This study embraces the viewpoint that intercultural sensitivity can be efficiently increased by accepting the communication behaviors(CB) of different groups which are closely related to the components of world views. This study is to examine the CB of North Korean refugees with South Korean people in terms of intercultural sensitivity. It surveyed six North Korean refugees who could share their broad experience of CB. The results show that the participants experienced harsh communication behaviors caused by the dichotomous views, and the stereotypes due to the political impact in denial and defense stages of ethnocentrism. Although the CB based on human empathy in minimization stage was experienced, this situation was made when they tried concealing their origin or putting down their self-esteem. Also, in this stage their revealing the North Korean way of CB inadvertently caused misunderstandings and conflicts. Finally, based on the research findings, this study suggests some ways to accept the CB of North Korean refugees in terms of increasing intercultural sensitivity.

본 연구는 제품과 물리적 접촉이 불가능한 온라인 환경에서 다중 감각 단서가 소비자의 촉각적 심상과 제품에 대한 태도 및 구매 의사에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 실험 1에서는 참가자들을 음향 없이 사진만 제시한 조건, 음향 없이 영상만 제시한 조건, 일치하는 음향과 영상을 제시한 조건, 불일치하는 음향과 영상을 제시한 조건으로 나누어 제품을 탐색하게 하였고 그 후 촉각적 심상선명도, 제품 사용의 상상용이성, 제품에 대한 태도-구매 의사를 측정하였 다. 그 결과, 모든 변수에서 불일치하는 음향과 영상이 주어진 조건이 가장 낮은 평균 점수를 보였다. 실험 2는 참가자 내 디자인으로 설계되어, 참가자들에게 동일한 제품을 실험 1과 같은 네 개의 조건에서 탐색하게 하였다. 탐색 후,촉각적 심상선명도, 제품 사용의 상상용이성, 제품에 대한 태도-구매 의사, 접촉 욕구 등을 측정하였다. 접촉 욕구를 공변인으로 하는 반복측정 공분산분석 결과, 일치하는 음향과 영상을 제시한 조건은 다른 조건과 비교했을 때 유의미 하게 심상선명도, 제품에 대한 태도, 제품 구매 의사가 높았다. 이중 매개 분석 결과, 다중 감각 단서 조건은 심상선명 도와 제품 사용의 상상용이성을 순차적으로 매개하여 제품에 대한 태도-구매 의사를 유의미하게 예측했다. 결론적으 로, 음향 및 영상 단서로 유발된 선명한 촉각적 심상은 소비자가 제품을 사용하는 상황의 상상을 쉽게 만들어 태도-구 매 의사와 같은 의사 결정에 긍정적 영향을 미칠 수 있다.

본 연구는 간호대학생의 임상실습 동안 적용한 SBAR 보고교육이 의사소통명확성, 의사소통 만족도, 보고자신감, 의사소통능력에 미치는 영향요인을 파악하고자 실시되었다. 자료수집기간은 2019년 12월 1일부터 12월 20일까지이며 2개 대학교에서 임상실습을 6주 이상 완료한 3학년을 편의 추출하였다. 대상자 수는 SBAR 보고교육을 받은 103명과 교육을 받지 않은 113명이다. 자료분석은 SPSS 21.0 프로그램을 이용하여 t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient 등으로 분석하였다. 의사소통명 확성과 의사소통능력은 양의 상관관계(r=.52, p<.001)가 있었고, 보고자신감은 의사소통만족도와 양의 상관관계(r=.53, p<.001)가 있으며, 의사소통능력은 보고자신감과 양의 상관관계(r=.46, p<.001)가 있었다. 의사소통능력은 의사소통명확성(β=.29, p<.001), 의사소통만족도(β=.43, p<.001), 보고자신감(β=.15, p=.009)이 유의한 영향요인이었으며, 설명력은 49.0%로 나타났다. 결론적으로 간호대학생에게 임상실습 중 실무능력을 파악하여 보고체계를 강화하기 위한 교육적 제도와 교수방법의 프로그램 개발이 필요하다.

Tungsten disulfide (WS2), a typical 2D layerd structure, has received much attention as a pseudocapacitive material because of its high theoretical specific capacity and excellent ion diffusion kinetics. However, WS2 has critical limits such as poor long-term cycling stability owing to its large volume expansion during cycling and low electrical conductivity. Therefore, to increase the high-rate performance and cycling stability for pseudocapacitors, well-dispersed WS2 nanoparticles embedded in carbon nanofibers (WS2-CNFs), including mesopores and S-doping, are prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and sulfurizaiton. These unique nanocomposite electrodes exhibit a high specific capacity (159.6 F g−1 at 10 mV s−1), excellent high-rate performance (81.3 F g−1 at 300 mV s−1), and long-term cycling stability (55.9% after 1,000 cycles at 100 mV s−1). The increased specific capacity is attributed to well-dispersed WS2 nanoparticles embedded in CNFs that the enlarge active area; the increased high-rate performance is contributed by reduced ion diffusion pathway due to mesoporous CNFs and improved electrical conductivity due to S-doped CNFs; the long-term cycling stability is attributed to the CNFs matrix including WS2 nanoparticles, which effectively prevent large volume expansion.

The Life-sustaining Treatment Decisions Act has became enforced in 2018. Patients' decision-making on life-sustaining treatments can change according to their health status and situations and thus should be understood as the process requiring continuous care. Therefore, it is necessary to build a support system to help patients' decision-making at end-of-life care including life-sustaining treatments. Nurses provide continuous care at the bedside and play a significant role in supporting patients' and their families' decision-making about end-of-life care. Based on reviewing literature and the enforcing process of the Life-sustaining Treatment Decisions Act, this paper described nurses' nursing care activities to support decision-making on life-sustaining treatments. The nursing care activities are 'empathetic support for the decision-making,' 'respect for patients and families as agents for the decision-making,' and 'support for the decision-making as a counselor.' It can emphasize the importance of a nurse's role as a support system for patients’ and their families' decision-making about end-of-life care.

The research aims to identify vocabulary meaning of “resentment” in Chinese and Korean language. For this, words were extracted, meaning “resentment” in 『A Dictionary of Modern Chinese Usage』, 『A Dictionary of Modern Reverse Chinese Usage』, and 『The Korean Standard Unabridged Dictionary』 published by The National Institute of the Korean Language. Through analysis of these words, distributions by parts of speech and types of word formation were analyzed. The results are as follows: in Chinese, the meaning of “resentment” are the most common in verbs, followed by nouns and adjectives. On the other hand, nouns includes the most “resentments” words, followed by verbs and adjectives. In terms of word formation, most of the Chinese “resentment” vocabulary are compound words; their internal structure mainly consist of verbs and objectives, or modifier and nouns. On the contrary, in case of Korean language, compound nouns and derivative verbs are the most common. Finally, in respect of representative vocabulary of “resentment”, metaphor concept for “resentment” in Chinese and Korean language are in the following: both Chinese and Korean words conceptualize the meaning of “water, red, fire (or heat or hot vapor), thing, food, climate, and weapon.” However, conceptualizing as “plant” appears in only Korean language, and as “letter” and “dangerous animal” in only Chinese language.

본 연구는 중년여성의 자아탄력성, 부부의사소통, 정신건강이 행복감에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 수행되었다. 본 연구에 참여한 연구대상자는 239명으로, 평균연령은 54.15±6.38세 이었다. 연구 분석 방법은 SPSS 21.0을 사용하여 일반적 특성에 따른 제 변수간의 차이, 자아탄력성, 부부의사소통, 정신 건강, 행복감의 상관관계를 확인하였고, 중년여성의 행복감에 영향을 미치는 요인을 확인하기 위해 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 자아탄력성 평균 3.46점((1-5점), 부부의사소통 평균 2.44점(1-5점), 정신 건강 평균 1.82점(0-4점), 행복감 3,21점(1-5점)으로 나타났다. 일반적 특성에서 행복감의 차이는 교육수준(F=3.406, p=.035), 주관적 건강상태(F=7.385, p=.001)에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 제 변수들간 상관관계를 확인한 결과 행복감은 자아탄력성(r=.393, p=<.001)은 정적상관관계를 보였고 신체화 (r=-.134, p=.039), 우울(r=-.356, p<.001), 불안(r=-.269, p<.001)과는 부적상관 관계를 보였다. 중년여성의 행복감에 영향을 미치는 예측요인은 우울(β=-.437, p<.001)자아탄력성(β=.350, p<.001), 신체화(β =.239 p=.009), 건강상태: 보통(β=-.150, p=.009), 나쁨(β=-.147, p=.015)로 30.4%의 설명력을 보였고, 회귀모형은 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다(F=14.02, p<.001). 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 중년여성의 행복감 을 증진시키기 위해 자아탄력성을 증진시키고 정신건강을 강화하는 교육 프로그램이 개발되어야 할 것이다.

Most of the open-source decision tree algorithms are based on three splitting criteria (Entropy, Gini Index, and Gain Ratio). Therefore, the advantages and disadvantages of these three popular algorithms need to be studied more thoroughly. Comparisons of the three algorithms were mainly performed with respect to the predictive performance. In this work, we conducted a comparative experiment on the splitting criteria of three decision trees, focusing on their interpretability. Depth, homogeneity, coverage, lift, and stability were used as indicators for measuring interpretability. To measure the stability of decision trees, we present a measure of the stability of the root node and the stability of the dominating rules based on a measure of the similarity of trees. Based on 10 data collected from UCI and Kaggle, we compare the interpretability of DT (Decision Tree) algorithms based on three splitting criteria. The results show that the GR (Gain Ratio) branch-based DT algorithm performs well in terms of lift and homogeneity, while the GINI (Gini Index) and ENT (Entropy) branch-based DT algorithms performs well in terms of coverage. With respect to stability, considering both the similarity of the dominating rule or the similarity of the root node, the DT algorithm according to the ENT splitting criterion shows the best results.

내시경역행담췌관조영술(ERCP)은 다양한 췌장담도 질환의 진단과 치료에 있어 기본적이며 중요한 시술이다. 그러나 ERCP는 시술의 위험 요소가 크며, 여러 합병증을 동반할 수 있다. 이에 시술자는 적절한 ERCP 수행 능력이 요구되며 여러 술기에 대해 이해하고 가이드라인에 따른 안전한 시술이 필요하며 발생한 합병증에 적절히 대처할 수 있어야 한다.

내시경역행담췌관조영술을 시행함에 있어 의사들은 기본적 으로 보험고시를 잘 알고 있어야 한다. 행위료와 재료비로 나누어서 각각 청구하게 되며 보험고시에 따라 청구해야 나중에 불이익을 받지 않는다. 내시경역행담췌관조영술에 대한 보험고시도 종종 바뀌기 때문에 변경된 내용을 잘 숙지하고 적용해야 한다. 시술 중에는 적절하게 사진을 근거로 남겨야 하고, 시술 후에는 판독지에 시술 과정과 사용한 재료에 대해 기록을 잘 남기는 것이 중요하다. 시술 후에는 처방에 대해 이중 확인하여 보험청구를 제대로 하였는지 검증해야 한다.

To date, there is no standardization of the endoscopi c retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) room setting regarding with the size, equipment or space arrangement. Therefore, the authors visited 11 tertiary hospitals that recently remodeled or newly designed the ERCP room to analyze and identify their advantages and disadvantages. The ERCP room should have enough space for equipments including fluoroscopy, endoscopy, electrosurgical unit, preparation table and for patient movement. The EUS room does not require an independent space unless it is a very large scale hospital, and the ERCP room can be shared. Considering the pros and cons of each equipment, adequate fluoroscopic device should be selected depending on the hospital circumstance. Expensive equipment for X-ray fluoroscopy system is not necessarily good, and it is necessary to install equipment suitable for each hospital situation by understanding the advantages and disadvantages of fluoroscopy. For prevention of ERCP-related radiation hazard, both endoscopist and assistants should wear radiation-blocking apron, thyroid protectors, and lead glasses. Furthermore, a shield that can block radiation between the endoscopist and the patient should be installed to protect high-energy scattered waves. One-way direction should be designed to prevent cross infection when moving the endoscopic equipment from the ERCP to the cleaning room. If possible, it is recommended to keep a cardiopulmonary resuscitation cart in the ERCP room.

PURPOSES : The aim of this study is to develop a decision-making model for safety countermeasures based on the characteristics of water deer roadkills. METHODS : Through field investigation, 113 water deer roadkills with factors related to environment, geometry, and ecology were collected from May 2018 to April 2019. From the collected database, the characteristics of water deer roadkills were analyzed. An analytic hierarchy process was applied to establish a decision-making model to prevent water deer roadkills from appearing. RESULTS : The likelihood of water deer roadkills increases in summer and winter, road sections in suburban areas with low traffic volume, surrounding farmlands, and areas without illumination. The results show that factors such as safety, ecology, road geometry, policy consistency, and the willingness of the local government are critical factors for establishing the decision-making model. CONCLUSIONS : Appropriate safety countermeasures for water deer roadkills can be developed if the roadkill frequency, degree of sight distance restriction, speed limit for controlling overspeeding, roadkill severity, degree of forest area, traffic volume, and willingness of competent authorities are considered as essential variables.

본 연구에서는 중국 길림성 연변 주 지역의 ‘연변황우’ 소비자 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였음. 먼저 국내외 브랜드 인지 및 구매 의사에 관한 이론을 검토하고 소비자의 브랜드 인식 등의 이론을 바탕으로 연구 가설을 제시하였음. ‘연변황우’에 대한 소비자 구매 의사에 영향을 미치는 요인을 구축하여 분석을 실시하였음. 연구 결과 1. ‘연변황우’ 브랜드 이미지는 소비자의 구매 의사에 긍정적인 영향을 미치며 소비자의 ‘품질 감지’ 요인에 정(+)의 영향을 미침. 2. ‘위험 감지’ 요인에는 부(-)의 영향을 미침. ‘품질 감지’ 요인은 ‘연변황우’ 구매 의사에 긍정적인 영향을 미침. 3. ‘연변황우’의 브랜드 이미지 관리를 강화해야하며 이는 브랜드의 연구관련에 새로운 분야 탐색에 중요한 의의가 있음.

The purpose of this study is to explore inter-grade dividing criteria of the 2015 grade group elementary English textbooks. Elementary English textbooks consist of two grade groups: the 3rd and 4th grade group and the 5th and 6th grade group. L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer(L2SCA) is utilized to investigate the dividing criteria of the communicative functions implemented in these textbooks. Subjects of the analysis were the listening dialogues for their structural sequencing of 3rd to 4th graders and 5th to 6th graders separately within their own grade groups. Data were processed and analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and independent sample t tests for inter-grade textbooks for 14 L2SCA statistical indices. The findings are: 6 indices out of the 14 L2SCA statistical indices turn out to be critical for dividing the 2015 grade group elementary English textbooks. The 6 indices are mean clause length, mean sentence length, mean t-unit length, mean complex noun phrasal number per phrase and per t-unit and mean number of verb phrases per t-unit. Based on the findings, it is suggested that a standardized criteria derived from these 6 indices can be provided as an inter-grade dividing criteria of the 2015 grade group elementary English textbooks.

본 연구는 거주시설에서 생활하는 지적장애 성인에게 놀이활동을 실시하여, 지역사회와의 통합과 사회화 에 필요한 자기표현과 의사소통에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 밝히고자 질적 연구를 수행하였다. 장애인거주 시설에서 대학진학을 하지 않고 직업도 갖고 있지 않은 20세 이상의 지적장애인 7명을 대상으로 놀이활동 프로그램을 주 1회 120분씩 총 20회기를 실시하였으며, 이와 관련된 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 자기표현과 의사소통이 억제된 9명의 참여자에게서 눈 맞춤과 의사소통의 횟수가 증가되었고, 다양한 감정의 표현이 나타났으며, 언어적 표현이 부족한 참여자들은 몸동작으로 의사를 표현하였다. 참여자들이 서로에게 도움 을 주고받는 과정에서도 언어적, 비언어적 표현과 의사소통이 활발하게 이루어졌다. 놀이활동 프로그램의 경험을 통해 참여자들은 자신의 의사가 전달되는 과정을 거치면서 성취감을 가졌고, 다른 사람이 어눌한 자신의 언어를 알아듣지 못하는 것에 대한 두려움도 지속적인 도전을 통해 자신감을 회복하였다. 또한 자기표현과 의사소통이 반복되면서 사회화가 이루어지는 경험이 되었다.

One of the most demanded competencies of an oral health professional such as an oral pathologist is the ability to make clinical decisions. The purpose of this study was to examine the neurological differences between beginners and experts in the clinical decision-making process which consisting of complex, dynamic and sophisticated cognitive processes, and to identify the characteristics of experts based on the brain by comparing EEG activity. This study conducted experimental design with 10 dentists with more than 10 years of clinical experience and 10 students with short clinical experience as beginners as a fourth year student before graduation. The hypothesis-oriented algorithm proposed in HOAC II was used. As a standard, the clinical decision-making stage of the dentist was divided into three stages, and an event was developed and an experiment was designed for measuring EEG for each stage. The cerebral activity distribution patterns of the two groups were measured with EEG, compared and analyzed with pre-processing process using EEGlab. As a result, the difference in the auditory information was not noticeable between the novice and the expert, but the difference between the group of the novice and the expert appeared in the visual data and the radiographic data. In the case of beginners, the activity was higher in the left hemisphere, and in the case of experts, both brains were activated. The results of this study are intended to present objective information based on brain-based analysis of differences that appear in the clinical decision-making process of experts and beginners. It can be used as basic research data to present the brain-based characteristic analysis of dentist experts.

Live-streaming commerce business is growing as the consumption of video content and Smartphone shopping increases. This study examines the following three aspects: whether para-social interaction influences perceived interactivity; whether seller trust affects satisfaction with the experience; whether relationships are controlled by a moderated mediator of self-image congruity. An online survey was conducted with 203 women aged 20-30 years. They were asked to respond to the survey after watching a beauty category live-streaming commerce broadcast. The results revealed that the para-social interaction had a significant effect on perceived interactivity, seller trust and satisfaction with the experience. The findings also indicated that the perceived interactivity and seller trust mediated the relationship between para-social interaction and satisfaction with the experience. Regarding the mediated moderation effect of self-image congruity, it was statistically significant between para-social interaction and perceived interactivity through seller trust. A higher level of consumer’s self-image congruity influenced the greater effect of para-social interaction on live commerce experience. This study makes important theoretical contributions to the para-social interaction in mobile commerce industry by emphasizing the mediating role of perceived interactivity and seller trust. This is achieved by examining the moderating effects of self-congruity on satisfaction with the experience. The results also verify the seller’s crucial role in live-streaming commerce market which leads to the consumers greater fulfillment.

본 연구는 데이터 마이닝 기반 의사결정 나무 분석을 적용해 Z세대 스포츠 소비 스타일을 탐색 하여 Z세대가 주도할 스포츠 소비 시장을 예측하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 했다. 따라서 Z세대 중 만 19세 이상 남성 및 여성을 표본으로 선정해 본 조사를 실시했으며, 총 429명의 자료를 최종 분석에 사용했다. 자료처리는 SPSS statistics(ver. 21.0) 프로그램을 이용하여 빈도분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 재검사 신 뢰도 및 신뢰도 분석, 의사결정 나무 분석을 실시했다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 합리 효율성 지수가 높고, 심미적 소비 지수가 낮을 경우 여성 집단으로 분류될 확률이 96.8%로 나타났다. 반면에 합리 효율성과 가격 지향 지수가 낮을 경우 남성 집단으로 분류될 확률이 100%로 나타났다. 둘째, 브랜드 지향, 가격 지향, 합리 효율성 지수가 높을 경우 수도권 집단으로 분류될 확률이 97.3%로 나타났다. 앞서 제시한 결과와는 상반적으로 브랜드 지향, 기념 의례, 지위 상징 지수가 낮을 경우 이외 지역 집단으로 분 류될 확률이 82.1%로 나타났다. 셋째, 지위 상징, 유행 지향 지수가 높으며, 기능성 지수가 낮을 경우 일상 생활 및 패션 집단으로 분류될 확률이 77.6%로 나타났다. 이와 반대로 지위 상징 지수가 낮고, 소속감 유지, 소비 향유 지수가 높을 경우 운동 및 경기 집단으로 분류될 확률이 81.0%로 나타났다.