This paper concern the performance of tuned mass damper (TMD) and dynamic behaviour of TMD controlled structure considering constitutive material model. A three-storied reinforced concrete frame is modelled using OpenSees for this study. Considering the non-linear materials model, the performance of the TMD not only rely on the mass, stiffness and damping of the system but also on the parameter to be controlled by TMD and the input ground motion types. For this reason in this study some practical, sine sweep and damped sine sweep are considered as input excitation to the evaluate exact dynamic behaviour of TMD controlled structure.

이 연구에서는 반복하중을 받는 ㄷ자형 강재 댐퍼의 거동을 평가 한다. 연구에 사용된 강재 항복형 댐퍼는 에너지소산부와 긴결부로 구성된다. 에너지소산부의 단면 크기는 15×20mm이며 폭은 120mm, 높이는 90mm이다. 제조가 간편한 ㄷ자 형태를 가지는 강재 댐퍼는 지진하중을 모사할 수 있는 실험기기에 장착되어 반복하중을 받도록 하였다. 목표변위까지 총 5회의 반복하중 실험을 수행한 결과, 강재의 항복 이후 에너지소산능력이 뛰어난 연성적인 거동을 보였을 뿐만 아니라 반복하중을 수행하는 동안 강도의 저하를 보이지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다.

Tropaeolum majus, with a high decorative and food demand for vertical greening systems, has been utilized to revitalize urban agriculture. The effects of number of non-woven fabrics in a non-water environment and the adaptability of T. majus to this system were investigated. Planting ground composition of the container-type wall vertical greening system was made using non-woven fabric in one, two, three, or four layers. The results showed that the soil water content remained the highest when the non-woven fabric comprised 4 sheets. The morphological properties showed more growth with the 4 sheets than with 1, 2, and 3 sheets. In terms of physiological characteristics, chlorophyll content was mostly high in the 4 sheets, while shoot fresh weight value was in the order of 3 sheets > 4 sheets > 2 sheets > 1 sheet, and root fresh weight value was in the order of 4 sheets > 2 sheets > 1 sheet > 3 sheets. The dry weight of the measured values in the shoot was in the order of 4 sheets > 3 sheets > 2 sheets > 1 sheet while no clear difference was found in the root of each treatment. The difference in the flowring characteristics was not different, but in evaluating the characteristics as a whole, the growth in the three layers of non-waven fabric was the best. In addition, the soil moisture content and the growth characteristics were statistically significant as a positive correlation between the groups. Thus, greater the non-woven fabric, the higher is the adaptability of T. majus to dry stress under soil water-free conditions by maintaining soil moisture content. This showed that it represented an effective alternative as a method of vertical greening system for lower maintenance urban agriculture.

This study evaluated the effects of probiotics on the quality properties of standard pork cutlet (SC) and oven cooking type pork cutlet with probiotics (OCP). Higher (p ＜0.0001) moisture and protein contents were observed in OCP compared to SC. Fat content of OCP was lower (p＜0.0001) than SC. There was no significant difference in CIE color values between SC and OCP. The pH and lipid oxidation values of OCP were lower (p＜0.0001 and p＜0.01, respectively) than SC counterpart. Based on instrumental texture profile analysis, there was no significant difference in the springiness and cohesiveness between SC and OCP. However, the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of OCP were higher (p＜0.0001) than SC. Crispiness by sensory panel was higher (p＜0.0001) in OCP than SC. The results showed that the oven cooking type pork cutlet added probiotics could improve potential of pork cutlet physicochemical properties and give physiological functional ability.

of ordinary Portland cement. Water-cement ratio was 0.40 and cement-sand ratio was 1:3. The content of nano-TiO2 was 3% but the content of nano-SiO2 changed in cement mortars. The content of nano-SiO2 was 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% of the binder weight. Mortar prisms and beams were made in specified molds and cured in limewater. Compressive and flexural strengths, porosity and ultrasonic pulse velocity were measured. Then mortars were stored in 6 molar ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution. Leaching depth, variation of mechanical and microstructural properties were measured. Presence of nano-particles decreased the leaching depth and the degradation of mechanical and microstructural properties in mortars.

The this study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng by direct seeding and transplanting cultivation for develop standard cultivation techniques of wild-simulated ginseng. Bonghwa experimental field were confirm to be suitable location environment for cultivation of wild-simulated ginseng. As a result of this study, the germination rate of wild-simulated ginseng was significantly highest when seed size was over 6.5 ㎜ in the spot seeding cultivation. In the case of transplanting, survival rate was significantly increased when the diameter of root was over 10 ㎜, planting distance was 7 ㎝, and the thickness of soil covering was less then 2 ㎝. The result of growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng by cultivation type, growth of stem in spot seeding cultivation was showed significantly increased when seed size over 6 ㎜, seeding number was 3 grains, and the seeding distance was less then 5 ㎝. Strip seeding cultivation was showed significantly increased in stem and root growth when seeding distance was 30 ㎝ grains and quantity of seeding was less then 23 g. In the case of transplanting cultivation, it’s was showed significantly increased in stem growth when diameter of root was over then 10 ㎜ and direction of rhizome was top and bottom. The results of this study was that to clearly establish the techniques of cultivation of managements and it’s will be suggest contribute to the industrial activation of wild-simulated ginseng.

This paper proposes a deep learning-based underground object classification technique incorporated with phase analysis of ground penetrating radar (GPR) for enhancing the underground object classification capability. Deep convolutional neural network (CNN) using the combination of the B- and C-scan images has recently emerged for automated underground object classification. However, it often leads to misclassification because arbitrary underground objects may have similar signal features. To overcome the drawback, the combination of B- and C-scan images as well as phase information of GPR are simultaneously used for CNN in this study, enabling to have more distinguishable signal features among various underground objects. The proposed technique is validated using in-situ GPR data obtained from urban roads in Seoul, South Korea. The validation results show that the false alarm is significantly reduced compared to the CNN results using only B- and C-scan images.

Since climate change increases the risk of extreme rainfall events, concerns on flood management have also increased. In order to rapidly recover from flood damages and prevent secondary damages, fast collection and treatment of flood debris are necessary. Therefore, a quick and precise estimation of flood debris generation is a crucial procedure in disaster management. Despite the importance of debris estimation, methodologies have not been well established. Given the intrinsic heterogeneity of flood debris from local conditions, a regional-scale model can increase the accuracy of the estimation. The objectives of this study are 1) to identify significant damage variables to predict the flood debris generation, 2) to ascertain the difference in the coefficients, and 3) to evaluate the accuracy of the debris estimation model. The scope of this work is flood events in Ulsan city region during 2008-2016. According to the correlation test and multicollinearity test, the number of damaged buildings, area of damaged cropland, and length of damaged roads were derived as significant parameters. Key parameters seems to be strongly dependent on regional conditions and not only selected parameters but also coefficients in this study were different from those in previous studies. The debris estimation in this study has better accuracy than previous models in nationwide scale. It can be said that the development of a regional-scale flood debris estimation model will enhance the accuracy of the prediction.

Background: Recently, jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) has been attracting attention as a fruit, and its cultivation in rain shelter house is increasing to produce the high quality fresh jujube. This study was carried out to investigate the growth and fruit characteristics of jujube according to the types of rain shelter house. Methods and Results: The characteristics of 5-year-old Bokjo cultivar cultivated in 3 types of rain shelter house, multi span rain shelter house with roof vent (Type I), single span house with a column in the center and roof vent (Type II) and single span house with a column in the center and without roof vent (Type III), and open field were examined. The sprouting and blooming period were different among the types of rain shelter house. The diameter of main stem was higher in rain shelter houses than in the open field. There was no a significant difference in fruit number per leaf stem among the types of cultivation. The incidence of fruit cracking in open field cultivation which was 51.2% was much higher than that in Type I 21.6%, Type II 19.3%, and Type III 25.5%. The fruit size and weight in rain shelter houses, especially in Type III rain shelter house were higher than those in the open field and the soluble solids content of fruit in Type I and Type II was higher than in Type III rain shelter house and the open field. Conclusions: The results show that the growth and fruit quality of jujube were improved by cultivation in rain shelter house, and affected by the types of rain shelter house.

Background : Wild-simulated ginseng (WSG, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in Korea which depends on an artificial forest growth method. Methods and Results : WSG samples were collected from 8 different regions in Korea in October, 2017, and these were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF MS) using optimized analytical methods to compare the metabolite patterns to cultivated regions. Furthermore, their metabolite compositions differed according to individual plant samples. The metabolite profiling data were processed by multi-variate statistical analyses such as PCA and PLS-DA to determine the differences among geographical origins. To identify significant metabolites according to regional variances of WSG, more sophisticated multi-variate statistical analyses such as metabolite selection should be performed. Conclusion : This metabolomics approach can also be applied to evaluate the overall quality of WSG, as well as to discriminate the cultivars for the medicinal plant industry.

Background : Pinellia ternata is imported more than 95%, tuber is used as herb medicine according to The Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia (KHP). There is no cultivar of P. ternata in Korea, and it is cultivated using native species. This study was to select the strains according to the leaf type in order to develop the standard varieties of P. ternata and expand the import substitution effect and domestic production base. Methods and Results : This study was conducted by the Department of Korean Medicinal Resource Development, NIKOM. A total of 1,260 individuals of P. ternata were collected from Jeju Island, Jangheung County, and China, and classified into three lines according to the ratio of leaf length and width. The selected lines were sowed in the middle of April, 2018 and cultivated with a black polypropylene mesh with a direct sunlight radiation transmittance of 60% to reduce solar radiation. Investigation items were investigated by leaf type (lanceolate, long oval, elliptical shape), plant height, leaf length, leaf width and petiole length. Lanceolate (leaf length / leaf width ratio, over 6) were selected for 157 individuals, average leaf length / leaf width ratio, plant hight and petiole length were 7.9, 17.3 ㎝ and 7.1 ㎝, respectively. long oval (leaf length / leaf width ratio, 6.0 to 2.0) were selected 118 individuals, average leaf length / leaf width ratio, plant hight and petiole length were 3.4, 12.3 ㎝ and 5.5 ㎝, respectively. In addition, 91 individuals were selected for elliptical shape (leaf length / leaf width ratio, less than 2), average leaf length / leaf width ratio, plant hight and petiole length were 1.7, 10.6 ㎝ and 4.6 ㎝, respectively. According to leaf type analysis, the growth characteristics of lanceolate were the best and the growth characteristics of oval were the lowest. Conclusion : These results can be used as basic data for the breeding of standard varieties of P. ternata, and further studies such as analysis of gene relatedness and major component will be conducted in the future.

Background : A major medicinal plant, Angelica gigas Nakai, have using root parts and mainly cultivated the cool temperature region of high alpine as wild type in the northeast of China, Japan and Korea. The roots of grow it’s rapidly form August, and harvested from October to November. This study performed that the growth characteristics on soil mulching vegetation cultivation field of 300 m altitude of under Larix leptolepis (S. et Z.) Gordon in Bonghwa-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do. Methods and Results : After one-year seeding of the same size (7 - 8 ㎜) were transplanted in three types soil mulching of cultivation (plastic, straw and non-mulching) overground growth surveyed in three times (May to August), To confirm of soil condition compared the average. Soil condition of plot were observed to pH 5.56, OM 3.22%, T-N 017%, and growth increment were higher observed to that straw and non-mulching then plastic mulching of such as plant length 46.8 ㎝, stem diameter 5.9 ㎜, leaf length 24.4 ㎝ and width 28.9 ㎝, number of radical leaf 3.1. But from August, when the average temperature was high, the growth characteristics such as plant length, petiole Length, leaf length and width were reversed compared to those of plastic and non-mulching. Conclusion : In case of cultivation of A. gigas in the environmental conditions of mountainous area, considering the growth from August to October when the roots growth bigger, It suggested that strew mulching is better than plastic and non-mulching, would be done through further research on underground growth characteristics of A. gigas according to harvesting time confirmed the relationship to the growth characteristics of A. gigas according to environmental conditions and soil mulching mountainous plantations.

This study was conducted to compare anti-inflammatory effect of Robinia pseudoacacia L. using different extraction methods (water extraction, ethanol extraction and high temperature extraction). We investigated anti-inflammatory effect of Robinia pseudoacacia L. extract (RP1, water extract; RP2, ethanol extract; RP3, high temperature extract) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammation using Raw 264.7 cell. Cells were treated with various concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100 or 200 ㎍/㎖) of water extract, ethanol extract and high temperature extract. Cytotoxicity was not observed on Raw 264.7 cells, LPS-stimulated production of NO (nitric oxide), PGE2 (prostaglandin E2) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) was reduced by RP3 treatment more than RP1 and RP2. In conclusion, these results indicated that inflammation on Raw 264.7 cells was improved by RP3. Treatment of RP3 could be used to natural medicine for improving inflammatory response. However, further experiment is required to observe how the high temperature extraction at 500℃ for 48 h influences on alteration of active ingredient in Robinia pseudoacacia L., and conducts the inflammation signal pathway on Raw 264.7 cells.

This study assesses greenhouse gas evolution from construction-material manufacturing facilities and estimates the potential reduction of these gases via the future massive sequestration of carbon dioxide. The scope of the evaluation specifically targets the global-warming potential in terms of kg-CO2 equivalent/tonnage industrial waste. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method to quantitatively analyze the input and output of a specific material resource during its life cycle from raw-material acquisition to final disposal as well as its environmental effect(s). LCA comprises four steps: its objective and definition of the scope, the entire life-cycle analysis list, an evaluation of its effects, and life-cycle analysis. The annual inflow of petro-ash reaches 300,000 tons, and this material is transported via screw-driving systems. The composition of the petro-ash is 1.2% volatile compounds, 6.8% fixed carbon and 92% ash contents. A total of 38,181,891 Nm3/yr of carbon dioxide is sequestrated, which is equivalent to 75,000 tons per annum and 304.5 kg/ton of petro-ash waste, with 250 kg/ton of the latter sequestrated as calcium carbonate. The final analysis on the effect of one ton of petro ash in construction materials showed 27.6 kg-CO2 eq emission. According to the final LCA analysis, only 27.6 kg-CO2 eq/ton was emitted by the petro-ash that was used in construction materials if CO2 fixation during carbonate mineralization was considered, where -250 kg-CO2 eq/ton positively contributed to the LCA. In the future, commercial-scale process modification via the realization of continuous processes and the more efficient reduction of carbon dioxide is anticipated.

Background: Inflammation plays an important role in various diseases, including ulcerative colitis, Behcet's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Morus alba L. extracts obtained using different extraction methods (water extraction or high temperature extraction) on RAW264.7 cells. Methods and Results: Extracts from the central part (including the heartwood, sapwood, cambiun, and phloem) and bark (including the periderm and cortex) of Morus alba L. were obtained using either water or high temperature extraction. The following extract were obtained: MA1, water extract from the central part of Morus alba L., MA2, high temperature extract from the central part of Morus alba L., MA3, water extract from the bark of Morus alba L., and MA4, high temperature extract from the bark of Morus alba L. None of these extracts was observed to be cytotoxic to RAW264.7 cells. The MA2 extract reduced the production of LPS-induced NO (nitric oxide), PGE2 (prostaglandin E2), TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions: These results indicated that the inflammatory response was moderated by MA2. Treatment with MA2 could be used as a natural medicine for treating diseases involving inflammation. However, further experiments are required to determine how the high temperature extraction method alters the active ingredients in the extract and influences the anti-inflammatory effects of Morus alba L..

독도의 영유권에 관한 국제법적인 판단은 그 판단의 근거가 되는 역사적 사실이 정확하다는 것을 전제로 하는 것이다. 만약 그 사실 자체가 왜곡・날조되어 있다면, 그에 근거한 판단이 무의미함은 자명한 것이다. 그런데 샌프란시스코조약에 관하여는 사실과 다르거나 근거를 확인할 수 없는 주장이 적지 않다. 거의 전부가 일본측에 유리한 것이다. 본 논문은 이러한 일본측 주장에 대한 비판을 통해 독도문제에 관한 역사적 진실을 밝히기 위한 것이다. 1951년 샌프란시스코조약 초안작성을 위한 영미협상 당시에 미국초안에 ‘독도는 일본땅’이었다 라든가, 1951년 4월 7일자 미국초안에 ‘독도는 일본땅’으로 되어 있다는 주장들은 어느 것이든 근거가 확인되지 않는 주장이다. 1951년 4월에 작성된 미국초안이라는 것은 존재 자체를 하지 않는 허구의 조약초안이다. 역사적인 사실에 대한 왜곡이라고 할 수 있다. 1951년 4월 하순 경, 미국과 일본간의 교섭 과정에서, 미국이 ‘독도는 한국땅’으로 되어 있는 영국초안을 일본에 제시하고 일본의 의견을 들은 적이 있는데, 이 사실에 대해서도 왜곡되게 해석되고 있다. 미국이 '독도는 한국땅'을 피하기 위해 그렇게 했다는 주장은, 당시 에 일본과 미국이 취한 조치를 고려해보면, 일본에 아주 편향된 비상식적인 해석이다. 일본 이 독도를 한국영토로 한 영국초안에 대해 아무런 이의를 제기하지 않은 사실은, 오히려 일본이 독도는 한국영토임을 묵인한 것으로 해석하는 것이 논리적으로 타당하다. 샌프란시스코조약이 확정된 1951년 8월에 미국이 독도를 일본에 주려고 하였다는 주장도 근거가 없다. 당시 정황으로 보아도 미국 입장은 독도 노코멘트, 일본 입장은 사실상의 독도 영유권 주장 포기였다. 이는 샌프란시스코조약 비준 당시 일본 정부에서 국회로 제출 되어 부속지도로 쓰인 ｢일본영역참고도｣와, 샌프란시스코조약 발효 직후에 마이니치(每日) 신문사에서 제작한 ｢일본영역도｣에 의해서도 증명이 된다. 어느 지도이든 독도를 한국 영토로 표기하고 있다. 만약 당시에 미국이 독도를 일본에게 주려고 했고, 독도가 일본땅이 된다고 미국이 일본에 비밀리에 알려 주었다면, 이러한 ｢일본영역참고도｣를 일본정부에서 스스로 제작하지 않았을 것이다. 일본의 공신력 있는 신문사가 발간한 책자의 안 표지에 '독도를 한국땅으로 그린 지도'를 게재하지도 않았을 것이다. 그 진위여부를 제대로 확인도 하지 않고 일본측 자료를 무분별하게 인용하는 것도 독도 학계의 큰 문제점중의 하나이다. 국내학자들이, 일본인에게 한국인을 혐오하도록 선동하기 위해 쓴 책의 독도 부분을 인용하여서, 샌프란시스코조약에 비준한 나라뿐만 아니라, 전세계가 '독도는 일본땅'을 인정했다고 주장하는 것은 그 주장의 타당성은 차치하고라도 독도학 계의 허점을 적나라하게 드러낸 것이다. 샌프란시스코조약에 관한 전면적인 재조명이 필요한 시점에 와 있다.

본 연구는 가축분뇨 액비와 양분을 조정한 맞춤액비의 관비처리가 시설 하우스 재배에서 가지 생육, 토양 화학성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 수행되었다. 시험구처리는 가축분뇨액비(LM), 가축분뇨액비에 화학비료를 첨가한 양분조정 맞춤액비(LM+CF), 가축분뇨액비에 양분과 아인산 첨가 맞춤액비(LM+CF+PA) 처리구와 화학비료 관행처리구(CCF)를 두었다. 가지의 과장, 과폭, 과중은 LM 처리구가 LM+CF, LM+CF+PA 및 CCF 처리구에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다. LM+CF, LM+CF+PA 및 CCF 처리구 간에 과장, 과폭 및 과중의 유의적 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 가지 주당 수량은 CCF 처리구(27.9 kg)에 비하여 LM 처리구(26.2 kg)에서 6% 낮았다. 가지의 생체중은 CCF와 LM+CF 및 LM+CF+PA 간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 가지 주당 상품수량은 LM 처리구에서 가장 낮았으며, CCF 처리구(24.1 kg)에 비하여 LM+CF+PA 처리구(26.6 kg)에서 8% 증가하였다. 토양의 화학성은 CCF 처리구가 다른 처리구에 비하여 전반적으로 높은 경향이었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 화학비료의 관행시비에 비하여 가축분뇨 액비에 화학비료를 첨가한 맞춤액비에 의한 관비가 가지의 상품생산성 향상 및 토양의 화학성 개선에 유리한 시비방법으로 생각된다.

Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites (FRCCs)는 시멘트 복합체에 혼입한 전도성 섬유로 인해 전기 전도성을 가진다. 이러한 특성은 전기적 응답 계측을 통하여 별도의 센서 설치가 필요 없는 구조물의 균열 모니터링을 가능하게 한다. 하지만 전기적 응답은 균열 발생뿐 만 아니라 온도의 변화에도 민감하게 변화하기 때문에 온도 요인은 전기적 응답 계측을 통한 균열 탐지를 방해하는 요소로 작용할 수 있다. 더욱이 전기적 응답을 측정하기 위한 탐침의 개수가 증가 할수록 원하지 않은 접촉 노이즈가 발생하기 때문에 이 논문에서는 탐침의 개수를 줄이기 위해 자체적인 자가센싱 임피던스 회로를 설계하였다. FRCC의 균열 발생과 온도 변화가 임피던스에 미치는 영향성은 자가센싱 임피던스 회로를 이용해 실험적으로 측정되었으며, 실험 결과, 임피던스 응답은 균열 발생보다 온도 변화에 더 민감하게 변화됨을 알 수 있었다.

암모니아성 질소는 생활하수, 축산폐수, 산업폐수 등의 점오염원과 화학적 비료 남용에 의한 유출 등의 비점오염원으로부터 수계로 방류되어 부영양화 등의 수질 오염을 유발할 수 있다. 생활하수 등에서 암모니아성 질소를 제거하기 위해 생물학적 처리공정이 주로 적용되고 있으나 운영상의 어려움, 비점오염원 저감의 어려움으로 인하여 대체방안이 요구된다. 바이오차를 흡착제로 활용하는 방안은 적용이 간단하며 효율적으로 수중 암모니아를 제거하는 방안으로 주목받고 있다. 선행 연구에서는 대부분 암모니아성 질소 흡착을 NH4+ 양이온 흡착으로 설명하고 있으나 수중의 암모니아성 질소는 pH에 따라 NH4+와 NH3(aq)로 분배될 수 있어 적용 조건에 따라 두 화학종이 모두 흡착에 참여할 가능성이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 화학종 분배를 함께 고려하는 것의 필요성을 검증하고자 하였다. 바이오차는 발생량이 많은 농업부산물인 볏짚을 300, 400, 500, 600℃ 네 가지 최고온도로 열분해하여 얻었다. 암모니아성 질소 용액은 NH4Cl을 이용하여 준비하였다. 이후 20℃에서 바이오차 투여량 5 g/L 조건으로 초기농도 10 ~ 500 mg/L 용액에 대하여 등온흡착실험을 진행하였다. 흡착반응속도실험은 20℃에서 투여량 5 g/L 조건으로 초기농도 50 mg/L에서 진행하였다. 바이오차 투여 이후 pH는 NH4+의 pKa인 9.25 부근까지 증가하여 NH3(aq)가 액상에 존재할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 등온흡착곡선은 BET 모형에 의해 설명되었기에 응축에 의한 다층 흡착이 진행되는 것을 확인하였다. NH4+만이 흡착에 참여할 경우 쿨롱 반발력에 의해 응축이 일어날 수 없다. NH3(aq)가 흡착에 참여한다면 극성 분자의 쌍극자모멘트 또는 약한 수소결합으로 부터 응축에 의한 다층 흡착을 설명할 수 있다. 반응속도 실험결과 300℃에서 제조한 바이오차에 의한 암모니아성 질소 흡착은 유사 1차 반응속도 모형으로부터 설명할 수 있어 NH4+ 흡착이 주요한 것으로 생각된다. 300℃보다 높은 온도에서 제조한 바이오차의 경우 Elovich’s Equation이 암모니아성 질소의 흡착반응속도를 더 잘 설명하여 흡착 메커니즘을 NH4+ 흡착으로 설명할 수 없었다. Elovich’s Equation은 분자 상 물질의 화학적 흡착을 설명하는 모형이므로 NH3(aq)이 흡착에 참여하는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 바이오차에 의한 암모니아성 질소 흡착은 NH4+ 이온의 흡착뿐만 아니라 NH3(aq)의 흡착도 함께 고려해야 함을 확인하였다.

Since 2005 the landfilling of food waste has been prohibited, and many recycling facilities (private, domestic, animalfeed conversion, public composting) have been constructed and operated as waste-treatment centers. However, due to the negative attitude of users on the domestic animal feed and compost produced from food waste, the byproducts of waste have created a vicious cycle, needing treatment themselves. In addition, the London Convention prohibited the discharge of organic waste such as sewage sludge into the ocean in 2012 and of food-waste leachate in 2013. An alternative to landfilling and incineration is to treat biomass with anaerobic digestion. However, the anaerobic-digestion efficiency of the Daejeon City bioenergy facility, which has adopted a mixed digestion process of food waste and food waste leachate, has not been reproduced in other municipalities due to a misunderstanding of anaerobic digestion and a lack of operating skill. Thus, the anaerobic-digestion efficiency of the bioenergy facility in Deajeon is analyzed, and it provides basic information for the anaerobic co-digestion of organic wastes.