Quantitative habitat model is established with species occurrence and spatial abundance data, which were usually acquired by professional field ecologists and citizen scientists. The importance of citizen science data is increasing, but the quality of these data needs to be evaluated. This study aims to identify and compare both expert-based data and citizen science data based on the performance power of quantitative models derived from both data sets. A Maximum Entropy (MaxENT) model was developed using eight environmental variables, including climate, topography, landcover and distance to forest edge. The AUC values derived from the MaxENT model were 0.842 and 0.809, respectively, indicating a high level of explanatory power. All environmental variables has similar values for both data sets, except for the distance to forest edge and rice paddy, which was relatively higher for expert-based survey data than that of the citizen science data as the distances increased. This result suggests that habitat model derived from expert-based survey data shows more ecological niche including wider ranges from forest edges and isolated habitat patches of rice paddy. This is presumably because citizen scientists focuses on direct observation methods, whereas professional field surveys investigate a wider variety of methods.

Eight years (2014–2021) of climate data were collected from an automatic weather observation system installed at the foot of Mt. Geumo in Chilgok, Gyeongbuk. Using these data, we investigated local bio-climatological indices (warmth index, WI; coldness index, CI; and effective accumulated temperature, EAT) of the mountain region adjacent to the Keimyung Dongyeong forest. The study area’s WI and CI were 109.3℃ and –11.3℃ per month, respectively, averaged across 8 years. These values are indicative of an evergreen broad-leaved forest in the warm temperate climate zone, suitable for cultivating sweet persimmons and figs. Additionally, EAT in Dongyeong was 2,113.7℃, averaged across 8 years, suitable for growing crops such as corn, soybean, and potato.

The community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates in Upo wetland was identified, and the biological water quality was evaluated. In addition, through statistical analysis of current and literature data, ecological changes over time were evaluated for each wetland. Benthos were quantitatively collected in March, June, and September of 2020 and 2021, and 4 phyla, 5 classes, 16 orders, 42 families, 81 species and 3,406 individuals were identified. In the functional feeding group of Upo wetland, predators were dominant with 34 species (45.95%) and 1,504 individuals (41.84%). In the habitual dwelling group, sprawlers and swimmers showed the highest proportion in the number of species and individuals. Average biological indices in Mokpo and Upo were the highest and lowest, respectively, and it is considered that Mokpo maintains the healthy ecosystem for benthic macroinvertebrates. Community stability was high in Upo, and other wetlands are thought to be stabilizing. The ecological score of benthic macroinvertebrate community is considered to be more suitable index among three biological water quality evaluation indices for the environmental evaluation of Upo wetland. The evaluation results on changes in environmental quality showed that Upo has stable ecosystem without significant change, Mokpo and Sajipo have significant increases in some indices.

The effect of coupled data assimilation (DA) on the meteorological prediction in the west coastal region of Korea was evaluated using a coupled atmosphere-ocean model (e.g., COAWST) in the spring (March 17􎂡26) of 2019. We performed two sets of simulation experiments: (1) with the coupled DA (i.e., COAWST_DA) and (2) without the coupled DA (i.e., COAWST_BASE). Overall, compared with the COAWST_BASE simulation, the COAWST_DA simulation showed good agreement in the spatial and temporal variations of meteorological variables (sea surface temperature, air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) with those of the observations. In particular, the effect of the coupled DA on wind speed was greatly improved. This might be primarily due to the prediction improvement of the sea surface temperature resulting from the coupled DA in the study area. In addition, the improvement of meteorological prediction in COAWST_DA simulation was also confirmed by the comparative analysis between SST and other meteorological variables (sea surface wind speed and pressure variation).

이 연구는 한국어교육 어휘의 토대 연구로써, 한국어에서 ‘인생/ 삶’의 은유적 개념화 중 구조적 은유가 어떤 양상으로 나타나는가를 살펴 보는 데 그 목적이 있었다. 그 내용을 정리하면 인생/삶의 본질에 관한 은유에서는 인생/삶을 꿈, 이야기, 사계절, 온도, 농사, 건축, 하루, 배움, 9품사, 문장, 그림, 연극, 여행, 항해로 이해하고 있었다. 그리고 인생/삶의 본질에서 벗어난 은유에서는 인생/삶을 상거래, 경영, 전쟁, 스포츠, 도박, 게임, 키보드로 이해하고 있었다. 이 연구를 통해 인생/삶을 ‘이야기, 사계 절, 온도, 건축, 배움, 9품사, 문장, 그림, 항해’ 그리고 ‘상거래, 경영, 전쟁, 스포츠, 게임, 키보드’로 이해하는 것을 새롭게 밝혀낼 수 있었다. 특히 우 리가 인생/삶을 ‘상거래’나 ‘경영’으로 이해하는 것은 최근 국제적 금융자 본의 지배와 세계화의 영향 아래 있음을 보여준다. 또한 인생/삶을 ‘도박, 게임, 키보드’로 이해하는 것은 금융자본과 세계화에서 낙오한 이들이 갖 는 요행수와 인터넷 게임과 함께 성장한 젊은 세대들이 갖는 욕망을 보여 주는 근거가 된다고 할 수 있다.

In this study, type analysis was conducted along with the advancement of basic data to calculate the maximum damage caused by strong winds during the typhoon period. The result of the damage by region showed that in 2012, the difference in damage was clearly distinguished as the region was classified in detail. In addition, the result of the annual damage in 2011 was strong on the west coast, and in 2016, the damage to the southeast coast was significant. In 2012, the 3-second gust was relatively stronger on the west and southeast coasts than in 2011, and the winds blew stronger along the southeast coast in 2016. Monthly damage data showed that the damage to the west coast was high in August, and the damage to the southeast coast was high in October from 2002 to 2019. The 3-second gust showed the result of wide expansion throughout the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula in October. As a result, the damage differs for type bacause the intensities and paths of typhoons vary depending on their characteristics, the 3-second gust blows differently by region based on regional characteristics, and the sale price is considered in metropolitan cities.

In this study, surface particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations were calculated based on empirical equations using measurements of ceilometer backscatter intensities and meteorological variables taken over 19 months. To quantify the importance of meteorological conditions on the calculations of surface PM2.5 concentrations, eight different meteorological conditions were considered. For each meteorological condition, the optimal upper limit height for an integration of ceilometer backscatter intensity and coefficients for the empirical equations were determined using cross-validation processes with and without considering meteorological variables. The results showed that the optimal upper limit heights and coefficients depended heavily on the meteorological conditions, which, in turn, exhibited extensive impacts on the estimated surface PM2.5 concentrations. A comparison with the measurements of surface PM2.5 concentrations showed that the calculated surface PM2.5 concentrations exhibited better results (i.e., higher correlation coefficient and lower root mean square error) when considering meteorological variables for all eight meteorological conditions. Furthermore, applying optimal upper limit heights for different weather conditions revealed better results compared with a constant upper limit height (e.g., 150 m) that was used in previous studies. The impacts of vertical distributions of ceilometer backscatter intensities on the calculations of surface PM2.5 concentrations were also examined.

The spatial characteristics of typhoon-class strong wind during the non-typhoon period were analyzed using, a cluster analysis of the observational data and of special strong wind advisories and, warnings issued by the Korean Meteorological Administration. On the Korean Peninsula, strong winds during non-typhoon periods showed a wide variety of spatial characteristics. In particular, the cluster analysis showed that strong winds could be classified into six clusters on the Korean Peninsula, and that the spatial distribution, occurrence rate of strong winds, and strong wind speed in each cluster were complex and diverse. In addition, our analysis of the frequency of issuance of special strong wind warnings showed a significant difference in the average frequency of strong wind warnings issued in metropolitan cities, with relatively high numbers of warnings issued in Gyeongsangbuk-do and, Jeollanam-do, and low numbers of warning issued inland and in other metropolitan cities. As a result of the changing trend in warnings issued from 2004 to 2019, Ulsan and Busan can be interpreted as having a relatively high number of warnings; the frequency of strong wind warnings issuances and strong wind occurrences in these cities is increasing rapidly. Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to identify areas with similar strong wind characteristics and consider specific regional standards in terms of disaster prevention.

This study analyzed the characteristics of strong winds accompanying typhoons for a period of 116 years, from 1904 to 2019, when modern weather observations began in Korea. Analysis shows that the average wind speed and high wind rate caused by typhoons were higher over the sea and in the coastal areas than in the inland areas. The average wind speed was higher over the West Sea than over the South Sea, but the rate of strong wind was greater over the South Sea than over the West Sea. The average wind speed decreased by 1980 and recently increased, while the rate of strong winds decreased by 1985 and has subsequently increased. By season, the strong winds in autumn (september and october) were stronger than those in summer (june, july, and august). Strong winds were also more frequent in autumn than in summer. The analysis of the changes in strong winds caused by typhoons since the 1960s shows that the speed of strong winds in august, september, and october has increased more recently than in the past four cycles. In particular, the increase in wind speed was evident in fall (september and october). Analysis of the results suggests that the stronger wind is due to the effects of autumn typhoons, and the increased possibility of strong winds.

We projected the temperature changes in the mid-21st century with Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP8.5 using the temperature data simulated by four regional climate models (RCMs: WRF, CCLM, MM5, RegCM4) in Korea. The simulation area and spatial resolution of RCMs were the CORDEXEA (COordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment-East Asia) area and 25 km, respectively. We defined the temperature change as the difference (ratio) between the average annual temperature (IAV: Interannual Variation) over the projected 25 years (2026-2050) and that over the present 25 years (1981-2005). The fact that the average annual temperature bias of the four RCMs is within ±2.5°C suggests that the RCM simulation level is reasonable in Korea. Across all RCMs, scenarios, and geographic locations, we observed increased temperatures (IAV) in the mid-21st century. In RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, 1.27°C and 1.57°C will be increased by 2050, respectively. The ensemble suggests that the temperature increase is higher in winter (RCP4.5: 1.36°C, RCP8.5: 1.75°C) than summer (RCP4.5: 1.25°C, RCP8.5: 1.49°C). Central Korea exhibited a higher temperature increase than southern Korea. A slightly larger IAV is expected in the southeastern region than in the Midwest of Korea. IAV is also expected to increase significantly in RCP4.5 (summer) than in RCP8.5 (winter).

본 연구의 목적은 중학교 사회과 교과서에 등장하는 통계 그래프들을 수학과와 비교하여 특징을 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위해서 중학교 사회1, 사회2 교과서에 등장하는 통계 그래프에 대하여 분석을 진행하였다. 사회과 교과서에 등장하는 그래프의 종류 등의 형태적 특징을 살펴보았고, 내용적 측면으로는 요구되는 그래프 이해 수준을 수학과와 비교해 보았으며 그래프를 올바르게 해석하는 데 사용되는 수학 개념들의 수학과 교육과정에서의 학습 시기를 비교하여 분석하였다. 이를 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 사회과 교과서에 등장하는 통계 그래프의 종류별 빈도는 막대그래프, 복합그래프, 꺾은선그래프 순으로 나타났다. 수학 교과서에서는 다루지 않는 그래 프들도 다수 존재하였고. 정형화된 형태의 그래프보다는 시각적인 효과를 극대화하는 그래프들을 많이 볼 수 있었다. 둘째, 양 교과의 통계 그래프 과제에 대해 그래프 이해 수준을 비교한 결과 사회과 교과서에는 자료 안쪽 읽기, 자료를 초월하여 읽기 수준에 해당하는 질문이 대부분이었고, 수학과 교과서에서는 자료 밖 읽기 수준, 자료 안쪽 읽기 수준에 해당하는 질문이 대부분이었다. 셋째, 사회과 교과서의 통계 그래프를 해석하는 데 필요한 수학 개념에 대하여 수학과 교육과정과의 지도 시기를 비교해본 결과 지도 시기가 대부분 적절하게 이루어졌으나 일부 개념은 수학과 교육과정보다 앞서 등장하였다.

Heatwaves can affect human health and vegetation growth and bring about energy problems and socioeconomic damages, so the analysis and prediction of the heatwave is a crucial issue under a warming climate. This paper examines the production of STCI (Standard Temperature Condition Index) using ASOS (Automated Synoptic Observing System) in-situ observation data for the period of 1979-2020, and an STCI predictability assessment with an RF (Random Forest) model using ERA5 (ECMWF Reanalysis 5) meteorological variables. The accuracy was quite high with the MAE (Mean Absolute Error) of 0.365 and the CC (Correlation Coefficient) of 0.873, which corresponded to 7% to 10% difference for the range of STCI<1.5, and to 1% to 3% difference for the range of STCI>1.5, in terms of the probability density function. Also, we produced gridded maps for the summer STCI from 1979 to 2020 by utilizing the ERA5 raster data for the RF prediction model, which enables the spatial expansion of the ASOS point-based STCI to a continuous grid nationwide. The proposed method can be applied to forecasting of STCI by adopting future meteorological or climatic datasets.

본 연구의 목적은 과학 교사가 중학교 과학 교과서에 제시된 물리 영역 탐구 활동 자료를 평가 하는 기준을 알아보는 것이다. 이를 위해 3가지 유형의 탐구 활동 주제를 선정하여 16명의 과학 교사가 5종의 교과서 탐구 활동 자료를 평가하였다. 수집된 답변은 줄 단위 분석으로 반복적으로 비교하여 코드화하였다. 그 결과, 과학 교사는 교과서 탐구 활동 자료를 평가할 때 다음과 같은 기준을 고려하는 것으로 분석되었다. 첫째, 과학 교과서 탐구 활동 자료의 내·외적 체제로서 내적 체제(탐구 목표, 탐구 준비물, 탐구 과정 및 탐구 내용, 정리하기)와 외적 체제(시각적 자료의 배치, 합리적인 지면 구성)를 고려하였다. 둘째, 학습자 요소, 학교 환경 요소, 교사 요소로 과학 교과서 탐구 활동 자료를 사용하는 사용자 환경을 고려하였다. 본 연구를 바탕으로 다양해지는 과학 교과서에 제시된 탐구 활동 자료를 평가하는 기준을 제시할 수 있다. 과학 교사가 과학 교과서에 제시 된 탐구 활동 자료를 평가하는 데 있어 고려한 개념과 범주들은 추후 각 학교 내 교과서 선정 과정에서 평가 기준으로 사용될 수 있을 것이다. 또한, 교과서 집필 과정에서 탐구 활동 내용을 구성할 때 고려될 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구는 범교과 학습 주제로서 경제교육의 활성화를 위해 학교 현장에서 활용되는 경제교육 자료를 분석하고 활용 제고 방안을 제시하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 경제교육 자료 활용 실태 분석을 위해 초‧중‧고 교육과정 및 KDI 자료, 각종 교육 자료 제공 사이트를 참고하였으며, 현장 교사들의 인식 파악을 위한 간담회와 장학사, 교사 커뮤니티 운영자 등을 대상으로 서면조사를 실시하였다. 경제교육 자료 실태 분석을 통해 얻은 문제점들은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 교육대상이 불분명하고 자료의 세분화가 부족하였다. 둘째, 학습자의 수준을 고려하지 않거나, 자료의 최신화 작업이 부족 하였다. 셋째, 교과나 창의적 체험활동과의 연계성이 부족하였다. 이와 같은 실태조사를 바탕으로 본 연구를 통해 제언하고자 하는 바는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 경제교육 자료의 교육대상을 분명히 하고, 자료의 세분화 및 접근성을 높이는 작업이 요구된다. 둘째, 학습자의 수준과 흥미를 고려한 교육 내용을 제공하여야 한다. 구체적인 방법으로는 찾아가는 경제교육 활용 방안, 교구 및 다양한 매체 활용 방안 등이 있다. 셋째, 학교 교육과정과 경제교육의 연계성을 강화하여야 한다. 이를 위해서는 학교 관리자의 관심이 절실하고, 창의적 체험활동과의 연계를 강화할 필요성이 있다. 넷째, 경제교육 자료의 홍보가 필요하다. 이를 위해서 개발된 경제교육 자료를 다양한 교사 커뮤니티나 교사 연수 과정을 통해 적극적으로 홍보‧보급할 필요성이 있다.

The statistical characteristics of aerosol–cloud interactions over East Asia were investigated using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite data. The long-term relationship between various aerosol and cloud parameters was estimated using correlation analysis, principle component analysis, and Aerosol Indirect Effect (AIE) estimation. In correlation analysis, Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) was positively Correlated with Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) and Cloud Fraction (CF), but negatively correlated with Cloud Top Temperature (CTT) and Cloud Top Pressure (CTP). Fine Mode Fraction (FMF) and CCN were positively correlated over the ocean because of sea spray. In principle component analysis, AOD and FMF were influenced by water vapor. In particular, AOD was positively influenced by CF, and negatively by CTT and CTP over the ocean. In AIE estimation, the AIE value in each cloud layer and type was mostly negative (Twomey effect) but sometimes positive (anti-Twomey effect). This is related to regional, environmental, seasonal, and meteorological effects. Rigorous and extensive studies on aerosol–cloud interactions over East Asia should be conducted via micro- and macro-scale investigations, to determine chemical characteristics using various meteorological instruments.

목적: 이 연구는 학생선수들의 삶의 질을 향상시키기 위한 라이프스킬 요인을 탐색하고, 탐색된 라이프스킬 요인 을 바탕으로 현장에서 활용할 수 있는 라이프스킬 프로그램을 개발하는 데 있다. 방법: 연구 1의 라이프스킬 요인 탐색에는 총 45명(학생 20명, 지도자 15명, 학부모 10명)이 참여하였으며, 세 집단의 관점을 반영하기 위한 심 층면담을 통해 핵심 라이프스킬 요소들을 수집하였다. 연구 2에서는 다양한 분야로부터 전문가 집단을 구성하여 총 5차례에 걸친 전문가 회의를 통해 라이프스킬 프로그램을 개발하였다. 결과: 연구 1에서, 학생선수들을 위해 요구되는 라이프스킬 요소들은 총 8요인으로 구성되었으며 이 요인들은 개인영역 4요인(자신감, 목표설정, 자기조 절, 스트레스 대처)과 대인영역 4요인(의사소통, 협동, 공감, 갈등해결)으로 구분되었다. 연구 2에서, 8개의 라이프 스킬 요인들은 각 요인별 2차시 혹은 3차시의 교육프로그램들을 포함하며 총 8요인 23차시로 구성되었다. 이 프로그램은 선수들의 라이프스킬을 증진시키는 역할에 초점을 둔 것으로 PEALS (Program to Enhance Athletes’ Life Skills)로 명명되었다. 결론: PEALS는 최근 학생선수들과 직접적으로 관련된 인권, 학습권, 진로문제, 역량 증진 등과 같은 문제를 개선하고 나아가 운동선수들이 긍정적인 관점에서 그들의 삶을 촉진하도록 도울 것이다.

This study presents meteorological data integrity to improve environmental quality assessment in Yongdam catchment. The study examines both extreme ranges of meteorological data measurements and data reliability which include maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, radiation, heat flux. There were some outliers and missing data from the measurements. In addition, the latent heat flux and sensible heat flux data were not reasonable and evapotranspiration data did not match at some points. The accuracy and consistency of data stored in a database for the study were secured from the data integrity. Users need to take caution when using meteorological data from the Yongdam catchment in the preparation of water resources planning, environmental impact assessment, and natural hazards analysis.