This study seeks to explore the relationship between clothing adaptation and acculturation for married Chinese immigrant women. In addition, it aims to analyze the differences in their clothing consumption behaviors according to acculturation level. To achieve these purposes, a quantitative research study was conducted on 291 wives of Korean-Chinese multicultural families in Seoul and Gyeonggi. The data was analyzed using factor analysis, cluster analysis, ANOVA, and the Duncun test. The findings were as follows. First, the women were divided into three groups based on their level of acculturation, which was defined as ‘assimilated’, ‘marginalized’ and ‘segregated’. Second, the relationship between their acculturation level and their clothing adaptation was identified. The marginalized group had the lowest level of clothing adaptation. Third, the groups’ differences in clothing selection criteria were analyzed. The segregated group considered the practical aspects (price, color, quality) of clothing to be more important than the other groups. The marginalized group scored the lowest in valuing the aesthetic factors (design, style, trendiness) of clothing. Finally, conformity of clothing consumption varied significantly based on acculturation level. The assimilated and marginalized groups showed higher levels conformity than did the segregated group. Clothing purchase location also varied significantly between the three groups. The assimilated and marginalized groups preferred online shopping, but members of the segregated group preferred to carry out their shopping off-line. This study showed that clothing adaptation and clothing consumption behaviors play key roles in understanding the acculturation of multicultural families.

근대사회의 형성과 함께 국가 간 이동의 자유가 보장되고 국제적 교 류가 활발해지면서 인구의 이동과 유입을 통한 이민이 증가하였다. 한국 은 2000년대를 계기로 혼인을 매개로 하는 이민이 증가하였고 혼인을 통해 유입되는 이민자의 70% 이상이 여성이고, 이는 자녀의 출산과 양 육이라고 하는 관점에서 여러 가지 의미가 있다. 이로 인해 소위 다문화 가족이라고 하는 법적 개념이 형성되고 다문화가족의 형성과 해체에 수 반하는 다양한 사회적인 문제가 증가하였다. 그 중 국제결혼의 파탄으로 인해 결혼이민자가 자녀를 데리고 모국으로 귀국하는 사례가 우리나라뿐 만 아니라 세계적으로도 급증하고 있다. 이에 따라 헤이그 국제사법회의 는 1980년에「국제적 아동탈취의 민사적 측면에 관한 협약」을 제정하 였다. 이 협약에는 현재 93개국이 가입하였고, 국제협약으로서는 상당히 성공한 협약으로서 앞으로 더 많은 국가의 가입이 기대되고 있다. 우리 나라도 2012년에 이 협약에 가입함에 따라, 이행법률을 제정하였고 이 를 통해 2013년 3월 1일부터 협약의 적용을 받는다. 이 논문은 주로 다 음과 같은 두 가지 점에 대해서 검토한다. 첫째, 결혼이민자의 국제적 아 동탈취 행위에 적용될 협약과 이행법률의 구체적 내용에 관해서 검토한 다. 둘째, 가정폭력을 이유로 하는 결혼이민자의 국제적 아동탈취의 경 우, 협약 해석상 문제점을 지적하고 그 대안으로서 자발적 반환의 중요 성과 그 실현방안에 대해서 살펴본다. 구체적 내용은 우선, 협약은 공동 양육권자의 양육권을 침해하여 일방 부모가 아동을 국외로 이동 또는 유 치한 경우에는 불법한 것으로 명시하고 있으므로, 탈취국의 법원은 아동 탈취가 발생한 경우 일정한 예외사유가 인정되지 않는 한, 신속하게 아 동을 원래의 상거소지로 반환하는 명령을 내려야 한다. 신속한 반환원칙 은 아동의 복리에 적합하다는 추정을 받는다. 따라서 반환을 거부하는 예외사유는 가급적 제한적으로 엄격하게 해석해야 한다는 것이 종래의 해석방식이었다. 그러나 협약 적용상 아동 복리(최선의 이익)의 판단과 아동반환의 예외사유 판단은 구별이 어렵고, 특정한 사안에서는 예외사 유 해석의 범위를 완화해야 할 필요성이 있다. 즉, 결혼이민자의 국제적 아동탈취의 원인 중에 하나가 가정폭력을 이유로 하는 경우가 많고, 이 러한 사안에서는 아동의 신속한 반환이라는 협약 원칙의 엄격한 적용에 관해 최근 많은 체약국 학자들로부터 이론적 비판을 받고 있다. 따라서 필자는 협약 해석상 문제의 적절한 대안으로서 당사자 간의 자발적인 반 환의 중요성 및 필요성에 근거하여 양국 간 중재제도의 도입을 고려할 것을 제시한다.

We developed a positively charged membrane with acid resistance via the introduction of a branched-poly(ethyleneimine) (b-PEI) hydrogel layer onto the surface of a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane, which was achieved by immobilization of b-PEI at the PES membrane surface using cross-linking agent. The combined results of ATR FT-IR, XPS and FE-SEM measurements confirmed that the b-PEI hydrogel layer was successfully coated on the PES NF membrane surface. In particular, the b-PEI hydrogel coated membrane surface had positive charge at whole pH range. The positively charged surface could enhance multivalent ion rejection. As a result, the membrane effectively recovered acid substance under strong acidic condition. Moreover, the selective separation was well preserved after exposure to highly concentrated sulfuric acid solution.

This study was carried out in order to investigate Korean food acculturation by married immigrant women and how it affects their children’s eating habits. Using an in-depth interview method, 26 domestically residing married immigrant Chinese, Vietnamese, and Indonesian women in Korea were surveyed to investigate adaption to Korean food at the time of their immigration, their current dietary life, their preferred Korean food, major factors in managing their children’s eating habits, etc. The results reveal that depending on the married immigrant women’s country of birth, which plays an important role in a family’s dietary life and health, acculturation phenomena occurred in which the specific eating habits of each country were grafted into Korean food. Furthermore, due to their school-age children’s display of acceptance of both their homeland’s and Korea’s food culture, we believe that this can become a pivot point for non-governmental diplomacy where Korean food can be understood along with the mothers’ countries.

This study aims to analyze the aspect of coherence realization of narrative discourse of female marriage immigrants. Considering that discourse structure and cohesive devices are engaged in the coherence of discourse, this study attempts to examine the aspect of structure development of narrative discourse and the utilization of reference and conjunction. The participants in the study are intermediate and advanced-level female marriage immigrants. The analysis results of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) the female marriage immigrants selectively contained [abstract] and [evaluation] while essentially containing [setting], [complicating action], [resolution] when comprising narratives; the coherence of discourse was found to be disrupted due to insertion of extraneous contents, lack of information, excess of information, or delaying of the introduction utterances; (2) the use of cohesive devices was concentrated in a particular expression. Suggestions based on the findings of the study are provided.

Park, Eun-Ha. 2015. “Social Discrimination Factors in Korean Coursebooks: Focused on Korean Coursebooks for Female Marriage Immigrants, Immigrant Workers, and North Korean Refugees”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(1). 55~83. This study investigates and analyzes social discrimination factors occurring in Korean coursebooks that disfavor immigrant workers, female marriage immigrants, and North Korean refugees as minorities in Korea. Therefore we examine what kind of social discrimination factors high placed and how these are presented in both verbal and nonverbal expressions. With regard to verbal forms, we examine discriminatory expressions in sentences and conversations including vocabularies commonly used in Korean coursebooks. The result prove that of all other forms of social discrimination found in Korean coursebooks, instances of gender role stereotypes occur most frequently. The second most frequently verbal discriminatory expression found referred to gender personality and behavior, while the third most frequently used discriminatory expression referred to physical appearance and body image. Also revealed in the study was a high recurrence of referencing gender role stereotypes in Korean coursebooks for female marriage immigrants as found through comparing two particular coursebooks. Concerning nonverbal forms, we examine discriminatory expressions in main characters and illustrations. In three types of Korean coursebooks, we observe a high recurrence of gender-biases when discussing job positions. For examples, one coursebook referred to restaurant work as suited for women, while describing the position of doctor as male job. Korean coursebooks for immigrants further reveal discrimination in their descriptions of socioeconomic status as determining so-called higher citizenship status. In illustrations, gender-biases of job and gender role stereotypes were presented more frequently in three kinds of Korean coursebooks than in the other kinds.

The ripple effect of inviting foreign capital is infinite. It brings job creation and the effect of the influx of the population, forms new economic bloc in the corresponding area, and also cotributes economic revitalization in the whole regional economy. Furthermore, it is able to contribute another creation of value-added by increasing foreign reserve nationally. Because of the effect of attracting foreign capital, for such reasons as mentioned, all countires of the world and local autonomous entities are active in attracting foreign capital. Especially, it gets attention as the growth momentum which vitalize the nation and region in the world economic recession. Korea realized that attracting foreign capital is way out of crisis with financial crisis in late 1997, and has made an effort to create free trade zone and support various policies. Korea made an effort to report positivity of inviting foreign capital by offering the better investment environment to foreign capital firm, but the rated result is not that high. Nevertheless, Korea keeps trying for inviting foreign capital and tries to find the solution from attracting Chinese capital. Korea strengthened economic cooperation with China and created "Saemangeum Economic Cooperation Parks, SECP". SECP is to develope city by attracting native and foreign investment with Korea and China. It is necessary to introduct "Real Estate Investment and Immigration System" for success of SECP. Real Estate Investment and Immigration System has positive effects. It creates demand about tourist facilities that would be parcelled out developing tourist attraction, improves development work of tuourist resort in underdeveloped region by promoting additional investment of foreign capital, revitalizes local economy, and attracts foreign tourists. I would like to investigate effectiveness and economic effect of Real Estate Investment and Immigration System that is implemented in the partial areas, and moreover propose remedy that can maximize positive effects of Real Estate Investment and Immigration System for succesful creation of "Saemangeum Economic Cooperation Parks" after compare and analyze Real Estate Investment and Immigration System of the countries (regions) which has implemented it in advance of Korea.

최근 여성결혼이민자의 한국사회적응이 중요한 사회적 과제로 부각되고 있다. 지금까지의 선행연구들은 여성결혼이민자의 생활적응과 사회문화적응에 초점을 두고 있으며, 이들의 경제적 통합을 위한 논의가 부족한 상황이다. 이러한 점을 감안하여, 본 연구의 목적은 부산지역에 거주하는 여성결혼이민자를 대상으로 한국사회에서의 취업 후 직업적응 과정이 어떠한지를 살펴보고자 하는 것이다. 이를 위해 현재취업 중인 여성결혼이민자 10명을 대상으로 심층 면담을 실시하였으며,

역사소설은 지나간 과거를 작가의 상상력으로 재구성한 것이다. 그러나 이러한 상상은 작가가 처한 당대의 현실과 동떨어진 것이 아니며 작가가 처한 사회의 정치문화 콘텍스트, 그리고 작가의 아이덴티티, 역사정보의 장악 정도, 주관적 상상력의 다소 등 주객관적조건의 제약을 받게 마련이다. 본 논문은 우리민족의 이민을 다룬 소설들 중에서 안수길, 리근전, 최홍일이라는 서로 다른 국적과 이념을 가진 창작주체가 각이한 년대에 창작한 <북간도>, <고난의 년대>, <눈물젖은 두만강>을 비교하면서 이들이 어떤 관점에서 역사를 파악하고 그것을 재구성하고 형상화 했는지를 살펴보았다. 이 작품들은 모두 민족의 정체성 문제를 다루고 있지만 안수길의 <북간도>는 민족주의라는 이념하에서 민족의 국토 회복과 주권회복이라는 어마어마한 주제를 다루고 있고, 리근전의 <고난의 년대>는 계급투쟁이라는 이념하에서 조선이주민의 ‘간도 뿌리내리기’와 ‘중국소수민족으로 되기’라는 주제를 다루고 있으며 최홍일의 <눈물젖은 두만강>은 이주민의 생활사라는 이념의 세속화를 주제로 다루고 있다.

본 연구에서는 다공성 polyethylene (PE) 이차전지용 격리막에 poly(ethylenimine) (PEI)을 함침시켜 isophthaloyl dichloride (IPC)을 이용한 가교반응 통하여 음이온교환막을 제조하였다. 제조된 막의 특성화를 평가하기 위하여 함수율, 접촉각, FT-IR, 이온교환용량, 이온전도도 등을 측정하였다. PEI와 IPC의 반응은 아민과 -COCl기와의 반응으로 아마이드기가 생성된다. 이온교환용량의 경우 30초 반응에서 1.96 meq./g dry membrane부터 600초 반응으로 인한 1.14 meq./g dry membrane까지 감소하는 경향을 나타내었고, 이온전도도의 경우 IPC와의 가교시간이 30초일 때 9.15×10-2S/㎝의 높은 값을 나타냄을 확인할 수 있었다.

As the public is already aware, baby food has a significant effect on a baby's physical and mental health. It is also very important because choice of baby food forms proper eating habits, which will affect health in the future. In particular, recognition of appropriate baby food by the mother or the primary care provider is even more important. Although many studies have been conducted on this matter for domestic housewives, no studies have been conducted on married immigrant housewives whose numbers are increasing every year. A survey was conducted on the recognition and current situation of baby food preparation by mothers living in Gangwon Province with children 6 to 36-months-old. The purpose of the study was to research the level of understanding of baby food by immigrant housewives given that they were raised in different environments with different eating habits and child raising norms. And additional purpose was to provide proper educational material and direction for choosing appropriate baby food. The results showed significant differences depending on the nationality and age of the mother. Moreover, the results showed an insufficient understanding of baby food but a high desire for education, as mothers did not receive enough support from society. Therefore, necessary education should be provided systematically after mothers fully learn to communicate in Korean. These mothers need continuous attention and support, so they can settle in this country as wives, daughters-in-law, and mothers. Moreover, the needed professional education should be provided so that the mothers can learn traditional Korean eating habits and understand differences in the culture and environment between countries. As the selection of baby food forms the basis of future eating habits and the foundation for good health, proper education should be available to establish healthy intercultural families.

본 연구에서는 음이온교환막 개발에 관한 것으로 poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) / poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)의 혼합비율에 따라 막을 제조하였다. 제조된 막의 특성화를 평가하기 위하여 함수율, 접촉각, FT-IR, 이온교환용량, 이온전도도, 열 중량분석, 탄성계수 측정을 실시하였다. 이온전도도 측정 결과 PVA/PEI의 함량이 90 : 10으로 제조된 막의 경우 5.16 × 10 -2 S/cm의 값을 나타내어 우수한 음이온전도도를 나타내었으며 접촉각 측정 결과 PEI의 함량이 증가함에 따라 막표면의 소수성이 78.3℃까지 함께 증가하는 결과를 나타내었다. 또한 열에 대한 안정성은 PVA의 우수한 성질을 변화시키지 않았으며 탄성계수 측정을 통해 고강도 기계적 물성을 확인할 수 있었다.

This paper discusses the tradition of migration in Germany and its historical background. In particular we critically review the diverse types of migrants and the current situations in Germany. In the second part of the paper the relations among the migration, education and language policy will be dealt with. It is argued that teaching both mother tongue and German as a second language is an integral part of the education system contributing to the integration of the migrant children in Germany.

Brain drain of scientists and technologists to the United Sates from other countries is a phenomenal issue due to the potential developmental impacts it could have on sending countries Immigration policies undoubtedly play the major part to shape the huma

When globalizing Korean food, it is important to conduct regional consumer research before entering the market so that an effective market strategy can be developed. This study was conducted to compare the perceptions regarding Thai, Chinese, Japanese and Korean food between Swedish and Yugoslavian university students in Växjo, Sweden, where regional market research is lacking. As immigration increases worldwide, comparison of consumer perceptions of immigrants and domestic individuals will provide meaningful insight for use in the development of marketing strategies for areas where immigrant populations are increasing rapidly. In this study, six attributes of Asian food, fresh vegetables, low fat, chicken and sea food, exotic ingredient, value for money and unknown food, were compared. The perception of fresh vegetables and low fat of Chinese food differed significantly among the two groups. Because both of these attributes are health related, these findings indicate that recipe modification may be necessary to adapt to the preferred taste of target customers in this prospective market.

This study focuses on the importance of forming a new community for the Korean immigrant in the United States. In order to do this, I discuss experiences of immigrant life and awakening to the reality of a different culture, and consider the identity of Korean immigrants in a Christian perspective. From arrival until a certain period after, many Korean immigrants do not see objectively what they are facing in reality. They do not have a clear understanding of the American reality. The reality of a grueling immigrant life is overshadowed by their idealistic expectation of the land of opportunity and freedom. After a certain period, Korean immigrants begin to realize their real problems, such as family problem, the race problem and cultural differences. One of serious problems that Korean immigrants face is marginality. The first generation of Korean immigrants has a limit on how much they can assimilate to a huge organization such as America. When Korean immigrants encounter the reality of life in the United States, they become conscious of the problems they are faced with, and realize their present situation. They feel alienated in this wilderness country and have strange feelings because they live in a bi-cultural setting. Then they realize the need of their new identity as Korean-American. It is important to understand the new culture and form a new identity in order to adapt new culture in a foreign country. The Korean immigrant church is a very important place for the Korean immigrant. The church provides a meaning to life, a sense of belonging, and psychological peace of mind to immigrants. Furthermore, the church should participate in social issues in a mainstream society for rights and interests. The immigrant church helps people discover their identity through Christian faith. The church has a threefold function: kerygma, koinonia and diakonia. If there three functions are well combined, the church may help Korean immigrants to develop a new community. Korean immigrants should open their clannish boundary of community. A way to live authentic Korean-Americans is beyond the boundary of Koreanness and interacts with the mainstream society and other ethnic groups. With the identity of Korean-Americans, Korean immigrants move toward a dyanamic society of the United States. Then they can develop a new community in muticultural, multiethnic and multiracial society.

Based on Vygotskian sociocultural theory, this study aims to investigate the longitudinal changes in English as a second language (ESL) learning, especially on motivation and learner beliefs for two recent Korean immigrants to Toronto. For 10 months, the researcher interviewed the two participants who shared similarities in age, previous work experiences, and perceived socio-economic status. Their comments were tape-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed by using NVivo, a qualitative data analysis software program. The findings indicate that Korean immigrants' ESL learning motivation was comprised of six constructs: job motivation, communicative need, heuristic motivation, context-specific motivation, self-satisfactory motivation, and demotivation/amotivation. Despite the two participants' external similarities, their monthly changes in ESL learning motivation showed drastic differences. An L2 learner belief of the positive relation between English proficiency and increased job opportunity was identified as a major explanatory factor for this difference between the two participants. This study suggests that L2 learner's beliefs may function as mediational tools from the perspective of sociocultural theory, with the learner's belief influencing job motivation.

Yim, Young-cheol. 2006. A Study of Language Identity in Immigrant Communities. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 14(1). This is a report on the linguistic life of Korean-Americans and Korean-Chinese, i.e., immigrants and their descendants who reside in the United States and China (mainly in Manchuria), respectively. A field study was conducted in the United States and China on the immigrants' consciousness and attitudes of the use of languages, i.e., Korean vs. English, and Korean vs. Chinese, respectively. Here, the transformation of Korean and what factors were responsible for changes in both communities were examined. Observation shows that first, Korean- Americans maintain a closer relationship with native Koreans than the Korean-Chinese do. However, the Korean-Chinese maintain a stronger community relationship among themselves. Second, Korean-Chinese maintain more coherent racial homogeneity than the Korean-Americans. Third, Chinese-Koreans seem to more easily adapt to Chinese culture than Korean-Americans do to American culture. Fourth, food is the most well-inherited and preserved culture in both communities. Fifth, Korean-Americans regard Spanish as a second foreign language; the Korean-Chinese people Japanese or English. Lastly, for both groups, there seem to be generational differences regarding language use and culture.

The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 14(1). This is a report on the linguistic life of Korean-Americans and Korean-Chinese, i.e., immigrants and their descendants who reside in the United States and China (mainly in Manchuria), respectively. A field study was conducted in the United States and China on the immigrants' consciousness and attitudes of the use of languages, i.e., Korean vs. English, and Korean vs. Chinese, respectively. Here, the transformation of Korean and what factors were responsible for changes in both communities were examined. Observation shows that first, Korean- Americans maintain a closer relationship with native Koreans than the Korean-Chinese do. However, the Korean-Chinese maintain a stronger community relationship among themselves. Second, Korean-Chinese maintain more coherent racial homogeneity than the Korean-Americans. Third, Chinese-Koreans seem to more easily adapt to Chinese culture than Korean-Americans do to American culture. Fourth, food is the most well-inherited and preserved culture in both communities. Fifth, Korean-Americans regard Spanish as a second foreign language; the Korean-Chinese people Japanese or English. Lastly, for both groups, there seem to be generational differences regarding language use and culture.