The purposes of this study were to investigate the eating of breakfast by female middle school students in Seoul, the perception of the school breakfast program (SBP), and determine the factors affecting the intention to participate in SBP. Out of 340 questionnaires distributed to the female middle school students, 334 were returned (98.2% response rate) and 323 were analyzed. The subjects were categorized into two groups by the intention to participate in SBP. Subjects were classified as participating and non participating groups. As a result of analyzing the breakfast intake frequency, 'hardly eat' showed the highest with 18.5% in the participating group and 10.3% in non participating group, while 'eat every day' showed 38.2% in the participating group, and the highest with 65.5% in non participating group (p<0.001). For the reason for skipping breakfast, 'no time' showed the highest with 30.0% in the participating group, 'over sleep' and 'no appetite' showed the highest with 24.8% in non participating group. For the reason for not participating in SBP, 'breakfast should be eaten at home' showed the highest with 47.2% in non participating group and 'may get up early in the morning' showed the highest with 46.2% in participating group (p<0.01). To determine the factors affecting the intention to participate in SBP, logistic regression analyses were conducted for female middle school students. According to the logistic regression analysis, father's education level was independently associated with the intention to participate in SBP in female middle school students [Odds Ratios (OR) 2.38, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.03~5.52]. Frequency of eating breakfast on weekdays (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.01~1.81), Level of need for school breakfast (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.35~0.76) and whether to approve school breakfast (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.18~0.41) were independently associated with the intention to participate in SBP in female middle school students. In conclusion, proper educational efforts for importance of school breakfast could be useful plan to develop school breakfast program.

The purpose of this study was to analyze middle students' carbonated beverages selection and consumption behaviors depending on their food-related lifestyle. Data was collected from 307 middle students in Incheon region through a self-administered questionnaire. According to the results of the factor analysis, food-related lifestyle showed that the average is more than 3.0, 0.800 in Cronbach alpha coefficient. There were significant differences in carbonated beverages preference according to health seeking, easy seeking, popularity seeking, and safety seeking type (p<0.05). Also easy seeking and popularity seeking type lifestyle showed significant differences in the reason to drink carbonated drinks (p<0.05), especially school canteen amenities tended to pursue the highest fashion. A significant significance positive result of the consumption of carbonated beverages (p<0.01) was shown for the easy seeking type. A significant positive result of the consumption of carbonated beverages (p<0.01) was shown for the taste seeking and safety seeking type. Analysis of the relationship between carbonated beverage consumption, and form factor showed a high correlation coefficient of 0.617 and with brand design, while the taste and the price were (p<0.05) 0.446, and 0.437 in order to design and calories, respectively.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between eating habits and health among adolescents in Shanghai and Heze, China. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013 on 2,089 adolescents; 1,089 students were from Shanghai and 999 students from Heze region. Eating habits, weight, height, and nutritional knowledge were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Eating habits score was classified into two categories: healthy eating habits and unhealthy eating habits, based on「Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey」, for statistical data analysis. Associations between eating habits, BMI, and nutritional knowledge were examined using a general linear model with adjustment of potential confounding factors such as region, gender, age, parents’ education level, and pocket money. Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS (version 9.3) program. Proportions of healthy eating habits group were 90.0% for breakfast (3-7 times/wk), 29.1% for fruit (≥once/d), 12.5% for vegetable (≥3 times/d), 7.3% for milk (≥2 times/d), 90.0% for fast food (<3 times/wk) consumption, respectively. The average BMI score was 20.1 (Shanghai 20.5 Heze 19.6), which is in the range of normal weight. Rates of obesity and overweight were 16.5% and 8.3% in Shanghai and Heze, respectively. There were significant negative correlations between intake frequencies of breakfast, fast food, biscuits, sugar, chocolate, and BMI score. Eating habits and nutritional knowledge score showed a significant positive correlation. These results showed better eating habits regarding eating regularity and consumption of fruits and soft drinks in Chinese adolescents compared with Korean adolescents, although cultural differences were not fully considered. This study demonstrated significant associations of BMI and nutritional knowledge with dietary behavior in Chinese adolescents in two regions of China. Further studies on Chinese adolescents from other regions in China should be considered.

본 연구는 신체적, 발달적 변화로 인한 자아정체감의 혼란을 겪고 있는 중년여성에 대한 사진치료의 적용이 심리 치료적 측면에서 어떤 작용을 하는지를 참여여성들의 경험을 중심으로 살펴보고자 하였다. 이에 따라 사진치료 프로 그램 참여 과정에서 일어나는 인식의 변화를 가장 잘 이해할 수 있는 현상학적 연구를 진행하였다. 연구 참여자는 중 년여성으로 총 6 명이며, 자료수집은 2013년 1월부터 2014년 2월까지 진행되었다. 지오르지(Giorgi, 1997)의 현상학적 연구방법 4단계에 따른 자료 분석 결과 총 309개의 의미단위와 6개의 구성요소, 13개의 하위구성요소를 도출하였다. 연구결과 중년기 여성들에게 사진치료 프로그램의 경험은 사진을 매개로 하여 자신의 방어기제를 자연스럽게 해소 하고 사진에 투사된 자신의 무의식을 알아차리며, 자신의 이미지를 직면하는 과정을 통해 중년기의 변화를 포함한 자신의 삶을 수용하여 보다 유연한 태도로 관계와 일상을 영위하게 되었음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 사진은 잠재적인 현 실을 재현하는 유용한 도구로서 욕구를 명료화하여 생활에서의 보다 빠른 선택과 실행으로 이어지도록 도움을 주었 음이 보고되었다. 이와 같이, 사진치료는 사진이라는 매체의 독특한 특성으로 인해 중년기 여성들의 자아정체감의 혼란을 보다 빨리 해소하고 향후 삶을 계획하는 데에 도움을 주는 것으로 나타났다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a set of 16 nutrition education lessons on the eating behaviors and nutrition knowledge of middle school students. The target was a group of 128 boys in the first year of middle school in Changwon, who took the classes from the 29th of August, 2011, to the 17th of February, 2012. The education was performed for 16 weeks using the e-learning textbook, 'Health and nutrition of youth', and a teacher's guidebook developed by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. The results were summarized as follows. Students demonstrated significant changes in their knowledge about nutrition and in their dietary behavior due to the nutrition education, and the effects were observed to be maintained for one year after education. The average nutrition knowledge score before, immediately after, and 1 year after the education was significantly increased from 13.0 before the education to 18.8 after education (p＜0.001), maintaining the score of 18.5 1 year later. The eating-related questions of 'I will practice healthy eating habits in life' and 'Nutrition education is necessary to build healthy eating habits', were given a high score by the students at the last survey conducted one year later. Of course, it is not easy to change the dietary behavior of students through dietary education in schools. Nevertheless, the results of this study demonstrated that such educatcan is necessary since the habits can indeed be changed, as observed in the present study.

Eating breakfast provides crucial nutrition for brain function and helps promote overall health. It is especially critical in growing adolescents, as it is known to form good eating habits and better study habits. This study investigated the effects of skipping breakfast on nutritional state, fatigue level, and attention level. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010 on total of 828 adolescents composed of 414 boys and 414 girls. Students who ate breakfast never to twice per week were placed in the breakfast-skipper group while students who ate breakfast more than five times per week were included in the breakfast-eater group. Students performed a self-reported questionnaire on food behaviors, amount of food consumption, fatigue level, attention deficient hyperactivity disease (ADHD) level by Conners-Wells’ Adolescent Self-Report Scales, depression scale, and self-esteem level. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SAS program (version 9.1). A total of 135 boys (32.6%) and 138 girls (33.3%) were included in the breakfast-skipper group, whereas 241 boys (58.2%) and 223 girls (53.9%) were included in the breakfast-eater group. The breakfast-skipper group showed irregular food behaviors and lacked nutrients. Specifically, energy (p< .001), protein (p< .001), dietary fiber (p< .001), calcium (p< .01), vitamin A (p< .01), thiamin (p< .05), niacin (p< .001) levels in boy breakfast-skippers were statistically lower compared to boy breakfast-eaters. Intakes of all nutrients except fat in girl breakfast-skippers were statistically lower than in girl breakfast-eaters. Girl breakfast-skippers (41.3%) showed significantly higher fatigue risks compared to girl breakfast-eaters (21.5%). Low attention level was also observed only in girls in the breakfast-skipping group. Moreover, students in the breakfast-skipper group showed higher scores for depression and low self-esteem (p< .001). In conclusion, skipping breakfast has effects on young adolescents’ nutrition, manifesting as high fatigue level and low attention level, especially in girls.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among snacking behaviors and depression in middle school students. A survey was conducted on 777 middle school students (491 boys and 286 girls). Using a self-reporting method, the participants took 20 minutes to complete the questionnaires. Our data revealed that the height and weight of boys were 172.66 cm and 63.48 kg, respectively, whereas those of girls were 159.86 cm and 51.62 kg, respectively. Sleep durations of boys and girls were 6.44 and 6.41 hours, respectively. Boys ate more rice cake than girls, whereas girls ate more biscuits than boys. The average B.D.I (Beck Depression inventory) scores for boys and girls were 9.73 and 11.49, respectively. Degree of depression was significantly higher in girls compared to boys. We also observed significant correlations between depression and snacking (rice cake, biscuits, chocolate, and fried potato). This study may provide basic information on snacking behaviors and depression in middle school students, and the findings suggest that proper control of emotions is required to maintain desirable eating behaviors in middle school students.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of homocysteine and antioxidant nutrients with obesity in Korean middle aged women. The study subjects included were middle-aged obese women (n=36) whose body mass index (BMI) was greater than 25 kg/m2. A total of 36 participants were randomly divided into two groups. They were assigned to either the Nutritional Management and Exercise (NME) program or the Exercise Management (EM) program, which were both conducted for 3 months. We measured serum homocysteine, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol levels of the participant. We also measured the dietary intakes of antioxidant nutrient, cholesterol, body weight, body mass index, blood pressure, and VO2. At the end of both programs, please confirm this change. It was unclear when these measurements were shown to have decreased. The body weight and BMI of NME group were decreased compared to those of EM group. The serum total cholesterol levels of the participants in NME group were significantly decreased, in contrast to EM group. Also, serum homocysteine levels of NME group participants were decreased compared to EM group, but the difference was not statistically significant. In the NME group, there were significant differences in the change of dietary cholesterol and vitamin C intake. These results showed that participating NME program will continuously promote the healthy status of the middle aged obese women, compared to participating only in the EM program.

The aim of this study is to provide the fundamental information on satisfaction for school food service and dietary habits of middle school students in Sejong Special Self-Governing City. Generally, the subjects had a high satisfaction level for school food service. The boys had comparatively more satisfactory days for school food service than the girls. The most dissatisfactory factors of school food service were the taste and variety of menu for the girls, and the time and place for lunch and the service of employee for the boys. The intersexual differences existed with a significant difference in the irregular intake of meals, the reasons to skip meals, and the eating speed. For the boys, the main reason to skip meals was due to lack of appetite, and for the girls, it was the weight-control. The boys finished each meal within 5~10 min and ate more than the amount the girls eat in general. The main components of breakfast for the subjects were a cooked rice, soup, and side dish in 65.9%, and the frequency of skipping breakfast was high with 32.8%, which was once per week. The favorite snacks for the middle school students were cookies and beverages in 29.4%, instant foods in 24.3%, and hamburger and pizza in 21.4%. The intake frequency of snacks was once or twice per week in 46.5% of the subjects. In addition, the subjects had a very high intake frequency of fastfoods with once or twice per week in 72.7%, and the most favorite fastfood was ramen in 57.7%. The subjects in 45.3% took dairy food every day. In conclusion, the middle school students need nutrition education to improve their eating habit and to increase the frequency of breakfast.

The Chinese Characters in stone inscription in Chinese middle ages is one of the most important research materials of the Chinese history and Chinese language and Characters. It is very hard word to use these materials for huge quantity, large time span, and spread over different area, so it is necessary to build a database to promote the research work on Middle Chinese Characters. Before this work, creating a set of standards is important basic work. This is the purpose of this paper. There are only some preliminary considerations on the Chinese Characters in stone inscription in Chinese Middle Ages. In the future, with the development of the work more scientific standards will be further discussed.

The purpose of this study is to understand the meaning and essence of concrete and practical experience on a series of debates to reveal factors that could be exposed when middle or old-aged people are in the process of re-employment process when they were unemployed by exploring the phenomenon of experience on the courses for the unemployed focusing on middle or old-aged people for employment support program. Depth consultation interviews were conducted and the structure of this phenomenon was revealed and described by applying Giorgi's phenomenology technical as a procedure for analyzing participants' statements by concentrating on the essence of the experience in this study. The meaning of the experience of the unemployed re-employment process structure as a result of analysis on the nature of re-employment experience on the basis of research participants and the information stated through this study showed respectively such as <Realistic limits seaworthiness>, <re-employment efforts will>, <Desperate economic poverty>, <To find my identity in the process of re-employment>, <In anticipation of the second half of my youth>, and "Reemployment Success Factors>. It is a significant meaning that middle and old-aged people were able to confirm that they experienced Dynamic pursuit of hopes and dreams and got the chance to participate in society Toward a new life By strengthening employ ability skills by undertaking vocational training, obtaining licenses, and regaining confidence and employment determination, and a lot of desire using the card for learning tomorrow, government support system.

It's long been noted that a serious discrepancy exists between elementary school English classes and middle school English classes. This study explores the differences in the teacher talks of elementary and middle school classrooms. To this end, three elementary school English classes and three middle school English classes are tape-recorded, and their teacher utterances are analyzed according to forms of utterances, functions of utterances and language types. The result shows that elementary school English teachers use significantly more command forms and feedback than middle school English teachers while they use significantly more non-class related utterances more than elementary school teachers. They utter class-related managerial and disciplinary categories significantly more than middle school English teachers while they do miscellaneous categories significantly more than elementary school teachers. In terms of languages teachers use in the classroom, elementary school teachers speaks English significantly more than middle school English teachers. Elementary school teachers tend to use plain Korean to individual students while using formal Korean to the whole class. Middle school teachers tend to use formal Korean irrespective of whole group, small group and individual students.

본고는 중학생을 대상으로 하여 실제 수업 사례를 통해 바람직한 한문 문법 지도 방안을 고찰한 것이다. 구안 과정과 학생들의 반응 및 그에 따른 피드백 등을 상세하고 체계적으로 기술함으로써 본고에서 마련한 방안들이 실제 학교 현장에서 일정하게 활용될 수 있도록 하였다. 문법 지도 방안은 문법 의식 제고, 한자 및 단어 의미 제시, 문장 제시․설명 등 3가지 측면을 중심으로 마련되었다. 문법 의식 제고 방안으로는 교과융합 방식을 통한 문법 용어 이해, 한문과 국어의 차이를 통한 어순의 이해 등을 거론하였고, 한자 및 단어 의미 제시 방안으로는 의미항목과 용법의의 동시 제시, 영어․국어와의 대조분석적 방법을 통한 접속사의 이해 등을 제안하였다. 문장 제시․설명 방안으로는 대구 문장의 적절한 활용, 오류를 줄이기 위한 방법 등을 기술하였다. 아울러 본고에서는 배움중심학습, 모듬학습 등에서 문법을 통한 독해 수업이 학생들의 흥미를 유발하고 적극적인 수업 참여를 일으키며 사고력을 증진시킬 수 있다는 것에 대한 시론적인 의견을 개진하였다.

漢字敎育에 漢字構造分析理論은 매우 重要한 要素이다. 許愼의 六書論은 최 초의 漢字構造理論으로, 文字學系에 많은 영향을 끼쳐왔다. 하지만 六書論은 小篆에 맞게 형성된 理論으로, 隸變 이후 급격한 변화를 겪은 隸書나 楷書體와 簡化된 現代漢字 簡體字에 적용하기에는 많은 문제점이 나타 나고 있다. 그러므로 現代로 오면서 漢字를 分析하는 새로운 漢字構造分析理論으로 裘錫圭의 三書說과 蘇培成의 新六書, 王寧의 構形學理論 등이 많은 사람들의 관심을 끌고 있다. 특히 이 중에서 北京師範大學 王寧敎授가 創案해낸 構形學理論은 한자의 部件分解를 基礎로 字形을 분석하는 방법이다. 部件은 특히 다른 漢字를 구성할 때 義符나 音符로 表意나 表音기능을 담당할 수 있으므로, 部件의 음이나 뜻을 알면 그 部件으로 다른 漢字의 의미나 讀音을 유추 할 수 있으므로 漢字의 形音義를 學習하는데 도움이 된다. 2009년 中國 敎育部에서는 現代 常用漢字의 部件 및 部件名稱 規範을 制定 하였다. 이 部件表는 中國의 現代 常用漢字 3500字의 部件을 514개(441조)部件 을 제시하고 있다. 그러므로 本稿에서는 이에 착안하여 王寧의 構形學 理論을 利用하여 韓國의 常用漢字 1800字중 먼저 中學校 基礎敎育用 漢字 900字의 部件을 정리하였다. 構形學 理論에 의거하여 漢字部件을 整理한 結果, 아래와 같은 結果를 얻었다. 直接部件489개, 基礎部件335개 및 5개의 구형모델을 귀납 정리했다. 이러한 결과를 이용하여 이후에도 고등학교용 상용한자도 분석하여, 韓國의 常用漢字 部件을 中國의 常用漢字 部件과 比較 分析할 것이다. 이는 韓國의 常用漢字 選定의 必要性과 選定基準 및 여러 가지 常用漢字 選定過程의 문제점을 살펴봄과 동시에 새로운 漢字敎育理論인 구형학 이론을 이용 하여 한자교육방면에도 많은 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

목적: 중·고등학생 및 대학생들의 미용칼라 콘택트렌즈 착용실태를 조사하여 올바른 착용 및 관리를 위한 가이드라인을 제시하는 데 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 방법: 2012년 6월부터 2013년 5월까지 콘택트렌즈를 구매하고자 안경원에 내원한 고객 중 설문에 응한 여자 중·고등학생 및 대학생 500명(중학생: 186명, 고등학생: 158명, 대학생: 156명)을 대상으로 실시하였다. 결과: 총 대상자 500명 중 316명(63.2%)이 미용칼라렌즈를 착용하였으며, 그 중 191명(60.45%)이 2조 이상의 렌즈를 보유하였다. 처음 착용 시기는 중학교 1학년 때가 149명(47.15%)으로 가장 많았고, 친구의 영향이 236명(74.68%)으로 가장 많았다. 미용칼라 콘택트렌즈 선택의 기준은 색상이 140명(43.06%)으로 가장 많았고, 하루 착용시간은 4~6시간이 86명(27.22%)으로 가장 많았으며, 렌즈 교체주기는 1~3개월이 81명(25.63%)으로 나타났다. 친구와 함께 미용칼라 콘택트렌즈를 착용한 경험은 102명(32.28%)이 ‘있다’로 응답하였으며, 보관용기에 대한 소독은 ‘한다’가 220명(69.62%)이었으며, 용기의 교체주기는 1~3개월이 76명(47.27%)으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 미용칼라 콘택트렌즈에 대한 가장 큰 부작용은 건조감(빈도: 2.72±1.05, 정도: 2.79±1.24), 불편감(빈도: 2.43±0.89, 정도: 2.39±1.15) 순으로 나타났다. 결론: 미용칼라 콘택트렌즈의 착용이 점점 증가하고 있으며 처음 착용시기도 어려지고 있으나, 관리방법 및 취급에 대한 지도가 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 보관용기를 포함한 콘택트렌즈 관리와 교체주기에 대한 충분한 지도 및 지속적인 사후관리가 필요한 것으로 생각된다.

This study aims to comparatively analyze lower extremity joint moment during the take-off phase in high jump and thus to provide the basic data for enhancement of highschool students' high jump skills. 2 highschool students - one males and one females - were chosen for the experiment in which the 3D image analyzer and ground reaction force measuring unit were adopted. The results are as follows: Similar to the changing patterns from lower extremity joint moment but, moment values it turned out that male were better than female. The flexion and extension moment of lower extremity were most significant, abduction and adduction, medial rotation and lateral rotation were relatively small. The moment value in sagittal plane, frontal plane, transverse plane were appeared larger in the order of hip joint-knee joint-ankle joint. The muscle activity of knee joint and hip joint were acts in conjunction with sequential knee joint-hip joint.

The purpose of this research is to verify the meaning and attraction of school sports club games in review of the specific inside of school sports club games where students can fully show off their developed skills and high satisfaction effect in school life. We have conducted a survey to find sports fun factors among 88 middle school students advanced to the quarterfinals of 'The 7th Education Support Commissioner's Cup Baseball Tournament' in G city of Gyeonggi-do and analyzed the results by one-way ANOVA and t-test. The research results are as follows. First, all 5 sports fun sub-factors among students participated in the sports club games showed relatively high scores in the order of victory and competition, team atmosphere, practice and recognition of its effectiveness and parental support. Second, there were no significant differences in sports fun factors by grades of participating students. Third, there were no significant differences in sports fun factors by types of participation.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the physical education avoidance factors and the types of them for seeking the efficient teaching methods of physical education and making an appropriate learning environment which result in vitalized physical education. For this purpose, this study is planned to gain specific evidences. From May to July in 2013, the research has been conducted in Gangseo, Yangcheon, and Mapo area of Seoul. Among 420 of female middle school students who are the subjects originally, 349 of students are used as a data of spss 12.0 statistics. The conclusion is deducted by one-way ANOVA, corelation analysis, and multiple regression analysis based on the analysis contents and purpose. the conclusions were as follows; Firstly, as examining the avoidance factors of female middle school students from the background variables, the second grade students of middle school recognize the avoidance factors highest among sub factors based on the grades. In respect of the avoidance factors based on the school form, female students of coeducation school perceive the avoidance factors more than ones of girls' middle school. While female middle school students taught by male teachers are more aware of students factors, course contents factors, and weather factors, the students who are taught by female teachers recognize facility-instrument factors, teacher-teaching factors highly. In the avoidance factor based on whether a school has gym or not, middle school female students without gym perceive course content factors, teaching factors, and weather factors highly. On the other hand, middle school female students who do not have gym recognize student factors more than others. Secondly, in the case of avoidance types of middle school female students, second graders mark the highest states on not only the active avoidance but the passive one. While first graders are higher than third graders on the active avoidance, third graders appear highly on the passive avoidance compared to first graders. According to the types of school, middle female students in coeducation school avoid more on both active and passive avoidance. Based on the gender difference of the teachers, middle school female students who are taught by male instructors show the higher passive avoidance than ones taught by female instructors. Inversely the latter show higher avoidance on the active avoidance. Middle school female students who don’t utilize a physical training facility turn out having high tendency on both the active and passive avoidance. Thirdly the meaningful positive relationship between the physical education avoidance and the avoidance types exists. In the case of the active avoidance of physical education, students are influenced by teaching and weather factors meaningfully. Students factors, course content factors, and weather factors have meaningful influence on the passive avoidance. From all the features above, middle school female students have different avoidance factors based on the background variables. Also their avoidance types of physical education vary depending on the background variables. The avoidance factors of physical education have effects on the types of the avoidance.