Antioxidant activities of 80% methanol, water, and 70% ethanol extracts of Lentinula edodes GNA01 were compared and estimated. The yield of Lentinula edodes GNA01 was identified to be in the following order: water>70% ethanol>80% methanol, but there was no significant difference between 80% methanol and 70% ethanol extracts. The highest total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were found in water extract, and TPC of 80% methanol extract was higher than that of 70% ethanol extract and TFC of 70% ethanol extract was higher than that of 80% methanol extract. Water extract exhibited the strongest DPPH, ABTS radicals, and nitrite scavenging activities, Fe2+ chelating ability, and FRAP among the three extracts. In addition, antioxidant activity of 80% methanol extract was higher than that of 70% ethanol extract in most of the experiments. As a result, antioxidant activity of Lentinula edodes GNA01 showed a difference according to extraction solvent and concentration; nevertheless, water extract exhibiting high polarity had the strongest antioxidant effect. Consequently, water extract from Lentinula edodes GNA01 is anticipated to be useful for the development of a high value-added functional product

The purpose of this study was to analyze the current status relating to food packaging and design for status of small and medium food enterprises. A company survey was conducted from June to October, 2015 and targeted 1300 small and medium domestic food enterprises. Finally, a total of 1300 (recovery rate 100%) useable data were selected. Statistical analyses were performed on the data utilizing the SPSS PASW Statistics 18.0 for Windows, such as descriptive statistics and frequency analysis. According to the results, awareness and importance of food labeling were high, but performance of English inscription of product name was relatively low. The most important reason for food labeling was ‘providing correct information on food’ 910 (72.8%). Accordingly, a system which can provide the latest information by continuously monitoring mandatory disclosure requirements for types of foods in individual countries is needed.

In the coagulation/sedimentation (C/S) process of the water treatment process, the inflow of massive algal bloom causes many problems including fouling of filter media. This study was conducted to find out the way to remove the algae’s harmful effects by addition of pre-treatment prior to C/S process. Many Jar-tests were conducted such as ① ACF (Algae Coagulation·Flotation) process using natural algae coagulant (Water Health®), ② ACF + C/S process and ③ C/S process with a variety of conditions using cultured algae. The average values of turbidity were ① 0.42 NTU for ACF process, ② 0.13 NTU for ACF + C/S process and ③ 0.25 NTU for C/S process. It was shown that the treatment efficiency of ACF process could get low turbidity results, and ACF + C/S process could achieve more efficient results than those of C/S process. Any negative effects of ACF process to the efficiency of C/S process were not observed in ACF + C/S process. In order to reduce the unfavorable effects of algae, it was found out that the introduction of ACF process in the forms of ① ACF or ② ACF + C/S could be one of the effective and alternative solutions.

To determine the contents of sodium and potassium in side dishes, 92 samples from 22 different kinds of side dishes that can be classified into 3 groups were collected in Seoul area and analysed using ICP-OES. The highest sodium content was detected in pepper doenjang muchim, while potassium content was the highest in kong jorim. When comparing the content of sodium and potassium in 3 groups, namely namul, muchim, and jorim, the sodium content of namul group was significantly different from those of jorim and muchim (p-value < 0.05). Sodium intake per serving size was the highest in parae muchim among the samples as estimated to 20.2% of WHO recommendation that is 2,000 mg/day. The amount of sodium by simultaneously intake of soybean sprouts namul, anchovy jorim and parae muchim per one serving size was estimated to 1,000 mg. The potassim/sodium ratios of spinach namul and kong jorim were 1.70 and 0.81, respectively, while that of bracken namul was very low as about 0.1. Foodborne pathogens were not detected out of 92 side dishes.

본 연구에서는 연안여객선의 지간선 체계 구축 사업의 추진을 위한 권역 및 항로를 선정 평가하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 먼저 타 교통수단의 위계형성 구조 및 연안여객선 운영체계의 특성을 분석하여 구축 대상권역 및 대상항로 선정을 위한 평가항목을 추출한다. 두번째는 전문가 설문조사를 통해 구축 대상권역 및 대상항로의 평가항목에 대하여 AHP기법을 이용하여 중요도를 산출한다. 마지막으로 평가항목에 대한 중요도와 대상권역 및 항로를 종합평가하여 최종 후보권역 및 항로를 선정하고자 한다. 그 결과 대상권역은 항로수, 여객수송실적, 차량수송실적, 도서민수 등 4개의 평가항목이 추출되었고, 이들 항목으로 평가한 결과 목포권역이 선정되었다. 또한 도서민, 지자체, 지역적 여건, 여객선 사업자 등 4개의 평가항목으로 평가한 결과 영광권 항로가 선정되었다. 한편 확대시행을 위해서는 터미널 시설 확충, 대형 선박의 확보 및 (준)공영제 도입등과 함께 단계적인 추진이 필요하다.

본 논문에서는 이종재질로 구성된 세장비가 큰 보의 차원축소와 복원의 효율성과 정확성을 입증하기 위하여 VABS와 3차원 유한요소해석 모델의 결과와 비교하였다. 그리고 3차원 유한요소모델과 차원축소 모델을 가상균열닫힘법을 이용하여 에너지 해방률을 계산하였다. 원형과 사각형의 단면에 초기 크랙을 가진 수치모델을 이용하여 보의 차원축소와 복원기법 및 가상균 열닫힘법을 이용하여 복원해석 결과 및 에너지 해방률을 비교하여 효율성과 정확성을 입증하였다. 특히 제시된 에너지 해방률 계산 기법은 고고도 무인기의 날개, 헬리콥터 로터 블레이드, 풍력 블레이드, 틸트로터 등의 정적, 동적 모델링 및 수명평가에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between conspicuous consumption tendency, brand attitudes, and purchase intentions of college students regarding eating out by limiting conspicuous consumption tendency among several psychological variables to acquire a more precise and concrete influence factor on consumption behavior to eat out. First, as for sensing other people, pursuing individuality and brand orientation among conspicuous consumption tendency of restaurant costumers had significant effects on brand attitudes, whereas the influence of status symbols and pursuing trend factor on brand attitudes was not verified. Second, as for sensing other people, pursing individuality, pursuing trends, and brand orientation factor among conspicuous consumption tendency had significant effects on purchasing intention. Otherwise, the significant effect relationship between status symbols factor and purchasing intentions was not confirmed. Third, as purchase intentions increased, brand attitudes of consumers increased according to existing research. Thus, this study suggests a more departmentalized marketing strategy method to create profits and enhance competitiveness of food service enterprises, and academic implications suggest fundamental data of relevant studies on conspicuous consumption tendency and purchasing behavior of consumers to eat out

This study investigates changes in the mechanical behaviors, especially hardness and indentation load-displacement curves, of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) brought about by thermal shock. The TBCs on the Nickel-based bondcoat/superalloy was prepared with diameters of 25.4 mm and 600 μm thickness. The results of thermal shock cycling test from 1100 oC of the highest temperature indicate that the thermal shock do not influence on the mechanical behavior, but a continuous decrease in porosity and increase in hardness were observed after 1200 thermal shock cycles; these changes are believed to be due to sintering of thermal barrier coating materials. The results that no degradation in the indentation load-displacement curves indicate that the coating shows good thermal shock resistance up to 1200 cycles at 1100 oC in air.

본 연구는 강원도 점봉산에 분포하고 있는 신갈나무군락에서 군락의 지상부 생물량과 생물종 다양성, 그리고 군락 구조의 다양성 간의 관계 특성을 밝히기 위하여 수행되었다. 이를 위해, 2004년부터 2013년까지 점봉산 신갈나무군락 에서 측정한 지상부 생물량은 총 311.1ton·ha-1였으며, 종 별 생물량 및 구성 비율은 신갈나무 206.3ton·ha-1(66.3%),까 치박달 36.9ton·ha-1(11.9%),피나무 30.6ton·ha-1(9.8%)등의 순으로 적었다. 신갈나무의 지상부 생물량이 가장 많은 것은 전체에 비해 임목 밀도가 많지 않지만, 평균 흉고직경(DBH)이 50㎝ 이상인 개체수 비율이 다른 수종에서 보다 월등히 높기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 이 군락의 종 다양성 지수(H')와 종 균등도(J')를 추정해 본 결과 각각 2.015~2.166 과 0.673~0.736의 범위 내에서 시간에 따른 점진적인 증가를 보여 주고 있다. 위의 종 다양성 지수와 종 균등도는 지상부 생물량과 높은 양의 상관관계를 나타내는데, 이는 시간이 변함에 따라 신갈나무군락의 지상부 생물량이 공간적 으로 균일해진다는 것과 이러한 현상이 다양한 수종에 걸쳐 나타나고 있다는 것을 의미한다. 또한, 생물량-종 다양성 지수(BS)와 종 풍부도-생물량-종 다양성 지수(ABS)도 각각 3.746~3.811, 4.781~5.028 범위 내에서 시간에 따른 점진적 인 증가를 보여주고 있었으며, 이들 지수와 지상부 생물량 높은 양의 상관관계가 관찰되었다. 이는 신갈나무군락의 지상부 생물량이 다양한 수종에서 뿐만 아니라 다양한 직경급에 따라 균일해 지고 있음을 나타낸다. 그리고 점봉산 신갈나무군락은 군락의 구조적 다양성을 통하여 생산성과 탄소 저장 능력이 더욱 효율화 되어, 자원이 풍부한 생태계로 서의 역할을 수행 할 것으로 예상된다. 또한 복원된 산림의 생물다양성과 생산성의 유지를 위하여 생태적 특성을 고려한 다양한 수종과 다양한 DBH 수목의 선택적 식재를 제안한다.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) extract on the inflammation of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and blood lipid improvement in hypercholesterolemic mice fed a high cholesterol diet. The lettuce extract (100% ethanol extract) inhibited the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in HUVEC treated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The lettuce extract suppressed the adhesion of THP-1 to TNF-α-treated HUVEC. The lettuce extract decreased the TNF-α-stimulated production of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein 1. In hypercholesterolemic mice, the lettuce extract reduced serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, while the lettuce extract elevated high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, resulting in the decrease of atherogenic index and cardiac risk factor level. These results suggested that lettuce extract can be an useful resource to show an anti-inflammatory effect and improve lipid metabolism

본 연구는 속리산국립공원에 재도입 방사된 꽃사슴(n=6)(외래도입종)의 생태 및 행동학적 특징을 밝히기 위하여 2012년 4월부터 2016년 8월까지 수행되었다. 분석된 꽃사슴(Cervus nippon)은 GPS Collar 발신기를 부착하여 포획된 원서식지에 재 방사하였으며, 연구기간 동안 수집된 1,385개의 위치 좌표를 이용하여 연간 행동권, 고도 등 서식지 이용특성을 분석하였다. 속리산국립공원에 재도입된 꽃사슴의 연구결과, 전체 행동권은 MCP 95% 2.24±1.50㎢ (t=3.648, p<0.05), 핵심구역인 FK 50%에서 0.46±0.31㎢(t=3.666, p<0.05)로 나타났다. 암·수 연간 행동권은 MCP 95% 수준에서 암컷 1.53㎢, 수컷은 2.94㎢로 분석되었다. 꽃사슴의 서식지 이용 중 고도 400~500m, 경사도 30°~35°, 향 S(남향)를 평균적으로 이용하였고, 도로와의 거리는 0~100m, 수계와의 거리는 0~50m을 이용하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 자료는 외래도입종 꽃사슴에 대한 서식지 관리 정책 및 생태 등의 기초 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

In this project, ECP(Electrical conducting polymer) gasket is used to detect the leakage of chemicals inside the reservoir. It is necessary that the electrical signal between ECP gasket and chemical leakage should be detected to protect the critical accident. This research introduce the leakage detection method to measure the electrical resistance of the cracked prototype pipe installed ECP gasket. Also the Arduino program is set to monitor the incident of chemical leakage.

The objective of this study is to examine the effects of consumer beliefs regarding three food certifications on their behavioral intention and the behavioral intention biases to purchase (purchasing intention biases) certified agricultural products as predicted by a subjective probability model. The food certifications used for this study are ‘Organic food’, ‘Traceability system of food products,’ and ‘Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP)’. Tofu (bean curd) was selected as being representative of agricultural food products, for the purposes of this study. In 2016, we surveyed 243 consumers regarding the strength of their belief regarding their prior beliefs relative to each certification, as well as the strength of their intention to purchase certified tofu based on their belief strengths for this study. The study resulted in the following findings: Firstly, consumers hold more than two different prior beliefs for each of the three certifications included in this study. Consumers’ prior beliefs regarding these certifications have an impact on their consideration as to whether they plan to buy those certified agricultural products. Secondly, consumers try to persuade themselves to ensure that their particular belief about the product’s certification could lead to a purchasing decision regarding that agricultural product

This study investigated the quality characteristics, antioxidant activities, and retarding retrogradation of sponge cakes made with 0%, 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) leaf powder. Specific capacity significantly increased with the addition (0.33~0.38), but baking loss and dough yield were not significantly different (p<0.05). In color, there was a decrease in the L-value, a-value and b-value, but △E increased in proportion to the amount of pumpkin leaf powder. Moisture content increased in the 0~3% additions, from 27.90~31.68%, but decreased in 5% and 7% (22.37% and 28.15%, respectively). pH tended to decrease significantly according to the amount of pumpkin leaf powder (p<0.05). Hardness increased with the addition of pumpkin leaf powder, and pumpkin leaf groups presented higher springiness and cohesiveness than the control. Chewiness was not significantly differ (p<0.05). In retarding retrogradation, Avrami exponent (n) showed that addition of 5% (0.1329) had more retarding retrogradation effect than the control (0.4319), whereas time constant (1/k) showed both 3% (100.00) and 5% (70.42) addition had more effect than control (18.45). Total phenols and flavonoids content increased proportionate to the addition levels. ABTS radical scavenging activity tended to increase according to the level of pumpkin leaf powder. In sensory properties, 5% addition showed maximum color, and 3% addition had the highest scores in flavor, moistness, sweetness, chewiness and overall acceptability. These results suggested that pumpkin leaf was a good addition to improve the quality characteristics, health and sensory preferences. The most appropriate proportion to have the effect of retarding retrogradation in sponge cake is 3%.

심비디움은 난초과(orchidaceae)에 속하는 다년생 초(perennial herb)로 약용 식물로 알려져 있으나 이에 대한 과학적 자료가 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 심비디움의 뿌리, 줄기로부터 추출 하여 생리 활성을 비교 분석하고자 한다. 심비디움 추출물의 항균 효과는 균 종별 특이성을 규명하기 위해 실험 균주는 그람 양성균 대표로 Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)와 Staphylococcus saphrophyticus (S. saprophyticus), 그람 음성균 대표로 Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris)와 Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia)를 사용하였다. 항산화 효과는 DPPH 라디칼 소거능 및 총 페놀 함량 시험 을 수행하였다. 또한 간세포에 대한 세포독성 및 콜레스테롤 흡착능 시험을 수행하였다. 심비디움 추출 물을 농도 별로 처리하여 균 성장 억제를 확인해본 결과, 심비디움 뿌리 에탄올 추출물에서 S. aureus에 대한 항균효과를 확인하였으며, 심비디움 줄기 에탄올 추출물 및 1시간 음파처리를 한 심비디움 줄기 에탄올 추출물에서 높은 항산화 효과를 확인하였다. 간세포에 대한 세포 독성은 50 ㎍/mL이상의 농도 로 확인하였으며, 콜레스테롤 흡착능은 20% 미만으로 미비한 결과를 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통해 심비 디움 추출물의 항균 및 항산화 효과를 확인하였으며, 천연 항균 및 항산화 소재로 가능성이 높을 것으 로 사료된다.

A membrane module including grid was designed and introduced to MBR (membrane bio-reactor) for the purpose of better control of membrane fouling. It could be anticipated that the grid enhances the shear force of fluid-air mixture into the membrane surface by even-distributing the fluid-air to the membrane module. As MLSS concentration, packing density which is expressed in the ratio of the housing and the cross-sectional area of membrane fibers (Am/At) and air-flow rate were changed, membrane foulings were checked by monitoring fouling resistances. The total fouling resistance (Rc+Rf) without grid installation (i.e., control) was 2.13×1012 m-1 , whereas it was reduced to 1.69×1012 m-1 after the grid was installed. Regardless of the grid installation, the Rc+Rf increased as the packing density increased from 0.09 to 0.28, however, the increment of resistance for the grid installation was less than that of the control. Increase in the air flow rate did not always guarantee the reduction of fouling resistance, indicating that the higher air flow rate can partially de-flocculate the activated sludge flocs, which led to severer membrane fouling. Consequently, installation of grids inside the housing have brought a beneficial effect on membrane fouling and optimum air flow rate is important to keep the membrane lowering fouling.

두 종류의 Cronobacter 선택배지(DFI agar, R&F agar) 의 분유 및 건조호박 내 Cronobacter의 선택 분리능을 realtime PCR법과 함께 비교하였다. 분유에서의 Cronobacter 검출률은 세 가지 방법에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으나(p < 0.05), 건조호박의 경우 R&F배지와 real-time PCR법이 DFI에서보다 유의적으로 높은 검출률을 보였다 (p < 0.05). 배지 간 선택성에 있어서도, R&F 선택배지는 건조호박에서 DFI에 비해 유의적으로 높은 선택성을 나타냈다(p < 0.05). Real-time PCR 및 R&F배지의 사용은 분유뿐만 아니라, 건조 호박 등의 높은 경쟁세균총을 갖는 영유아식의 원료로 사용될 수 있는 식품군에서도 Cronobacter를 효과적으로 검출할 수 있는 방법으로 사료된다.

We investigate the microstructural and magnetic property changes of DyH2, Cu + DyH2, and Al + DyH2 diffusion-treated NdFeB sintered magnets with the post annealing (PA) temperature. The coercivity of all the diffusiontreated magnets increases with increasing heat treatment temperature except at 910oC, where it decreases slightly. Moreover, at 880oC, the coercivity increases by 3.8 kOe in Cu and 4.7 kOe in Al-mixed DyH2-coated magnets, whereas this increase is relatively low (3.0 kOe) in the magnet coated with only DyH2. Both Cu and Al have an almost similar effect on the coercivity improvement, particularly over the heat treatment temperature range of 790-880oC. The diffusivity and diffusion depth of Dy increases in those magnets that are treated with Cu or Al-mixed DyH2, mainly because of the comparatively easy diffusion path provided by Cu and Al owing to their solubility in the Nd-rich grain boundary phase. The formation of a highly anisotropic (Nd, Dy)2Fe14B phase layer, which acts as the shell in the core-shell-type structure so as to prevent the reverse domain movement, is the cause of enhanced coercivity of diffusion-treated Nd-Fe-B magnets.

This study was conducted to ameliorate the productive performance of Hanwoo cow using hill pasture grazing system. Twenty seven animals aged 9 were designed to divide with 3 groups which were Control (restricted concentrate and hay for 5 months), T1 (restricted concentrate and pasture grazing ad libitum for 5 months) and T2 (restricted concentrate, 30 g/head of mineral nutrients and pasture grazing ad libitum for 5 months). Average daily gains increased higher in the order of T2, Control and T1. The conception rate of Control, T1 and T2 after artificial insemination during post-grazing period were 88.9%, 100%, 100%, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicated that hill pasture grazing system might enhance not only the productive performance of Hanwoo cow but also profit for conventional feeding system.

Geographical isolation may lead to the populations having different ecological characteristics. Geographic isolation have been known to cause echolocation call differences in bats. In order to look at geographic differences of echolocation calls of Great Horseshoe Bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), populations of inland and Jeju island habitats were examined in Korea. The study areas were some abandoned mines in the inland and caves of Jeju island, which were known as rest sites of Great Horseshoe Bats during the active season. Recording was done in two ways: Hand-held, Free-flying. Recording pulse was analyzed into five parameters: Maximum Frequency (FMAX), Minimum Frequency (FMIN), Peak Frequency (PF), Duration (D), Inter pulse Interval (IPI). Interestingly, The present study shows that the difference in echolocation between the inland and island populations. The PF of bats inhabited inland was 69 kHz. but, the PF of bats inhabited island (Jeju) was 71 kHz. There was a difference between regions. Discriminant analyses also showed clear difference between the inland and the island populations. Especially, PF of Korea population is lower than that of Europe (82 kHz) and higher than that of Japan (65 kHz).