The average prevalence rate (PR) for foodborne disease outbreaks (FBDOs) in the first half (F-H) and latter half (L-H) of the decade from 2001 to 2010 in Korea was 14.0 and 16.9 per 100,000 population, respectively. The number of patients per outbreak of foodborne diseases (FBDs) in the F-H of that decade was 57.6 and in the L-H was 25.4 (p < 0.05). A comparison of the 2 periods covered in this study indicates that FBDOs in the L-H most frequently involved restaurants or delis (51.5% of total cases), and in the F-H, this involvement was noted in 34.0% of total cases (p < 0.01). The epidemic patterns of microbial FBDOs show that the overall incidence of outbreaks resulting from 5 of 8 key pathogens including Bacillus cereus (+1.6%), Campylobacter jejuni (+1.5%), Clostridium spp. (+0.7%), pathogenic Escherichia coli (+8.3%), and Norovirus (+14.4%) tended to be higher in the L-H than in the F-H of the decade from 2001 to 2010. Conversely, those caused by the other 3 key agents, including Salmonella spp. ( 9.2%), Staphylococcus aureus ( 2.8%), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus ( 6.4%) were significantly lower in the L-H than in the F-H of the decade. Moreover, in the decade between 2001 and 2010, the number of patients (n) and the PR for microbial FBD increased from the F-H (n = 13,346, PR: 5.6) to the L-H (n = 33,732, PR: 13.8) (p < 0.01).

Solar chromospheric surges are often reported to contain rotational motion. However, the details of the motion and driving mechanism of the surges are not yet fully understood. Recurrent surges with rotational motion at AR 10930 on the west limb are observed by Hinode Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) continuously from 11:21 UT on December 18 to 09:58 UT on December 19, 2006, using the Ca II H broadband filter. We analyze details of the motion including number of turns from the rise of the surge to the fall, axial speed and acceleration. During the observation, rise and fall motion accompanying rotation appears recurrently. There occur a total of 14 surges at AR 10930 over 17 hours. The average duration is 45 minutes, and the average width, and length are 8 Mm, and 39 Mm, respectively. We speculate that the surges occurred by recurrent reconnections between the twisted prominence and large untwisted flux tube.

Several species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) known to be responsible for amnesic shellfish poisoning. Recently off the coast of Geomundo and in Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Korea Strait, P. cf. brasiliana predominated in summer, 2010. As P. cf. brasiliana was new to Korea, we describe the morphological characteristics of the species. It was observed that cells were linear to lanceolate in valve and girdle view, 51~76 μm long and 1.9~2.6 μm wide. In the central part a large interspace was absent. The number of fibulae and striae in 10 μm were 30~37 and 31~37. Each stria contained 2~3 rows of poroids, with 10 to 14 poroids in 1 μm length. These morphological features of P. cf. brasiliana were found to be similar with the P. brasiliana, except with the fact that P. cf. brasiliana carred more numbers of fibulae/striae in 10 μm and poroids in 1 μm. Based on our observation, we suggest that P. cf. brasiliana is a newly identified Pseudo-nitzschia species or a variety of P. brasiliana.

최근 선박의 고속화, 대형화로 인해 물적ㆍ인적피해, 환경오염으로 인한 피해 또한 갈수록 대형화되고 있는 추세이며 세계적으로 해양사고의 발생빈도가 지속적으로 증가될 것으로 예상되는 가운데 지난 몇 년 동안 우리나라 연안에서 발생한 해양사고의 절반이 대형사고로 연결 되어지고 있다. 이 논문에서는 우리나라의 민간주도 해양안전, 해양구조, 해양환경 지킴이 역할의 활성화 방안으로 민간해양구조대원의 구조역량 강화 교육을 통해 민간 전문가를 지속적으로 양성하고..

Cinnamaldehyde is known to have the antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we showed a potent and irreversible cytotoxic activity of the Cinnamaldehyde derivative 2'-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde (BCA) in human Squamous oral cell carcinoma cell, YD-10B. BCA induced YD-10B cell apoptosis in a dose-responsive manner. BCA-induced apoptosis was associated with corresponding increases in a series of key components in the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathways, followed by caspase cleavage and PARP activation. We also observed that BCA induced autophagy through Akt/mTOR pathway in YD-10B cells. BCA treatment increased LC3B-II expression, and induced the formation of autophagosomes and autophagic vacuoles. These experimental findings suggest that BCA is a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation in YD-10B cells and provide new insights about leading to the possible development of a new therapeutic agent.

We study the physical and chemical properties of the molecular clump hosting a young stellar cluster, IRAS 20160+3636, which is believed to have formed via the “collect and collapse” process. Physical parameters of the UC Hii region associated with the embedded cluster are measured from the radio continuum observations. This source is found to be a typical Galactic UC Hii region, with a B0.5 type exciting star, if it is ionized by a single star. We derive a CN/HCN abundance ratio larger than 1 over this region, which may suggest that this clump is being affected by the UV radiation from the Hii region.

Through the changes of royal architectural bureau in Gungnaebu, this study attempts to find out the modern transition of traditional facilities belonging to Gungnaebu as well as the constituent of human resources in royal architectural bureau. Yeongseonsa, the royal architectural bureau in Gungnaebu after 1905, was comprised of traditional architectural engineers including Sim Euiseok, and they tried the modern transition of traditional royal facilities gradually. But, Yeongseonsa was transformed to Naejangwon Tomokgwa which was comprised of Kim Yungu and Japanese modern architectural engineers. As Kim Yungu was the modern civil engineer not architectural engineer, Japanese architectural engineers took the lead in the architectural activities of Naejangwon Tomokgwa, and Japanese architectural technology was applied to Korean royal facilities since then.

관엽식물체에서 분리된 병원성 곰팡이류인 Myrothecium P10-008 균을 발효조 를 이용하여 45일 동안 배양한 후 120℃ 온도에서 균을 살균하고 남은 배양액을 고 구마뿌리혹선충의 방제효과 시험에 이용하였다. 시험은 실내 포트와 소면적 포장 시험을 수행하였다. 배양액의 처리농도는 포트와 소면적 포장시험에서 각각 100 배, 500배, 1,000배 였으며, 배양액 처리 후 45일째 토양 100g 내의 선충수를 조사 하였다. 포트 시험 결과 100배, 500배, 1,000배 농도에서 방제효과는 각각 62.2%, 40.8%, 0%였다. 소면적 포장시험에서는 100배, 500배, 1,000배 농도로 처리한 구 에서 방제효과는 각각 88.5%, 33.7%, 0%를 나타내었다.

To determine whether S-(-)-10,11-dihydroxyfarnesic acid methyl ester (DHFAME) produced by Beauveria bassiana CS1029 potentially causes acute skin irritation as a cosmetic ingredient, a skin toxicity test was conducted as recommended for compliance with Korea Food and Drug Administration regulations. New Zealand White rabbits were treated with 100 mg/dose of DHFAME according to standard guidelines. No significant skin lesions or inflammation was observed in the DHFAME-treated group. Furthermore, DHFAME did not appear to cause skin irritation, as assessed by clinical observation of the rabbits. Thus, when taken together, the present results suggest that DHFAME is a promising potential cosmetic ingredient that does not irritate the skin.

부동산에 관하여 상사유치권이 성립되는 것을 일응 전제로 하여, 상법 제58조상의 명시적인 상사유치권의 성립요건과는 별개로 상사유치권 성립 당시에 이미 채무자 소유의 부동산에 대하여 제3자의 선행 저당권이 설정되어 있었던 경우에, 상사유치권자가 선행저당권자 또는 선행저당권에 기한 임의경매절차에서 부동산을 취득한 매수인에게 상사유치권으로 대항할 수 있는지 여부가 문제된다.이와 관련하여 대상판결은, 상사유치권이 채무자 소유의 물건에 대해서만 성립한다는 것은, 상사유치권은 성립 당시 채무자가 목적물에 대하여 보유하고 있는 담보가치만을 대상으로 하는 제한물권이라는 의미를 포함하고 있다 할 것이고, 따라서 유치권 성립 당시에 이미 목적물에 대하여 제3자가 권리자인 제한물권이 설정되어 있다면, 상사유치권은 그와 같이 제한된 채무자의 소유권에 기초하여 성립할 뿐이고, 기존의 제한물권이 확보하고 있는 담보가치를 사후적으로 침탈하지는 못한다고 보아야 한다고 하면서 선행 저당권은 유치권에 우선하여 보호되어야 한다고 판시하였다.검토컨대 피담보채권과 유치목적물 간의 개별적 견련성이 인정되는 경우에도 다른 성립요건들이 구비되는 한 상사유치권의 성립이 가능하다고 할 것인 바, 상사유치권의 전체적인 취지, 즉 상인간의 거래에서 신속하고 편리한 방법으로 담보를 취득하게 하는 활성 취지와 피담보채권의 모든 상사채권으로의 무한정 확장 가능성에 따른 제한 취지라는 양자 사이의 적절한 균형성을 고려하고, 상법에서 규정하고 있는 객관적인 문언 이상으로 상사유치권을 민사유치권 보다 차별하여 불리하게 해석할 합리적 근거는 없으므로, 대상판결에서의 판시 법리는 피담보채권과 유치목적물 간의 일반적 견련성만 인정되는 형태로 상사유치권이 성립한 경우에 한정하여서만 타당하다고 할 것이다.

Domestic 105㎜ HE (High Explosive) shell is composed of three parts that are Fuze, Projectile and Propellants. Among three parts, propelling charge of propellants part consists of single base propellants. It has been known that the lifespan of single base propellants is affected by a storage period. These are because Nitrocellulose (NC) which is the main component of propelling gunpowder can be naturally decomposed to unstable substances similar with other nitric acid ester. Even though it cannot be prevented fundamentally from being disassembled, a decomposition product (NO2, NO3, and HNO3) and tranquillizer DPA (Diphenylamine) having high reactivity are added into a propellant to restrain induction of automatic catalysis by a decomposition product. The decay rate of the tranquillizer is also affected by a production rate of the decomposition product of NC. Therefore, an accurate prediction of the Self-Life is required to ensure against risks such as explosion. Hereupon, this paper presents a new methodology to estimate the shelf-life of single base propellants using data of ASRP (Ammunition Stockpile Reliability Program) to domestic 105mm HE (propelling charge of propellants part). We selected four attributes that are inferred to have influence on distribution of the DPA amount in a propellant from the ASRP dataset through data mining processes. Then the selected attributes were used as independent variables in a regression analysis in order to estimate the shelf-life of single base propellants. 1)

HX106N은 용안육, 맥문동, 단삼 및 천마 등의 4가지 식물로 구성된 추출물로서, 선행 연구에서 amyloid β peptide에 의한 생쥐의 기억력 저하 및 산화 손상을 억제하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이 연구에서는 HX106N이 비선택적 무스카린 수용체 길항제로 잘 알려진 스코폴라민(scopolamine)으로 유도한 콜린성 건망증(cholinergic amnesia)에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 평가하였다. ICR 생쥐에게 스코폴라민(1 mg/kg body weight, i.p.)을 주입하기 1시간 전에 HX106N(100 mg/kg body weight, p.o.)을 투여하였다. 30분 후 수행한 Y-미로 시험(Y-maze test) 및 수동 회피 시험(passive avoidance test)에서 HX106N는 스코폴라민에 의해 감소되는 자발적 변경 행동(spontaneous alternation) 및 지체시간(step-through latency)을 유의미하게 억제하여 건망증을 개선시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 HX106N을 투약 1시간 후 생쥐의 해마와 대뇌피질 부위의 아세틸콜린에스테라제(acetylcholinesterase; AChE)의 활성을 측정한 결과 통계적으로 유의미한 정도의 활성 감소가 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과들을 종합할 때 HX106N은 AD에서 관찰되는 콜린성신경전달 장애로 인한 기억력 저하 억제에 사용될 수 있는 가능성을 가진 것으로 판단된다.

This study analyzes the use of the personality metaphor in the official tourism websites developed by South American countries. The Big-Five human personality dimensions are used as a proxy to explore the intended personality projected by the countries. A multistage methodology using a combination of content analysis and correspondence analysis was used. Results reveal the existence of four main clusters based on the use of different personality traits to communicate the peculiarities of each country. However, an overall view of the results indicates that South American countries are not using in a substantial way the personality metaphor to create a strong positioning for the international tourists, and therefore the use of this new marketing tool is in its nascent stages.

The Asia-Pacific region is an engine of global growth in political, economic, social and cultural aspects but tangible and intangible conflicts also remain in the region due to different backgrounds and experiences in history, culture, and so forth. In this respect, APEC has played its role to narrow divides and facilitate cooperative activities among 21 member economies since 1989. However, it is required to point out how these member economies can initiate and manage cooperative activities efficiently under challenging situations like recent economic crisis and remaining conflicts. This paper presents the role of education to enable member economies to understand each other and find a way to work together, and reviews one representative international educational APEC project: APEC Future Education Forum.

This study intended to identify the relationship between textile print designs for local apparel, and fashion trends. This was achieved by extracting trend key words and analyzing apparel textiles. The fashion trends and print trends from the 2010S/S season to the 2013F/W season as projected by two trend forecasters, the Samsung Fashion Institute and First View Korea, were extracted for a comparative analysis. In terms of clothing patterns, a total of 1,582 print designs purchased by local apparel brands targeting women in their 20s and 30s from print design companies including Italy's NEWAGE, MyDesign and England's Pattern, were analyzed. After classifying the designs according to the trend key words which had been extracted, the demands by season, trend dependency, and design preferences were analyzed to produce the following results. The major key words for textile print designs from the 2010S/S season to the 2013F/W season were Check & Stripe, Flower, Geometric, Natural, Ethnic, and Graphical. Patterns corresponding to those design key words were more prominent in recent designs. Considering the trends by season, the designs presented in the F/W season were found to be more likely to correspond to the trend key words than those in the S/S season. A general preference for nature-inspired designs was also found in the local print market.