The fatty acid, all cis-δ5,11,14-C20:3, in the Gingko nuts oils, was isolated and, purified by urea-adduct method, silver ion silica gel chromatography and HPLC equipped with reversed phase μ-Bondapak C18 column. Its structural elucidation was conducted by IR and 1H-, 13C-NMR technique. The fatty acid composition of seed oils mainly consists of linoleic acid(37.73%), vaccenic acid(18.30%), oleic acid(15.18%), palmitic acid(3.37%), palmitoleic acid(3.37%) and δ5 NMDB fatty acids(8.50%) in which all cis-δ5,11,14-C20:2 predominates.

Polyester, polyacrylics, nylon과 cotton을 이용해 이들의 막지지천으로의 사용가능성을 조사하였다. 압축률, membrane embossing, 유량과 물리적·화학적 특성 등을 고려한 결과 50 번수의 polyester가 막지지천으로 적당함을 알았다. 이 polyester를 막지지천으로 사용해 압력 강하, 조업압력, 점도 등이 막지지천을 통한 유체 흐름에 미치는 영향을 조사하였는데, 이 막지지천을 통한 유체 흐름은 Darcy's law를 만족시켰다.

GFRP복합재료의 피로거동은 하중형식, 재질 및 섬유의 강화구조, 환경적인 인자들의 영향을 크게 받는것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는GFRP의 피로거동에 미치는 증류수 흡습의 영향을 알아보기 위해 chopped strand glass mat강화 불포화 polyester수지 복합재료의피로특성을 조사하였다. 피로균열은 건조재와 흡습재 모두 피로 cycle초기에 발생하며 그 후 균열성장이 점차 둔화되는 영역과 가속되는 영역으로 나뉘어졌다. 또한 증류수의 흡습은 섬유와 기지재 사이의 결합력을 저하시키며 그로 인해 균영성장방향에 수직인곳에서의 fiber pull-out 발생과 균열성장방향에 있는 섬유들에서의 debonding이 증가하여 피로강도가 저하하였다.

This study was carried out to find out the effect of dietary intake on cognitive function retardation in old age using dietary survey and cognitive function test. The subjects were 332 men of 50-94 years old and their activities of daily living were very similar. The cognitive function was tested by Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)-K which was translated from MMSE, and the 24-hour recall method was used for dietary survey. Scoring of MMSE-K was a little different from MMSE, that is, in case of no education, one to four points were added to exclude the effect of education which has been considered as a confounder by many researchers. The number of subjects belonging to below 23 of MMSE-K score was increased by increasing age. Even though points were added in case of no education, the ratio of below 23 MMSE-K score group was diminished by increasing education. Therefore, education seems not to be a confounder but a independent variable on cognitive function. Income, past occupation, family type, self-evaluated health status did not play any effect on cognitive function significantly. On the other hand, the correlation between each nutrients and the score of cognitive function test showed that the more consumption of vitamin A and protein, the higher cognitive function score was obtained. In case of iron and Ca, even though it was not statistically significant, there was a tendency of increasing cognitive function score by increasing the intake of those nutrients. This study suggests that micronutrient intakes might be more related to cognitive function than macronutrients.

To suggest the development possibility of immunostimulating materials from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) postbiotics, Lactobacillus sakei/Leuconostoc mesenteroides were isolated from Kimchi. Next, two isolated LAB were cultured to prepare postbiotics (LABP) to measure macrophage activity. LABP significantly increased the production of macrophage stimulating factors such as nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6. LABP-crude polysaccharides (CP) fractionated from LABP by EtOH precipitation not only showed more potent macrophage stimulating activity but also induced phagocytic activity in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, LABP-CP was identified as polysaccharides with a major monosaccharide composition of mannose (59.1%), glucose (23.0%), and galactose (14.0%) with high-molecular-weight of 103.5~126.7 kDa. In conclusion, postbiotics prepared from LAB isolated from Kimchi were confirmed to have industrial applications as a functional material with immunostimulating activity.

Cyanobacteria have been used as pollution indicator species in freshwater ecosystems, and identifying their fluctuations can be an important part about management of surface waters globally. Cyanotoxins produced by cyanobacteria are directly or indirectly a threat to human and environmental health. In order to confirm the potential risk of these cyanotoxins, the fluctuations of phytoplankton and phylogenetic analysis of cyanotoxin synthetase genes were conducted at each point in the Yeongsan River water system in Gwangju from November 2021 to October 2022. Diatoms which grow well in winter were dominant at 99.4 ~ 99.5%, and diatoms and green algae were dominant from the spring to autumn when the water temperature rises. Stephanodiscus spp. were dominant at 92.7 to 97.5 % at all sites in the winter, and Aulacoseira spp., which grow in warm water temperatures, were dominant in summer and autumn. Microcystis aeruginosa was dominant at 25.2% in summer only at site 5. mcyB and anaC have been detected as cyanotoxin synthetase genes. The phylogenetic tree of anaC could be divided into two groups (Group 1 & Group 2). Group 1 contained Aphanizomenon sp. and Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi. It is combined with Aphanizomenon sp. and Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi, which are known to produce cyanotoxins.

목적: 본 연구는 체화된 인지 이론을 바탕으로 다이빙 심판의 과거경험에 따른 판정 정확성 차이를 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 방법: 48명의 다이빙 심판을 대상으로 다이빙 경기의 기술 동작에 대한 온라인 평가를 실시하였다. 온라인 평가지는 심판의 선수경험, 기술동작경험, 심판경험, 시각경험에 대한 질문과 함께, 16가지의 다이빙 동작 의 기술 점수 평가 항목으로 구성하였다. 연구 참여자들은 각 기술 동작에 대해 다이빙 규정에 따라 0점에서 10 점까지의 점수로 평가하였다. 평가된 점수는 FINA 국제경기에서의 판정 점수와 비교하여 판정의 정확성(판정의 절대오차)과 판정의 경향성(판정의 항상오차)을 계산하였으며 t-검정, ANOVA, 위계적 회귀분석을 통해 심판의 과거 경험에 따른 차이를 살펴보았다. 결과: 첫째, 심판 급수에 따라 판정의 절대 오차에 통계적인 차이가 나타 나, 1급 심판이 3급 심판보다 판정의 절대 오차가 작은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 3급 심판은 판정 오차 값이 양(+) 의 값의 경향을 보였다. 둘째, 과거 선수 경험에 따라 판정 오차에 유의미한 차이가 나타나, 선수 경험이 있는 심 판이 경험이 없는 심판보다 판정의 절대 오차가 작은 것을 확인하였다. 셋째, 제시된 기술 동작에 대한 과거 수 행 경험이 있는 심판이 경험이 없는 심판보다 판정의 절대 오차가 작은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 동작 경험이 없는 심판은 양의 값의 오차 경향을 보였다. 넷째, 최근 1년 동안 실제 경기의 판정 경험이 있는 심판이 그렇지 않은 심판보다 판정의 절대 오차가 작았으며, 경험이 없는 심판은 양의 값의 오차 경향을 보였다. 다섯째, 심판 급수의 영향력을 통제한 위계적 회귀분석 결과, 판정의 절대 오차에 대한 시각 경험의 영향력은 통계적으로 유의미하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 본 연구는 심판 연구에서 크게 주목하지 않았던 체화된 인지 이론을 바탕으로 심판 의 선수경험, 기술동작경험, 심판경험 등의 과거 경험에 따라 판정의 정확성과 경향성이 차이가 있음을 확인하였 다. 특히 판정해야 하는 기술 동작의 경험 유무가 심판의 정확한 판단에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 가능성을 확인하 였다는 점에서 의미가 있다.

After liquid culture of Phellinus baumii (P. baumii) mycelium (LPBM) was prepared, LPBM was fractionated into A∼E fraction (A; hot-water extract of liquid culture including mycelia, B; crude polysaccharide of A, C; hot-water extract of mycelia, D; crude polysaccharide of C, and E; crude polysaccharide of culture broth) to evaluate for possibility as functional materials with immunostimulatory activity. In macrophage stimulatory activity, E fraction as postbiotics significantly increased secretion of NO and IL-12 from RAW 264.7 cells. Next, when the splenocytes of C3H/HeN mice were primary cultured, E fraction showed significantly mitogenic activity with enhancing mitogen-related cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) production from splenocyte. E fraction also potently stimulated GM-CSF production from Peyer’s patch cells as well as Peyer’s patch-mediated bone marrow cell proliferation. In addition, the immunostimularoy E fraction contained neutral sugar (73.8%), uronic acid (10.6%), protein (7.8%), and polyphenol (7.5%), and mainly consisted of glucose (39.1%), galactose (21.7%), mannose (11.1%), galacturonic acid (9.9%), and arabinose (8.9%) as component sugars. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that postbiotics including exopolysaccharide fractionated from liquid culture of the P. baumii mycelium could enhanced immunostimulatory activity.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the vegetation recovery status of Mudeungsan National Park Jungmeorijae, Jeungsimsa district restoration site, and the Shimwon Valley ecological landscape restoration site in Jirisan National Park. Compared to the control plots, the Jungmeorijae restoration site was analyzed to have height growth of about 73.5%, the average species diversity index of about 75.2%. and the average similarity index was recovered to 7.75%. In the case of the restoration site in Jeungsimsa district, the height growth compared to the control plots was about 69.2%, the average species diversity index was about 55.0%. and the average similarity index was recovered to 25.65%. In the case of the Shimwon Valley ecological landscape restoration area, the height growth compared to the control plots was about 32.6%, the average species diversity index about 176.7%. and the average similarity index was recovered to 0.85%. The restoration site of the Jeungsimsa district was planted with relatively large trees during restoration work, and it took a relatively long time(20 years). Also, the site had less limiting factors due to the low elevation, allowing the degree of vegetation recovery to be higher than that of other sites.

목적: 본 연구는 건강 행동을 설명하기 위해 새롭게 떠오르고 있는 시간적 자기조절 이론에 대한 부분적인 검증으로, 운동 참여 정도에 따라 운동의 이득과 비용을 인지하는 시점에 차이가 있는지 확인하고 의도와 의도-행동 불일치에 있어서 조절효과를 나타내는 변인을 검증하는 것에 있다. 방법: 이를 위하여 단계적 변화모형의 운동 행동 변화 단계(Prochaska & Marcus, 1994)를 기준으로 계획, 준비, 행동, 유지 단계에 해당하는 20대 여성을 단계별로 25명씩 모집하여 총 100명을 대상으로 3가지 인지테스트를 실시하고 자료를 수집하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 21.0을 이용하여 기술통계, 요인분석 및 신뢰도 분석, 상관관계 분석, 일원배치 분산 분석, 단순 회귀분석, 다중 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 첫째, 운동행동 단계와 관계없이 모든 집단에서 운동에 대한 비용을 이득 보다 먼저 인지하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 계획단계보다 유지단계에서 운동에 대한 이득을 인지하는 시점이 빨랐고, 이득과 비용을 인지하는 시간적 격차가 작은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 운동의도가 의도-행동 불일치에 유의 한 부(-)적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 의도가 높아질수록 의도-행동 불일치는 낮아지는 것으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 의도가 의도-행동 불일치에 영향을 미치는데 있어서 Stroop test의 불일치 조건 반응시간, Tower of London의 total move score 및 initial time이 조절 효과를 나타냈다. 넷째, 의도가 의도-행동 불일치에 영향을 미치는데 있어서 자기통제의 하위요인인 자제력과 집중력은 조절 효과를 나타내지 않았다. 결론: 본 연구는 시간적 자기조절 이론의 바탕이 되는 시간적 특성을 운동 단계에 따라 살펴보고, 자기 조절능력을 자기 통제의 개념과 구분하여 검증하였다는 것에 의의가 있다. 시간적 자기 조절이론이 건강 행동에 대한 설명력을 높이고 다양한 연 구 분야에서 유용성을 확장해 나가기 위해선 추후 이론을 구성하는 변인들에 대한 추가적인 검토가 함께 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) is a traditional medicinal herb especially in Korea. It contains pyranocoumarins, which are major active components including decursin (D) and decursinol angelate (DA). This study was carried out to determine the change in active component content and antioxidant activity depending on the root diameter of AGN. Several processing steps are involved to use AGN roots as medicine. The dried AGN roots are divided into body (B), thick root (TkR), medium root (MR) and thin root (TnR) according to their diameter before cutting into medicine. The recovery rates of each root parts per 100 ㎏ were measured as 32.3±2.5, 9.0±1.0, 39.3±2.1 and 15.0±1.0%, respectively and the mean diameters were measured as 51.95±4.55, 7.05±0.89, 2.88±0.49 and 1.57±0.32 ㎜. Two index components, D and DA, were analyzed. The change of both D and DA content showed a similar tendency. Both D and DA content were increased as the root diameter decreased (higher in TnR). In addition, antioxidant activity was higher in B and TnR, and lower in TkR and MR than control. This study showed that the thinner the root diameter, the higher the D and DA content in AGN roots and that TnR has excellent antioxidant activity compared to other root parts, suggesting that the thinner root part of AGN could be used as a potential material.

Arsenic is among the heavy metals commonly found in aqueous environments. Iron oxide is known as an efficient adsorbent for the arsenic. A new synthetic method was applied to provide iron oxide giving a large specific surface area. The mixing method affects the formation of iron oxide. Ultrasonic waves assisted the formation of very fine iron oxide in an organic phase. The synthesized iron oxide is amorphous type with a high surface area of more than 181.3 m2/g. Sorption capacity of the synthesized adsorbent was relatively very high for arsenic and varied depending on the oxidation state of arsenic: a higher capacity was obtained with As(V). Lower solution pH provided a higher sorption capacity for As(V). The competitive effect of co-exist anions such as chloride, nitrate, and sulfate was minimal in sorption capacity of the iron oxide for arsenic.

Background : For the green approach of nanoparticles synthesizing, plant based technology has been considered as cost-effective and eco-friendly mass production. The oriental medicinal crop, Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz. (Korean name: 음나무), the deciduous tree and a family of Araliaceae. Endemic tree of Asian countries, K. septemlobus being used for the treatment of various diseases. Phytochemicals of K. septemlobus such as polyphenols has highly probability of reducing agent for biosynthesizing nanoparticles. Methods and Results : In this study, we applied K. septemlobus ZnO nanoparticles (Ks-ZnO NPs) with procedures including green approach one-pot synthesis. For the characterization of nanoparticles, UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM and TEM were used. The formation of ZnO nanoparticles, the aurface plasmon resonance were observed at 372 ㎚ in UV-Vis spectroscopy. The presence of functional groups which as a capping agent and formation of ZnO nanoparticles were confirmed in FTIR result. The crystallization and morphology showed by XRD, TEM and SEM respectively. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles, was determined using Methylene blue (MB) dye degradation under UV irradiation (365 ㎚) which resulted rate constant is (−k) 0.1215 with 97.5% of degradation in 30 min. Conclusion : The result shows that phytochemicals in K. septemlobus extract have a potential as a reducing agent to form ZnO nanoparticles. The ZnO NPs are capable to degrade MB with in brief time.

Background : Astragalus membranaceus belonging to the family of Leguminosae have been utilized as a traditional medicine. The aim of this study is to elucidate the basic information for breeding to superior Astragalus membranaceus cultivar. Methods and Results : Selection lines were developed by the medicinal crop breeding team of National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA). The root of A. membranaceus lines were harvested in late October 2017. Calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside and calycosin were anlyzed by HPLC. The root yield of six selection lines were increased 8.9 - 74.8% compared with ‘Aseong’ (check variety). Also, the plant height of seven selection lines were shorter than ‘Aseong’. The calycosin–7-O-β -d-glucoside content was higher in six selection lines than ‘Aseong’. The calycosin content was higher in all selection lines except 1 line (1508 - 03) than that of ‘Aseong’. Conclusion : Three superior lines with short height and high yield were selected. These superior lines will conduct advanced yield trial to make varieties.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa is a perennial herb belonging to family Scrophulariaceae. This study was breeding of R. glutinosa cultivar with insect tolerance and high-yielding. Methods and Results : ‘Chunggang’ is developed by the medicinal crop breeding team of National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), during the period from 2005 to 2017. The reproduction of Rehmannia glutinosa has been accomplished mainly by vegetative propagation with its seedlings. This cultivar was selected from seedling of RG10. The plant type of Chungang is some rising from ground. Regional yield trials conducted at three site from 2016 to 2017. The root yield of ‘Chunggang’ was 22.3 ton per hectare, which was increased 11% compared with ‘Jihwang 1’ (check variety). Also, ‘Chunggang’ has higher insect tolerance compared with ‘Jihwang 1’. Conclusion : ‘Chunggang’ is a insect tolerance and high-yielding Rehmannia glutinosa cultivar.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa is a perennial herb belonging to family Scrophulariaceae. This study was conducted to evaluate the appropriateness through seedling cultivation of R. glutinosa. Methods and Results : The root of R. glutinosa cultivar (Jihwang 1) was harvested in the middle of March. Seed rhizomes were seedling after air curing for three days. And seed rhizomes were plug seedlings for 30 days (30D), 45 days (45D) and 60 days (60D) then planted in the test field. Mat formation rate in 30D, 45D and 60D was 81.3, 100 and 100% respectively. Flowering occurred only in 45D and 60D except 30D. Flowering rate of 45D and 60D were 7.3 ± 3.06 and 13.3 ± 1.15%. Agronomic characteristics were evaluated in comparison with ND (directly seeded group). As a results, aerial parts of 30D in plant height, leaf length and leaf width were better than other treatment group but the number of leaf per plant was statistically the same. Also, root shape was similar when comparing ND and seedling groups. Conclusion : Taken together, it is thought that the cultivation of R. glutinosa. seedlings is possible. However, further evaluation of the economic aspect is needed.