This study was conducted to evaluate the microbial contamination levels in the processing company of Nuroong-ji. Microbial contamination levels were examined for sanitary indication bacteria such as aerobic plate count, coliforms and fungi, and pathogenic bacteria such as Escherchia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. Contamination levels were detected differently according to handling materials and purposing work-space. The equipments and raw materials were not seriously contaminated but there were necessary to attend the cross-contamination. A high contamination level was detected at the process where the interference of the employees was relatively higher than the other process. Standardization of the roasting process (120~170℃, about 10 min) could be necessary to control the microbial organism effectively on Nuroong-ji manufacturing process. At small/medium size foodstuff manufacturers, it is the most important to improve the recognition level of individual hygiene but also expand a hygiene facility.

본 연구에서는 비대칭 단면을 갖는 박벽 곡선보의 자유진동 및 처짐해석을 위하여 박벽단면을 갖는 기존의 곡선보 이론의 단점을 보완하고자 도심-전단중심 정식화에 근거한 개선된 곡선보 이론을 제시한다. 변위장은 각각 도심과 전단중심에서 정의한 변위파라미터를 도입하여 나타내었으며 곡선보의 두께-곡률 효과와 회전관성효과를 고려한 개선된 변형에너지와 운동에너지를 엄밀하게 유도하였다. 본 연구의 타당성과 정확성을 증명하기 위하여 Hermitian 곡선보요소를 사용한 유한요소해석을 수행하였으며 해석 결과들을 도심 정식화에 의하여 산정한 결과, 선행 연구자 결과 및 ABAQUS의 쉘요소를 이용한 결과와 비교하였다.

Maturation and spawning of the Blackthroat seaperch, Doderleinia berycoides were investigated based on the samples captured in Korean waters from January 2008 to December 2009. Gonadosomatic index began to increase in June, and reached maximum between July to September. After spawning it began to decrease from October. Reproductive season was estimated to July-September, with peak in August. Fecundity was proportional to the size of the female, with the clutch size varying from 115,500 eggs in the smallest female (TL〓28.2cm) to 652,000 eggs in the largest (TL〓33.5cm). Size at 50% sexual maturity (TL50), determined from mature females, was 29.6cm. Annual reproductive cycles of this species could be divided into six successive stages; immature stage (October-May), nucleolus stage (June-July), yolk vesicle stage (July-August), vitellogenic stage (June-September), ripe and spent stage (August-October).

Species composition and seasonal variation of fish assemblage in Sacheon marine ranching, Korea were examined. Sampling was seasonally made by a shrimp trawl from February 2009 to November 2009. A total of 55 species were collected. Of these, five species was dominant species comprising 51.1% of the total number of individuals. Nine species represented 57.3% of the total biomass. While total abundance (number of individuals) was high in spring, total biomass and species richness (number of species) and diversity were high in autumn. Cluster analysis, based on seasonally abundance data of the 21 most common species, showed that the species were separated into 4 different groups. Group A composed of Pholis nebulosa, Pleuronectes yokohamae, Hypodytes rubripinnis, Hexagrammos otakii, Tridentiger trigonocephalus and Paracercis sexfasciata, which were year round residents, group B Congr myriaster, Leiognathus nuchalis, and Platycephalus indicus, which were abundant in autumn, group C Sillago japonica, Pseudaesopia japonica, Zoarces gilli, Pholis fangi, and Pleuronichthys cornutus which were abundant in spring, and group D Sillago sihama, Cociella sp., Johnius grypotus, Cynoglossus joyneri, Cynoglossus robustus, and Pennahia argentata, which were abundant in summer. Principal component analysis revealed that seasonal variation in the fish assemblage was attributed to the abundance of temporal species such as conger and sand smelt fishes, which were abundant in summer, due to seasonal variation of water temperature.

Halitosis is a major problem on social interactions in many people, and oral hygiene control is a major treatment for halitosis. However, medication may be the choice of method for non-oral origin halitosis. The present study evaluated the efficacy of chlorophyllin medication for oral malodor patients with GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). 26 patients with halitosis visited Department of Periodontology of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. VSCs (Volatile Sulfur compounds) level was evaluated according to Chlorophyllin medication after 20 days’ medication. Scaling was conducted after medication, and VSCs level was measured 28 days after scaling. Chlorophyllin medication on the halitosis patients with GERD showed a statistically significant efficacy (P > 0.05). There was no significant effect on the patients without GERD (P>0.05). There was no significant effect s caling before o ne month ( P>0.05). Chlorophyllin was e ffective in t he halitosis patients with GERD. There was no significant difference one month after scaling.

Composites of ceramic powders and an elastomer-based matrix were prepared by mixing CaCO3 powders with polyethylene and polypropylene elastomers, and their mechanical and sound insulation properties were measured. CaCO3 powders with 0.7 μm and 35 μm particle size were added to elastomers up to 80 wt%. Scanning electron microscopy photographs showed uniform distribution of the CaCO3 powders in the matrix. While density and surface hardness increased, melt index, tensile strength and elongation of the composites decreased as the amount of added CaCO3 powders increased. As more CaCO3 powders were added sound transmission loss of the composites increased owing to the increase of density. Addition of 0.7 μm sized CaCO3 powders resulted in a slightly higher transmission loss than the addition of 35 μm sized powders because of the increased interface area between the elastomer matrix and the CaCO3 powders. Composites with a polyethylene matrix showed higher transmission loss than those with a polypropylene matrix because the tensile strength and hardness of the polyethylene-based composites were low and their elongation was high.

수소에너지는 환경오염과 화석에너지 고갈에 따른 에너지 문제를 해결할 수 있는 유력한 대안으로 주목받고 있다. 수소에너지 시대 개막을 위한 준비는 아직 걸음마 단계이나 정부의 지속적이며 전폭적인 정책적 재정적 지원과 더불어 각 분야의 연구 기술개발 활성화 노력을 통해 조속한 시일 내에 실현될 것으로 예상된다. 세계 무역의 견인차 역할을 맡고 있는 선박에 수소에너지 기술을 도입하고 활용하기 위한 준비와 연구가 절실하다. 일각의 수소 연료전지선박에 관한 연구와 실증이 활발히 진행 중인 사실은 고무적이다. 이와 함께 보다 대형화되는 선박과 해상의 특수한 환경 속에서 수소에너지를 직접 이용해 항행에 필요한 동력을 얻을 수 있는 수소엔진과 같은 다양한 방법에 관한 연구도 병행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus spp. are recognized as a major concern in animal and human health. In pigs, ingestion of aflatoxin-contaminated feeds causes immunosuppression, hepatotoxicosis and poor feed efficiency. In this study, we screened the contaminated level of aflatoxins in 449 pig feeds from 12 swine farms in Korea. For rapid and efficient screening of aflatoxins in pig feeds we evaluated the feasibility of three commercial ELISA kits for the screening of aflatoxins in pig feeds. Twenty-nine pig feed samples were examined for total aflatoxins using three ELISA kits, simultaneously. From three repetitions of each assay, the average intra-assay precisions and the average inter-assay precisions expressed as coefficient of variation (CV, %) for VeratoxⓇ Quantitative Aflatoxin test were 6.90 and 12.29, respectively. A statistical comparison of the results between HPLC and ELISAs showed that the correlation coefficient values for VeratoxⓇ was 0.96. The results demonstrated that we can apply the VeratoxⓇ Quantitative Aflatoxin test for the detection of aflatoxins in pig feed from the field. The screening of field samples with this ELISA kit showed that 11 out of 265 pig feeds for growers and weaners were contaminated with total aflatoxin levels exceeding 10 ppb, maximum tolerable limits for their compound feeds and the aflatoxins levels of remaining 184 pig feeds for other age groups of pigs were confirmed as below 20 ppb. The results from the screening indicated overall low levels of aflatoxins contamination in pig feeds.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis and autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathy. Campylobacter jejuni is the most commonly identified infectious trigger for GBS. A sialic-acid containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Campylobacter is thought to be involved in the triggering of GBS. The galE (UDPgalactoset- epimerase) gene of Campylobacter spp. is involved in the synthesis of LPS. In this study, we detected the galE gene in Campylobacter spp. responsible for triggering the onset of GBS. The PCR assay detected the presence of the gene in 14 of the 25 (56%) Campylobacter isolates from domestic chicken, 20 of the 28 (71.4%) Campylobacter isolates from imported chicken and 50 of the 51 (98%) Campylobacter isolates from human clinical samples. Also, the specific 497-bp region of galE sequence in Campylobacters responsible for triggering the onset of GBS was amplified from GBS patient. These results could provide evidence of the first GBS-related C. jejuni infection in Korea.

This study investigated the food and dietary educational content in primary, middle and high school textbooks in order to provide fundamental data for the development of educational programs on Korean traditional food culture. The research objects consisted of 51 kinds of textbooks (15 kinds of primary school textbooks, 29 kinds of middle school home economics textbooks and 7 kinds of high school home economics textbooks), and the contents related to food and dietary education were counted and analyzed. The content analysis was performed using two categories: application method and subject matter. Application method included texts, cases, visual aids (pictures, photos, illustrations, chart, etc.) and activities, whereas subject matter consisted of seven types (well balanced nutrition and health, understanding of food and nutrition, cooking principles, cooking lessons, traditional foods and culture, others). The results of the application method in primary school textbooks show that visual aids were the most common in all six grades. For the subject matter, 'understanding of food and nutrition' was most abundant in primary school textbooks while 'well balanced nutrition and health' accounted for a large part of the contents in middle school textbooks. However, the contents regarding traditional foods and culture were insufficient in primary and middle school textbooks. These results suggest that educational contents on traditional foods and culture should be added to primary and middle school textbooks and covered in various subjects. Furthermore, high school 'home economics' contents need to emphasize comprehensive food and dietary education and adjust to 'science & technology for life'.

세신(Asarum sieboldii)은 쥐방울과(Aristolochiaceae)에 속하는 다년생 식물로서, 민족두리풀(Asarum heterotropoides F. Maekawa var. mandshuricum F. Maekawa) 또는 족두리풀(Asarum sieboldii var. seoulensis)의 뿌리를 약용으로 한다. 세신의 성분으로는 methyleugenol, cineol, safrole, limonene, eucarvone (azulene), elemicin, kakuol, 1,8-cineol, γ-asarone, asarylketone 등을 함유한다고 보고되어 있으며, 세신의 추출물은 해열, 진정, 진통, 항염증, 항균작용 등을 나타낸다고 보고되고 있다. 우리나라 목조문화재 가해 및 저장해충으로 알려진 권연벌레(Lasioderma serricorne, Fabicius)는 크기가 작고 방제가 매우 어려운 해충으로 알려져있다. 목조문화재는 특성상 직접 약제처리를 하기가 어렵기 때문에 권연벌레를 방제하기 위하여 주로 훈증처리를 통한 방제 방법을 활용하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 권연벌레의 방제법의 일환으로서 활용하고자 세신의 메탄올추출물과 디클로로메탄추출물을 이용하여 훈증처리와 기피 실험을 통하여 권연벌레에 대한 세신의 살충활성과 기피효과를 알아보았다. 각각 원액을 포함한 추출물을 농도를 달리하기 위하여 70% 에탄올로 희석시킨 후 0.3g/ml부터 0.1g/ml씩 더 농도를 높게 하여 추출물 원액까지 8개 농도로 훈증 실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 50% 이상의 살충활성을 나타내는 농도가 에탄올 추출물은 0.8g/ml로 나타났으며, 디클로로메탄 추출물은 0.4g/ml로 에탄올 추출물보다 높게 나타났다. 이는 세신의 주요 살충활성을 나타내는 성분이 디클로로메탄 용매에 많이 용출되는 것으로 사료된다. 그러나 세신의 기피효과 실험에서는 효과를 나타내지 않았다.

유기질 문화재 보존 천연 살생물제 개발을 위한 후보물질 조사를 위해 국내에 자생하는 황벽나무(Phellodendron amurense) 열매의 메탄올 조추출물 및 분획물을 대상으로 쌀바구미(Sitophilus oryzae) 성충에 대한 살충활성 및 항산화 활성을 조사하였다. 조추출물은 극성 차이를 이용하여 n-hexane(Hex), dichloromethane(MC), ethylacetate(EA)로 순차적으로 분획되었으며, 농도별로 24시간동안 접촉 및 훈증 방법에 의해 쌀바구미의 치사율을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 황벽나무 열매의 EA 분획물에서 쌀바구미에 대해 상대적으로 높은 치사율을 나타내었다. 그러나 조추출물 및 Hex, MC 분획물에서는 낮은 치사율을 나타내었다. 또한, 추출물 및 분획물의 항산화 활성을 측정한 결과, 100㎍/㎖의 농도에서 조추출물, Hex, MC 분획물의 항산화 활성이 각각 19.6%, 12.4%, 22.5%로 약하게 나타난 반면, EA 분획물은 62.8%의 강한 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 위의 결과로부터 황벽나무 열매 EA 분획물은 쌀바구미에 대한 살충활성과 항산화 활성이 우수한 물질로 조사되었기 때문에, 이들에 의해 야기되는 생물학적 열화에 대한 유기질 문화재 보존 천연 살생물제 개발을 위한 후보물질로 사용가능할 것으로 사료된다.

공공시설이라 함은 공공의 이용에 제공된 물건으로서, 직접적으로 행정목적 달성에 제공되는 것이라는 점에서 우선 강학상 공물에 해당한다. 또한 행정법은 공익실현을 최우선의 목표로 하기 때문에, 결국 행정법이 추구하는 공익실현의 물적 도구 개념이 바로 공공시설이라고 할 수 있으며, 시설물의 형태적 요소보다는 설치의 목적이 중요한 개념요소가 된다.공물이란 행정주체에 의해 직접 공적 목적에 제공된 유체물과 무체물 및 물건의 집합체를 의미하는 바, 민법상의 소유관계가 중요한 것이 아니라 비록 사법의 적용을 받는 물건이라도 일정한 관점과 일정 범위에서 공법상의 목적에 의해 제약을 받는다는 점에서 사물과 구별된다.영조물법인이란 공공서비스 경영목적의 공법상의 법인이라고 정의할 수 있는데, 공법에 의해 창설하는 인적·물적 시설의 총합체라는 조직적 개념에 공공서비스적인 측면을 부가시킨 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 영조물법인은 권리, 능력을 향유하는 법인체인데 반하여 공공시설이라 함은 공익을 만족시킬 목적에서 행해지는 공공토목공사의 결과로서 남게 되는 공공의 욕구에 할당된 단순한 구조물을 의미한다.한편, 프랑스에서 공기업이라고 하면 일반적으로 “전체적 혹은 부분적으로 사적인 소유나 경영의 지배를 피하여 국가나 지방자치단체의 다소 밀접한 감독을 받는 법인체의 회사”를 말한다. 이때의 법인격은 공법인, 사법인을 불문한다. 공기업이란 영조물과 마찬가지로 조직체의 관점에서 파악되어야 하며, 다만 기능적 관점에서 영조물과 차이가 날 뿐이다.공공시설의 개념은 방법론상으로는 강학상의 공물, 영조물, 공기업의 물적 요소들을 지칭하는 도구개념으로 사용될 수 있다. 이러한 경우, 영조물이나 공기업에 있어 조직법적 논의를 제외한 물적 요소에 관한 법적 문제에 대해 통일적 이해를 도모할 수 있게 된다.

In this study, Ti powders were fabricated from Ti scrap by the Hydrogenation-Dehydrogenation (HDH) method.The Ti powders were prepared from the spark plasma sintering (SPS) and their microstructure was investigated.Hydrogenation reactions of Ti scrap occurred at near 450oC with a sudden increase in the reaction temperature and thedecreasing pressure of hydrogen gas during the hydrogenation process in the furnace. The dehydrogenation process was alsocarried out at 750oC for 2 hrs in a vacuum of 10-4torr. After the HDH process, deoxidation treatment was carried out withthe Ca (purity: 99.5%) at 700oC for 2 hrs in the vacuum system. It was found that the oxidation content of Ti powder thatwas deoxidized with Ca showed noticeably lower values, compared to the content obtained by the HDH process. In orderto fabricate the Ti compacts, Ti powder was sintered under an applied uniaxial punch pressure of 40 MPa in the range of900-1200oC for 5 min under a vacuum of 10-4torr. The relative density of the compact was 99.5% at 1100oC and the tensilestrength decreased with increasing sintering temperature. After sintering, all of the Ti compacts showed brittle fracturebehavior, which occurred in an elastic range with short plastic yielding up to a peak stress. Ti improved the corrosionresistance of the Ti compacts, and the Pd powders were mixed with the HDH Ti powders.