 호작용하는 모습으로 변화하였으며, KFD에서는 가족의 상호작용과 개인별 역할이 회복되고 가족에 대해 긍정적인 인식으로 변화하였다. 둘째, 모래놀이치료 단계별 변화양상을 살펴본 결과에서도 분노행동이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구는 모래놀이치료가 가정폭력쉼터 아동의 분노를 없애는 데 유용하다는 것을 알수 있었다.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to develop the data driven pavement condition index by considering the traffic and climatic characteristics in Incheon city. METHODS : The Incheon pavement condition index (IPCI) was proposed using the weighted sum concept with standardization and coefficient of variation for measured pavement performance data, such as crack rate, rut depth, and International Roughness Index (IRI). A correlation study between the National Highway Pavement Condition Index (NHPCI) and Seoul Pavement Condition Index (SPI) was conducted to validate the accuracy of the IPCI. RESULTS : The equation for determining the IPCI was developed using standardization and the coefficient of variation for the crack rate, rut depth, and IRI collected in the field. It was found from the statistical analysis that the weight factors of the IPCI for the crack rate were twice as high as those for the rut depth and IRI. It was also observed that IPCI had a close correlation with the NHPCI and SPI, albeit with some degree of scattering. This correlation study between the NHPCI and SPI indicates that the existing pavement condition index does not consider the asymmetry of the original measured data. CONCLUSIONS : The proposed pavement condition provides an index value that considers the characteristics of the original raw data measured in the field. The developed pavement condition index is extensively used to determine the timing and method of pavement repair, and to establish pavement maintenance and rehabilitation strategies in Incheon.

본 연구는 등유를 사용하는 농업용 난방기에서 배출되는 가 스를 포집하고, 농업용 난방기의 사용 연식에 따른 이산화탄 소의 배출농도를 파악하고자 수행되었다. 선형 회귀분석의 결과로 농업용 난방기의 연식에 따른 이산화탄소의 배출량은 R2 = 0.84로 y = 26.99x+721.98의 식을 따른다고 나타났다. 농업용 난방기의 사용 연식에 따라 세 그룹으로 분류하여 분 산분석을 수행하였다. 분산분석을 수행한 결과, 분석을 위해 설정한 유의확률 0.05보다 작은 2.1961×10-13으로 나타났으 며 이는 적어도 한 그룹에서 차이가 나타난다는 것을 의미한 다. 본 연구에서는 농업용 난방기의 기본적인 배출농도의 차 이를 분석하고자 기기의 제작사와 상관없이 농업용 난방기의 기기 연식만을 고려하여 배출가스 데이터를 수집하였다. 기 기의 연소 방식에는 제작사에 따라 연소 방식에 차이가 미미 하게 있었을 것으로 판단되며 데이터 변수의 개수가 늘어난다 면, SVR(support vector regression) 기반의 선형회귀 분석 등 을 실시하여 농업용 난방기의 이산화탄소 데이터가 온실가스 발생량 파악에 더욱 활용도가 높아질 것으로 판단된다. 추후 연구에서는 더욱 세분화된 데이터의 수집 방식을 따라 더욱 높은 정확도를 가진 결과값을 도출할 수 있다고 판단된다. 이 처럼 우리나라의 농업 분야에서 용도별 온실가스 발생량을 조 사하기 위하여 고정형 농기계인 농업용 난방기의 이산화탄소 발생량을 정확히 파악하여 온실가스 배출량 조사에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Prebiotics are known as components of intestinal microbiota that can improve and maintain human health status by stimulating the growth and activity of the intestinal tract as a method of controlling the intestinal environment. In this study, we examined whether 2’-fucosyllactose (FL) could affect intestinal microbial population and bowel activity. Water content and frequency of mouse feces were increased in the 2’-FL treated group at a high concentration (1,000 mg/kg), with brightness of the color enhanced and physical properties diluted. In addition, intestinal microbial analysis showed that harmful bacteria Clostridium and Staphylococcus strains were decreased and beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus strains were markedly increased in the group treated with a high concentration of 2’-FL compared to those in the control group. These findings suggest that administration of 2’-FL can maintain healthy bowel activity by reducing harmful bacteria population and improving diluted physical properties.

건설기계와 특장차의 상부와 하부 구조를 연결하는 로터리 조인트는 축과 하우징이 회전하면서 유압을 전달하는데 오일의 유로에 누유를 방지하기 위해 여러 개의 시일이 조립된다. 시일재료는 강성이 커서 조립에 어려움이 있기 때문에 자른 후 조립하는 방법을 모 색하였다. 절단면의 모양은 L형과 /형으로 하였고 유압이 작용할 때 누유 기준은 절단면에 발생하는 접촉압력으로 하였다. 시일의 구 조와 재료는 이중 탄성중합체로 구성되며 강성이 큰 PE 재질만 절단한 경우에 대하여 비선형 접촉 구조해석을 수행하였다. 연구결과 절단 길이가 짧을수록 누유 방지에 유리하며 PE와 하우징이 접촉하는 윗면보다 NBR과 PE가 접촉하는 아랫면으로 누유될 가능성이 큰 것으로 나타났다.

The oyster mushroom is a widely cultivated edible mushroom in Korea. It is a regionally specialized crop in Gyeonggi-do, where 68% of the national production is produced. The present study was conducted to develop a new, highquality cultivar with stable cultivation. ‘Manseon’ is a new variety of oyster mushroom suitable for bottle culture. It was produced by mating monokaryons isolated from ‘HB-18’ and ‘P15159-16’. The optimal temperature for ‘Manseon’ mycelial growth was 26–29 °C on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and for primordia formation and the growth of fruit bodies the optimal temperature was 18–19 °C on sawdust medium. Spawn running required 30 d, primordia formation required 4 d, and fruit body growth in the bottle culture required 4 d. Regarding the characteristics of the fruit bodies, the pilei were round and dark grayish brown, stipe color was white, and stipe shape was short and thick. The yield per bottle was 192.7 g/1,100 cc, which was 9% higher than that of the control strain (Suhan-1ho). The physical properties of springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and brittleness of stipe tissue were 87.9%, 77.4%, 445.1 kgf, and 389.6 kgf, respectively.

조제프 말로드 윌리엄 터너의 <노예선>은 인간 경험의 극적이고 감정적인 측면을 포착 하는 사례다. 1840년에 완성된 이 작품은 격렬한 폭풍 속에서 노예가 된 아프리카인들이 배 에서 밖으로 던져지는 비인간적인 장면을 묘사한다. 또한 이 작품은 대서양 횡단 노예무역의 잔인성과 경제적 이익을 위한 인간 착취의 윤리적 의미에 대한 회화적 증언이다. 그러나 노 예무역의 열악한 환경은 종 호 사건은 물론 노예무역을 둘러싼 복잡한 법적 문제를 발생시 켰다. 본 연구는 <노예선>이 ‘노예제 폐지’나 ‘노예무역폐지’와 같은 사안들과 결합하는 과정 에서 파생되는 메시지를 어떻게 시각적으로 형상화시키고 있는지를 사회사적 관점에서 분석 한다. 이를 통해 노예제도에 함축된 정치경제적 맥락과 작가의 조형 의식 형성 간의 관계성 을 조명하여 터너의 작품 세계에 대한 기존의 인식론적 지형도를 확장시키는데 집중한다.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore advanced response policies and psychological and emotional support measures for early infected people in the event of an infectious disease by analyzing the experiences of self-employed women who experienced confirmation in the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: Data were collected through in-depth interviews with six experiences of self-employed women confirmed with COVID-19 in the early stages of the pandemic selected through the intentional sampling process, and then analyzed and interpreted through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Results: Through analyzing the meaningful statement of the study participants, several themes were identified, including “The pressure of dying from an incurable illness”, “The fear of quarantine and the fear of death”, “The difficulty of being a self-employed woman”, “The pain of social stigma”, “The driving force of one’s overcoming”, and “Expansion of perspective due to new experiences”. Conclusion: The study found that participants experienced anxiety and fear during the transfer process and admission to the facility after confirmation, due to the lack of guidance and face-to-face interactions. The non-face-to-face treatment increased their anxiety, as they could not receive accurate information about their health conditions and care. This highlights the impact of inaccurate information regarding COVID-19 and media reports focusing on severely ill patients and deaths. In addition, the study participants experienced social stigma caused by COVID-19, resulting in changes in their interpersonal relationships and life attitudes. Implications are suggested based on the results of this study.

In order to increase the usability of PLA in tissue engineering, we tried to improve the hydrophobicity and low mechanical properties of PLA. The basic solutions were prepared by mixing 3, 5, and 7wt.% of PLA in a solution of chloroform and acetone in a volume ratio of 3:1. Several types of nanofiber mats were fabricated using a mixed solution in which 0.5, 1, and 3wt.% of PEO and PVAc, which are biodegradable polymers, were added to these solutions, respectively, through the SBS method. As a result, it was found that when the content of PEO increased, the diameter and surface state of nano fibers became uniform and the water contact angle significantly decreased, but it did not affect the tensile strength. In addition, the hydrophobicity of PLA was improved to hydrophilicity by mixing with PVAc, but the strain was greatly reduced.

Although the Ti–6Al–4V alloy has been used in the aircraft industry owing to its excellent mechanical properties and low density, the low formability of the alloy hinders broadening its applications. Recently, laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) has become a novel process for overcoming the limitations of the alloy (i.e., low formability), owing to the high degree of design freedom for the geometry of products having outstanding performance used in hightech applications. In this study, to investigate the effect of bulk shape on the microstructure and mechanical properties of L-PBFed Ti-6Al-4V alloys, two types of samples are fabricated using L-PBF: thick and thin samples. The thick sample exhibits lower strength and higher ductility than the thin sample owing to the larger grain size and lower residual dislocation density of the thick sample because of the heat input during the L-PBF process.

Because magnets fabricated using Nd-Fe-B exhibit excellent magnetic properties, this novel material is used in various high-tech industries. However, because of the brittleness and low formability of Nd-Fe-B magnets, the design freedom of shapes for improving the performance is limited based on conventional tooling and postprocessing. Laserpowder bed fusion (L-PBF), the most famous additive manufacturing (AM) technique, has recently emerged as a novel process for producing geometrically complex shapes of Nd-Fe-B parts owing to its high precision and good spatial resolution. However, because of the repeated thermal shock applied to the materials during L-PBF, it is difficult to fabricate a dense Nd-Fe-B magnet. In this study, a high-density (>96%) Nd-Fe-B magnet is successfully fabricated by minimizing the thermal residual stress caused by substrate heating during L-PBF.