This study aims to search for the change characteristics of landscape plant materials in the apartment complex and other areas by classification and species of trees in the early 2000s and the early 2010s. The main result of this study may be summarized as follows. Comparing the classification change of apartment complex and other areas in the 2000s and the 2010s, the percentage of shrubs in both of the areas are increasing, while the rate of increase in the apartment complexes was slightly higher than other areas. Among the increased shrubs, deciduous shrubs in apartment complex increased by 4.98%, while evergreen shrubs showed rather noticeable increase rate by 10.75% in other areas. After examining the change of tree species within the two periods, evergreen trees in the apartment complex are still mainly consisted of Thuja orientalis L. category, Pinus category and Pinus strobus L. Most commonly used deciduous trees are Acer category and Fruit trees. Most commonly used evergreen shrubs are Buxus koreana and Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet. Most constantly used deciduous shrubs are Rhododendron schlippenbachii category. In other areas, Pinus category and Pinus koraiensis SIEB. et ZUCC. category are frequently used. In deciduous trees, Chionanthus retusus Lindl. & Paxton, Acer palmatum Thunb and Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino are commonly used, in order of frequency. 67.62% of evergreen shrubs are still consisted of Buxus koreana and Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet, although many new species are emerging. In deciduous shrubs, Rhododendron schlippenbachii category and Spiraea category are consistently most commonly used. In the two areas, the number of tree species with high defect rate, standardized forms, and high-maintenance decreased, while semievergreen tree species such as Abelia grandiflora (Rovelli ex Andre) Rehder and Nandina domestica Thunb. are being newly introduced. The species of trees are being diversified.

This study was conducted to know the visual preference and emotional change for the cut-flower decoration at public indoor space by using vertical, horizontal, and round type which are generally used. The investigation was done with 173 participants of National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science in 3 indoor areas designed with cut-flower decoration and 1 area of public place without it, respectively. Psychological evaluation was analyzed with the visual preference of cut flower shape and Semantic Differential method. In addition, the general awareness, loyalty and importance for cut-flower decoration were investigated. Statistical analysis was carried out with paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, cross correlation analysis, and analysis of frequency. As the result of evaluating the emotion of subjects with Semantic Differential, the feeling of comfort, nature and calm were significantly high in the public indoor space with cut-flower decoration. When we surveyed the feeling for the 3 type of cut-flower decoration with 14 pairs of emotional vocabulary, the participants felt ‘tranquil’ and ‘comfortable’ in the public indoor space with horizontal and round shaped decoration while they felt ‘strong’ and ‘anxious’ in the space with vertical shaped decoration. The preference of decoration forms was significantly high with round > horizontal > vertical type in order and vertical shape was highly preferred in twenties and sixties groups compared to other types significantly. In conclusion, we could recommend that round type decoration can be used in indoor place where comfort and calm are required and vertical form will be appropriate for challenging and vibrant twenties and depressed sixties with ageing. This customized cut-flower decoration will improve the environment quality of employment.

In this study, five high intelligent concrete (HIC) test specimens were fabricated by reinforcing the cement mortar with garnet, fiber (nylon and polypropylene), and shape memory alloy (SMA), to examine the effects of the numbers and positions of the reinforcements on the physical characteristic of the SMA. In improving the yield strength and structural self-rehabilitation capability, two or more hybrid fiber, PP and SMA reinforcements, as in SMA-PP, SMA-NP, SMA-2 yielded better results than SMA-1.

This paper describes the hydration heat properties of cement composite different with phase change material (PCM) type. The test results indicated that use of barium materials has more effective to delayed time of hydration of cement composite. On the other hand, strontium based PCM more effective to reduction of hydration heat of cement composite.

In this paper, to protect the piping in nuclear power plants and various plant facilities, we have developed a damper using the friction method and carried out a study to analyze the performance. Friction typed damper means a device for attenuating vibration by generating a frictional force to the bearing and the shaft by applying a compressive force to the MER-Spring. In order to analyze the performance of the damper, the properties of MER-Spring and friction materials were analyzed, a study on the effects of friction was carried out, and the behavior of this equation was established. And, to determine whether deformation of the material and to examine the reliability of the behavior of equation established, prototypes was produced and, through a performance test and finite element analysis of a damper made of specimens, they were analyzed.

In water treatment facilities, cover having a various joint is applied to prevent the bad smell. In this study, each joint type of the aluminum cover that is applied to the sewage treatment facility, it was evaluated air tightness. As a result, it showed to be higher flat type better than stick out type.

This study evaporative cooling system a heat wave climate change and reduction of the inside and outside thermal environment change research. Measurement items included micro meteorological phenomena and measured comfort indices. A micro meteorograph of temperature, relative humidity, surface temperature, and the comfort indices of WBGT, UTCI, and PMV were measured. The difference in inside and outside temperatures were compared for different land types, with the largest difference found in Type A (4.81℃), followed by Type B (4.40℃ ) and Type C (3.12℃). Relative humidity was about 10.43% higher inside due to water injection by the evaporative cooling system. Surface temperature was inside about 6.60℃ higher than the outside all types. WBGT were Type A (3.50℃) > Type B (2.71℃) > Type C (1.88℃). UTCI was low heat stress inside than outside all types. PMV was analysed Type C for inside predicted percentage of dissatisfied 75%, other types was percentage of dissatisfied 100% by inside and outside. Correlation analysis between land cover type and temperature, surface temperature, pmv, utci. T-test analysed inside and outside temperature difference was significant in all types of land.

Hyeree Kim. 2016. A Corpus-Based Study in the Diachronic Change of the Adjective/Participle+V-ing Construction. Studies in Modern Grammar 90, 1-30. In the Present-Day English adjectives and participles are often followed by a preposition plus V-ing (hereafter called PG construction). However, some adjectives and participles can be immediately followed by V-ing without an intermediate preposition (hereafter NG). Therefore, such adjectives/participles can have both NG and PG constructions. This article investigates 13 such predicates (happy, comfortable, bored, tired, fed up; busy, engaged, occupied; late, quick, slow, done, finished) in the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) and examines the frequency changes of their NG vs PG structures in American English from 1820 to 2009. The findings of this study are as follows: (i) NG is a more recent structure than PG, (ii) the frequency of NG has gradually increased over time with most predicates, (iii) except engaged, the percentage of NG to PG was higher in the late 1900 than the early 1800, and with some predicates NG is more preferred than PG in the Present-Day English, (iv) as shown by the fact that some predicates were more resistant to the change, a linguistic innovation does not apply simultaneously but spread gradually across the relevant lexical items/structures.

의료장비와 기술의 발달에도 불구하고 췌장암만 유일하게 기타 암질환과 비교하면 오진률이 높고 생존 률이 낮은 질환이다. 따라서 췌장암은 조기 발견만이 생존율을 높일 수 있는 유일한 방법이며 췌장암의 정 확한 위치를 찾는 것이 중요하다. Dual Point PET/CT 검사를 이용해서 췌장암의 조기 발견을 위한 최적의 Scan method를 제안하였다. PET/CT 검사의 Supine position에서 놓칠 수 있는 해부학적 영역을 환자의 positi on을 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° 75° 변화에 따른 영상의 특징 및 유효성을 분석하였다. 그 결과 90° lateral recumbent position Scan에서 Pancreas tail 판별의 유용성을 발견하였다. Dual Point PET/ CT 검사에서 상복부 특히 해부학적 구조상 췌장처럼 인접 장기와 중첩이 있는 경우, 췌장암이 의심될 때 PET/CT 지연검사에서 환자에게 충분한 수분섭취를 한 후 환자의 Position을 테이블과 수직 상태로 돌려 Lt 또는 Rt lateral Recumbent position 상태에서 PET/CT Scan을 시행하므로 위장, 간, 담낭 십이지장, 췌장 등의 장기를 이격시켜 해부학적 판별에 이점을 주는 검사방법 (JJ-Projection: lateral recumbent position scan)을 개 발하였다. ROC curve 분석에서 JJ-Projection방법이 기존의 Supine scan 방식에서 얻은 영상보다 민감도가 9 5.2% 나타났다. 이것은 기존의 검사방식과 비교해볼 때 4.6 % 증가 하였다. 특이도는 87.5%로 6.9% 증가하 였다. 조직검사로 생물학적 암으로 확정된 결과치와 비교해 볼 때 정확도 는 94.1%로 기존 방식 86%에 비 해 8.41 % 증가하였다. 그러므로 Dual Time Point PET/CT를 이용한 췌장암 판별 검사를 할 때 Delay scan에 서 lateral recumbent position로 변경해서 Scan 하는 것이 기존의 일반적인 방법인 Supine position Scan보다 췌장암 조기 판별에 유용한 정보를 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

전지구적으로 발생하는 기후변화로 인해 수자원의 시공간적 변화를 야기할 것으로 전망된다. 기후변화에 따른 수자원의 영향을 정량적으로 평 가하고 그에 적응할 수 있는 수자원 관리 방안이 필요하다. 하지만 영향평가 시 많은 불확실성이 발생하기 때문에 평가 시 발생하는 불확실성을 정 량적으로 평가할 수 있는 기술 개발이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 기후변화에 따른 수자원 영향평가 시 발생하는 불확실성을 단계별로 평가할 수 있 는 기법을 개발하였으며, 지역기후모형, 통계적 후처리기법, 수문모형에 따른 불확실성을 분석하였다. 평가를 위해 5개 지역기후모형, 5개 통계적 후처리기법과 2개 수문모형을 이용하였다. 불확실성의 요인을 분석한 결과 유출량의 경우 겨울철을 제외한 모든 계절에서 RCM의 불확실성이 29.3~68.9%로 가장 큰 비중을 차지하는 것으로 나타났으나, 겨울철은 수문모형의 불확실성이 46.5%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 증발산량 의 경우 가을철을 제외하고 수문모형의 불확실성이 28.5∼65.1%로 가장 큰 비중을 차지하였다. 따라서 이수기는 수문모형에 더욱 영향이 큰 것 으로 나타났으며, 홍수기는 기후 모델링 부분의 영향이 큰 것으로 사료된다. 이 기법을 통해 특정 RCM이나 통계적 후처리기법, 수문모형 등의 선 정에 따라 전체 불확실성이 어떻게 변화될 수 있는지를 분석할 수 있으며, 이를 통해 불확실성을 저감할 수 있는 방안을 마련할 수 있을 것으로 기대 된다.

For the distribution of fresh produce, the thermoelectric cooling system combined with thermo electric materials (TEM) and phase change material (PCM) was studied. The PCM used this study was produced by in-situ polymerization technology which referred microencapsulation of hydrocarbon (n-tetradecane and n-hexadecane). In this study, quality characteristics of bell peppers in thermoelectric cooling system combined with TEM and PCM were analyzed and control was placed in an EPS (expanded polystyrene) box. As a result of quality characteristics analysis, weight of bell peppers decreased and moisture content of bell peppers was 90.96~94.43% during storage. Vitamin C content of bell pepper decreased during storage and reduction ratio of control was higher than that of BPT-5 treatment(bell pepper in thermoelectric cooling system with PCM which is kept the temperature at 5℃). The result of color value, on 21 day, ΔE value of BPT-5 treatment was 5.05 while that of control was 41.8. On 21 day, total bacteria count of BPT-5 treated bell pepper shown less than that of control. In conclusion, it suggested that the thermoelectric cooling system combined with PCM improved quality of fresh produce during transportation and storage.

This paper is the first of its kind using a non-linear approach based on cross-correlation function (CCF) to investigate the information arrival hypothesis in crude palm oil (CPO) futures market. Based on daily data from 1986 to 2010, our empirical results reveal that: First, the volume of volatility is not a proxy of information flow. Second, dependence causality running from current return to future volume in conditional variance exhibit an asymmetric pattern of time span with different signs of correlation between price and volume series. This finding indicates the presence of noise traders’ hypothesis of price-volume interaction in CPO futures market. Both findings suggest that this futures market is weak-form inefficiency. In terms of investors’ behavior, they tend to change their expectations on current return based on errors made in previous trade in generating abnormal volume in the subsequent period. As implied, it is advisable for the investors devise their future trading strategies according to time span and changes of return.

엘리엇의 『네 사중주』는 자연에 나타난 이미지를 매우 중요하게 사용 하고 있는데, 이러한 이미지는 동양의 고전 『주역』에서도 매우 비슷하 게 나타나고 있다. 『주역』은 어떠한 복잡한 사상 체계라기보다 매우 간 단하고 명료한 자연의 이치를 담고 있는 동양의 고전으로서, 이후의 많 은 동양사상에 근본적인 바탕을 제공해 왔다. 이러한 자연의 이치는 매 우 정교하면서도 또한 보편적이기 때문에 이로부터 연역해 내는 많은 철학사상들은 매우 동양의 사회문화 사상의 바탕이 되어 왔다. 엘리엇 이 『네 사중주』에서 다르고 있는 이미지는 『주역』에서 삶의 근본 원리 로 삼았던 자연의 이미지와 매우 유사하게 다루어지고 있다. 불교의 영 향을 거치면서 『주역』에 내재된 사상이 직,간접적으로 엘리엇의 시학 및 사상을 형성하는데 영향을 주었을 것으로 사료된다. 특히 엘리엇 시 학의 핵심이라고 할 수 있는 정지점의 개념은 『주역』에서 『중용』으로 이어지는 동양적인 중용사상과 매우 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 매우 형이상학적이고 관념론적인 것 같은 엘리엇의 핵심적인 시학 이론의 배경에 이와 같은 심원한 동양적 사상의 단초가 배태되어 있는 것은 매우 놀라운 일일 뿐만 아니라, 향후 중국의 문화를 이해하는 통섭적인 연구에도 많은 기여를 할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

A study to apply phase change material(PCM) to rapid hardening cement paste forming semi-rigid pavement was carried out. The characteristics fresh and hardened paste were evaluated through the experiment for a total of 6 mixtures according to the cement type and the substitution of phase change material for acrylate. The fluidity by substituting phase change material for acrylate satisfied the target flow time of 10 to 13 seconds. In case of setting time, it was possible to secure the performance of rapid hardening cement by substituting phase change material, and if the substitution ratio over 60%, the initial set occurred 1 to 2 minutes faster than other mixtures. In case of compressive strength and bond strength, it showed similar strength characteristics with the plain mixture, and it satisfied both the target compressive and bonding strength of 36MPa and 2MPa. The mixture substituting phase change material showed higher resistance to chloride ion penetration than the mixture only using acrylate and the OPC level was insufficient. From the results of physical and mechanical performances of semi-rigid pavement cement paste, the phase change material substitution rate of 20% was effective in the range of this study.

China bodiless lacquer is blessed with a long history, its based technique is derived from the ancient Dry Lacquer. With the development of the traditional paint process, dry lacquer is one of the inner tube skeleton structure.After spread to Japan and Southeast Asia. With the weakness of traditional lacquer art in modern China, the Ming and Qing Dynasties lacquer make only limited "tick rhino", "inlaid with mother" and several other varieties, hence, many old techniques gradually lost. On the basis of reviving the traditional art, Fuzhou Shen Shao’an improves the production process and become the fathers of modern China bodiless lacquer. After the Shen family for several generations of painstaking efforts to develop, Fuzhou bodiless lacquerware finally become master of modern China, Fujian become the center of an important foundation lacquer. The biggest characteristic of Fuzhou bodiless lacquerware is slim. Since Fuzhou lacquerware came into being in the hands of Mr. Shen Shao’an, it has hereafter been enjoying well-known fame in and outside China for its magnificent colors, light and thin bodies, and ingenious designs. Early bodiless lacquerware only showed statues, longevity, etc., and later developed into fruits, animals and all kinds of utensils. Late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, With the opening of the door Fuzhou bodiless lacquerware went out of China, bodiless boutiques sent by Shen's family repeatedlyreceived awards abroad, and it further promoted the development of Fuzhou bodiless lacquerware industry. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, on the basis of Shen's lacquerware shop, Shen’s established a bodiless lacquerware companies, later transformed into bodiless lacquerware production cooperatives. In 1957, the first state-run Fuzhou bodiless lacquerware factory established and then the second. So far, Fuzhou bodiless lacquerware entered the most glorious period of history, the production scale greatly enhance, the artistic style is more diverse, and it become a national lacquerware industry leader. The production of Bodiless lacquerware is a complex process, the raw material is extremely demanding, it requires more time and more labors, and its production process determines the specificity of the high cost. In China's reform and opening up to the market economy, the export orders reduce substantially, the first factory and the second were bankrupted in the 1990s, bodiless lacquer production was into the trough. In recent years, increasing the degree of social respect to handicrafts and supporting for traditional crafts by country, Fuzhou bodiless lacquerware ushered in the spring. Through field surveys and literature research, grasping the operating conditions of Fuzhou bodiless lacquerware industry, deeply analysing the current situations and discussing the way out is an important issue. As the lacquer industry base of China, the current problem of Fuzhou bodiless lacquerware also represents China’s situation, and to explore the road of change about Fuzhou bodiless lacquerware means to explore the Chinese lacquer revitalization of the road.

상품에 나타난 이미지들을 대량생산체계를 구축한 생산자의 의도적 선전물로 규정한 보드리야르(Baudrillard)의 상품 이미 지에 대한 언어적 개념은 데이비스(Davis)의 브랜드 연상 개념으로 변환되는데, 이것의 핵심은 상품과 브랜드이미지에 나 타난 다양한 형상들이 소비자들의 욕구에 의해서 제작되어지는 것이 아니라 대량생산체계와 선전의 능력을 지닌 생산자의 힘에 의해 사회적 언어체계를 구축한다는 점이다. 본고는 소비사회의 언어적 속성을 가지는 기호로서의 상품과 브랜드이미 지를 보드리야르의 이론에 기초하여 한국 베이커리 산업의 변천 과정의 고찰을 통해 규명하고자 한다. 상품과 브랜드이미지는 소비자의 자발적 욕구의 구현을 초월하여 나타나는 소비사회의 기호로서 일반대중인 소비자에게 주어지는 선택 조건이며, 대중은 소비를 통해서 사회적 언어체계에 참여할 뿐이다. 상품과 브랜드이미지에서 나타난 시대 적 변화는 소비사회 속으로 편입된 대중의 가치관의 변화이고, 이는 초개인적이며 동시대 사람들의 시대정신을 반영하고, 소비행위의 내면에 존재하는 진정한 욕구의 민낯인 것이다. 상품과 브랜드이미지에 함축된 상징성에는 대중이 소비사회에 내재된 언어체계에 의해 통제 받는 기호 해석자라는 의미를 내포하고 있으며, 이는 소비사회에서 특정한 의미를 가지는 기 호의 형상적 실현이 대량생산체계를 가진 생산자들에 의해 상품과 브랜드이미지로 나타나게 되는 것이다. 소비라는 행위에 의해 표출되는 일반대중의 소비사회의 언어체계의 참여라는 개념은 소비자의 상품 구매가 실제적 사용가 치의 충족이라기보다는 소비사회에서 타인과 연계 혹은 구별되는 의미론적 기호의 소비라는 브랜드 연상 작용을 본고에서 는 보드리야르의 소비이론을 기반으로 정의할 것이다.

19세기에 이르러 순수 기악음악이 언어에 비해 사물의 본질을 더 잘 표현해낼 수 있을 것 이라는 사고가 형성되면서, 음악은 가사나 줄거리, 기능성에서 벗어나 독립적 존립이 가능해 졌으며, ‘참된 본질 자체’로서의 예술의 ‘절대성’을 부여받게 되었다. 음악이 음악 외에 무언 가를 ‘표현’할 수 있다는 이러한 사고는 19세기 표제음악 발전의 중요한 출발점이 된다. 특히 이 시기 표제음악 작곡가들은 음악의 표현 대상을 ‘비규정적인 것’(Unbestimmten)에서 ‘규정 적인 것’(Bestimmten)까지 확대시키고자 하였다. 즉 이들은 표현어법을 계속해서 발전시키 다보면 음악도 언어와 마찬가지로 대상을 보다 구체적이고 명확하게 표현할 수 있을 것이라 믿었다. 그리고 리스트의 교향시는 바로 이러한 표제음악의 발전 한 가운데에 위치하고 있 다.