Maturation and spawning of the Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus was investigated based on the samples captured in East Sea of Korea from April 2006 to July 2007. Gonadosomatic index began to increase in November, and reached maximum between December and January. After spawning it began to decrease from March. Reproductive season was estimated to November-February, with peak in January. Fecundity was proportional to the size of the female, with the clutch size varying from 753,985 eggs in the smallest female(TL＝58.6cm) to 9,311,520 eggs in the largest(TL＝101.0cm). Size at 50% sexual maturity(TL50%) determined from mature females was 56.3cm of TL. Annual reproductive cycles of this species could be divided into six successive stages; immature stage(March-September), nucleolus stage(September-October), yolk vesicle stage(October-November), vitellogenic stage (November-December), ripe stage and spent stage(December-February).

In order to develop the artificial bait of trap for swimming crabs, the attracting effect was analyzed in the duration time of attracting effect, preference and shape recognition to the bait in the water tank and field experiments. According to the result which investigated the mean entrapped number of swimming crabs into the trap for each bait(mackerel, sardine and anchovy) in water tank experiments, the mean entrapped number was found to be higher in the trap with mackerel(6.9 ind.; 23.0%) than in other traps with sardine(5.2 ind.; 17.3%) and anchovy(3.4 ind.; 11.3%). In addition, the mean entrapped ratios of swimming crabs into the traps for 3 kinds of baits were estimated to be over 80% all in 5 hours after soaked in the water tank. For preference of swimming crabs to 3 kinds of baits, the trap with mackerel(6.9 ind.; 23.0%) was evaluated to be higher than the traps with sardine(2.8 ind.; 9.3%) and anchovy(0.2 ind.; 0.7%). In the field experiments, the mean entrapped number of swimming crabs into the trap with mackerel and sardine were found to be similar as 120 and 118 ind., but the trap with anchovy was only 85 ind.. According to the result which investigated the shape regnition of swimming crabs to the bait used mackerel, divided into 8 pieces, 16 pieces and grinded mass in water tank experiments, the mean entrapped number of swimming crabs into the traps that includes the mackerel divided into several pieces was significantly decreased. Moreover, by the presence of skin of mackerel for bait, there was a great difference in the entrapped number of swimming crabs. Therefore, it was thought that the swimming crab was attracted to the bait and entrapped into the trap would indicate that not only the chemical stimuli such as the attactant, but also the visual stimuli such as the shape recognition to the bait might be closely related.

Fishes were caught by a bottom trawl in the Yeo-ja bay of Korea by every three month(March, June, September and December) and seasonal variation of abundance and species composition were studied in 2005. The catches were 1,187kg and were composed of 115 species with 20 hauls by 5 stations. The dominant species caught were Charybdis bimcaulata, Crangon hakodatei, Parapenaeus fissurus, Oratosguilla oratoria, and Thryssa purava. One hundred fifty species were identified as fish(38%), crustacea(20%), mollusca(4%) and others(38%) which including of Asterias amurensis. The amount of species was high in June and September and low in March and December. The diversity index(H') was about 1.2－2.5 and station similarity of fishes caught among the community was 0.009－0.230.

Animism was prevalent among people when Protestant missionaries first came to Korea. Since then, Protestant mission brought in great results among Koreans characterized by worshipping spiritual beings. Therefore, by examining the conversion pattern carefully in the materials written by missionaries as well as Korean Christians, one can easily find the significance of “power encounter”. Korean animists are very conscious of “power,” which is believed to be located in the spiritual beings, i.e. gods, ancestors and ghosts. Korean animists believe that the world is populated with lots of spiritual beings surrounding their environment. They not only have lots of traditions related to spiritual beings, but also serve many spirits in homes as well as in their villages. They are afraid of the spiritual beings and try to have good relationships with them. They also believe that anger or jealousy from the spiritual beings cause their everyday calamities. To overcome the problems, they either have to propitiate the spiritual beings with food or materials or coerce them through more powerful spiritual beings. In this context of spirit worship, the Gospel was very difficult to be accepted wholeheartedly by Korean animists. When they thought about accepting the Gospel, they had to deal with the retaliation from the spiritual beings they had formerly served. To accept Christ, they had to confront those spiritual beings. As soon as they accepted the Gospel, the title of the spiritual beings became negative such as “Satan” or “devil”. So they burnt fetishes like clothes, potteries, papers which were considered as the locations where the spiritual beings reside. Burning those fetishes terrorized lots of people who gathered around. Those who accepted the Gospel through such confrontation initially met persecutions from their family as well as their neighbors. But the early Korean Christians had persevered and ultimately overcame persecutions. Only when the family which had burnt those fetishes survived and ever thrived through the processes did family members confirm that God is more powerful than the spiritual beings. The story of the “power encounter” ran rapidly through relatives and neighbors. These kinds of illustrations of “power encounter” resulted in a paradigm shift among the people. They decided to accept the Gospel and became Christians. In short, “power encounter” engendered “people movement” toward Christ. Missiologist Alan R. Tippett’s thesis, the conversion of the animists are through the power encounter types of evangelism, is firmly proved by examining the Korean animists. As Tippett mentioned through his research among Melanesians and Polynesians that “power encounter” brought about “people movement” toward Christ, so did “power encounter” among Korean animists also result in “people movement” toward Christ. Although the animistic beliefs among Koreans nowadays are reduced in comparison to the period of first Protestant missions, many Koreans still resort to divinations and shamanistic rituals. Even many Buddhists seem to have animistic belief rather than the pure Buddhistic concept or perspective. So to approach the Buddhistic people with the Gospel, one has to be prepared with God’s power rather than with one’s knowledge about Buddhistic philosophy. Lessons we received from the Korean animists’ conversion experiences could be wisely applied when we evangelize the Buddhistic people. However, many cases of syncretism and backsliding to heretical movements are also found in Korean church history. When the process of “power encounter” is neglected or by-passed, chances of falling into such pitfalls are high. Without vivid confrontation with the deities which were served before, they cannot commit wholeheartedly to Christ. They can easily slide back to their traditional beliefs and become victims to heretical movements. To escape such negative influence from traditional belief systems, God’s servants working among animists have to examine carefully not to miss nor by-pass the process of “power encounter”. Also they have to consider carefully how to nurture believers with animistic backgrounds. Without appropriate nurturing, new believers with animistic backgrounds can easily backslide to their traditional beliefs. Upon the Word of God, their animistic perspectives and value systems have to be transformed to fit into the Biblical ones. Korean people were blessed when they accepted the Gospel and became God's people. They realized their mission sincerely and have tried to fulfill the great commission. They tried to be used by God especially for the worldwide evangelization. Even today there are many animists all over the world. For them, Koreans' experiences of turning from animists to God's people, can be utilized strategically. One who is thinking about evangelizing the animists over the world can use the “power encounter“ tactics and become a faithful servant of God. The conversion patterns of the Korean Christians can be used effectively in evangelizing the animists of the world when they get wisdom from early Korean Christians’ experiences.

Male weanling Sprague Dawley rats were used to evaluate the effect of dietary rice starch with different particle size on growth performance, intestinal function and proliferation. There were two dietary treatment: rice starch (RS), ultra finely pulverized rice starch with less than 15μm size (PRS). They were eight rats per treatment. In vitro digestibility, body weight change and organs weight were evaluated. Serum GPT, GOT and blood urea nitrogen were analyzed. Transit time, short chain fatty acid contents of cecum, and cell proliferation of duodenum and jejunum were measured. In vitro digestibility of PRS was higher than that of RS. Rats fed ultra finely pulverized rice starch for 3 weeks grew faster than rats fed rice starch. PRS group has higher weights of liver, kidney, spleen and epididymal fat pad, perhaps as a result of increased digestibility. GPT and GOT were not different between two groups. Blood urea nitrogen was higher in RS-fed rats than that of PRS-fed rats. Feeding ultra finely pulverized rice starch resulted in a proliferation of duodenum significantly. These results suggest that ultra finely pulverized rice starch increases the growth performance in weanling animals with reduced number of cells in the cell cycle of small intestine.

본 연구는 Z. -M. 학파의 식물사회학적 연구방법에 의해 충북지역의 박달산, 계명산, 보련산, 월악산, 천등산, 조령산, 국망산, 부용산, 두타산, 만뢰산, 미동산, 감악산, 시루봉, 십자봉, 용산봉 일대의 산지대 하부의 참나무림을 분류하고 그 환경조건을 해석할 목적으로 실시하였다. 이 일대의 참나무림 식생은 A. 굴참나무군락(Quercus variabilis community), A-1. 상수리나무하위군락(Quercus acutissima subcommunity), A-2. 전형하위군락(Typical subcommunity), B. 신갈나무군락(Quercus mongolica community), C. 떡갈나무군락(Quercus dentata community)으로 구분되었다. 이들 식생단위는 인위 및 해발과 같은 환경복합의 경도에 의해 배비되었으며, 종의 우점도에 근거한 집괴분석(군평균법)의 결과와도 비교적 잘 일치하였다.

As the use of vehicle route application and LBS(location based service) are fast grew, the importance of maintaining road network data is also increased. To maintain road data accuracy, we can collect road data by driving real roads with probe vehicle, or using digital image processing for the extraction of roads from aerial imagery. After compare the new road data to current database, we can update the road database, but that job is mostly time and money consuming or can be inaccurate. In this paper, an updating method of using GPS(global positioning system) enabled cell phone is proposed. By using GPS phone, we can update road database easily and sufficiently accurately.

Through analysing on construction cases of stupa built in A.D. 7,8th, I have researched about these : constructive methods of inner soil of stupa, spatial compositions, characteristics of structures, arrangements of inner soil and etc. And cases analysed are six ; Mireuksajiseoktap(stone pagoda of Mireuksa Temple site), Gameunsajisamcheumgseoktap(three storied stone pagoda of Gameunsa Temple site), Goseonsajisamcheungseoktap(three storied stone pagoda of Goseonsa Temple site), Wolseong nawolliocheungseoktap(five storied stone pagoda in Nawonri, Wolseong), Guksagokseoktap(three storied stone pagoda in Guksa valley), Giamgokseoktap(three storied stone pagoda in Giam valley). Additionally we researched about inner soil of Sacheonwangsaji tapji(basement of stone stupa site in Sacheonwang Temple site) to speculate on composition of Synthetically, the foundation could be divided as core space and outer space. ; the former as structural function and the latter as ornamental function. And the core area could be divided again as center column space and buffer space. The relationship between core spaces and its formation are as belows; First, according to the area of foundation and scale of stone pagoda, formations of core are differed. As the scale of stone pagoda goes bigger, and the area of foundation goes larger, the structure of stone pagoda comprised by center column type and layered-core which endure upper load independently. On the contrary, as the scale of stone pagoda goes smaller, and the area of foundation goes lesser, the structure of stone pagoda tend to use only center column to endure upper part. Second, spatial composition of core area is comprised as two spaces, one which endure upper load and buffer space which absorb side pressure and upper pressure. The buffer space tend to be used in case of those structures which could not endure side pressure or have lots of joint. In some cases, it was located below the cover stone of foundation and gained upper load. And in case that have not gained pressure from side stone, the buffer space are comprised by smalle stone or roof tile to get structural supplement.

All of the city gas companies in Korea must employ the gas safety patrols by law. The gas safety patrols are responsible for the various tasks including daily gas pipeline patrol to prevent gas accidents. Since the size of jurisdiction varies among the city gas companies, it is very difficult to compare their efficiency for the operations of the safety patrol each other directly. The objective of this research is to develop the methodology to analyze and compare the efficiency of the safety patrol's operations among various city gas companies. Several factors that are related to the safety patrol's duty on the gas safety factors were identified and DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis) model for efficiency analysis was developed. Finally, the DEA model was applied to the collected data from six city gas companies. The less efficient city gas companies can benchmark the higher efficient city gas companies in order to improve the safety control systems.

대구 월성동 출토 구석기 흑요석 석기는 광물, 암석 및 지구화학적 분석결과 마그마에서 급랭하여 생성된 균질한 유리질을 가지는 전형적인 흑요석에 속한다. 연구대상 흑요석의 주 구성성분은 규장질 유문암으로서 Calk-alkaline계열에 속한다. 기존의 국내 출토지, 백두산, 일본 큐슈지방에서 출토된 흑요석과 연구 대상 지역의 흑요석에 대한 분석 결과를 비교했을 때 미량원소와 희토류 원소의 함량의 차이는 있으나 대부분 서로 유사한 원소분포 패턴을 보였다. Sr 동위원소 분석 결과 소사 대상지역의 흑요석이 우리나라 남부지방이나 백두산 기원의 흑요석과는 상당히 많은 차이를 나타낸다. E-Ar 연대 측정 결과 약 30Ma로써 백두산 화산환동 시기인 10Ma보다 오래된 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 조사지역의 흑요석을 포함하여 한반도에서 발견되는 흑요석을 광물, 안석, 미량원소, 동위원소 및 연대 측정 등을 종합적해 볼 때 백두산지역, 일본큐슈와 한반도 남부지역, 한반도 중부지역 및 조사지역인 월성동 흑요석으로 4대분 할 수 있으며 이는 한반도에서 출토되는 흑요석의 기원지의 다양성을 시사하고 있다.