This study purposed to provide a scientific base for understanding the effect of therapeutic intervention using motivation on chronic stroke patients’balance and determining whether it is applicable as a new therapeutic intervention. For this study, we sampled 38 chronic stroke patients, and divided them randomly into a motivation training group(n=20) and a control group(n=18). To the control group was applied neurological physiotherapy 5 times a week, and 30 minutes each time, and to the motivation training group was applied neurological physiotherapy and then, additionally, a Nintendo Wii-Fit program 3 times a week, and 30 minutes each time. Before and after the experiment, the subjects’dynamic balance was measured with functional reach test(FRT), timed up & go test(TUG), and 10m gait test, and their static balance was measured with the Romberger Test. When dynamic balance ability was compared between before and after the experiment and between the motivation training group and the control group, significant difference was observed in the results of FRT, TUG, and 10m walking test between before and after the intervention(p<.05). As to static balance, in addition, body balance movement distance was not significantly different. Therapeutic intervention using dynamic motivation was found to be more effective than the control group in improving dynamic balance.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of auditory biofeedback training and kicking training on walking times in patients with hemiplegia to determine if the effects of such training would be maintained even after stopping the intervention. Thirty hemiplegia patients were selected and randomly assigned to a control group of 10 patients to receive general exercise treatment; an auditory biofeedback training group of 10 patients to receive auditory biofeedback training, along with general exercise; and a kicking training group to receive kicking training, along with general exercise. All the patients received their respective training 12 times in total, three times per week for four weeks. In addition, all those in the control and experimental groups received the same general exercise treatment 12 times in total, three times per week for four weeks, and underwent follow-up tests thereafter. The patients’10m walking times were measured using a stopwatch. The significance was analyzed using repeated-ANOVAs. In cases where there were interactions between measuring times and groups, in each group were examined using repeated-ANOVAs. In cases where there were differences, post-hoc tests were conducted using repeated of contrast test. The 10m walking times of the control and experimental groups were significant differences in 10m walking times were shown between measurement times(p<.05), and significant differences in the interactions between measuring times and groups were shown between the groups(p <.05). However, no significant differences in 10m walking times were shown between the groups(p>.05). The auditory biofeedback training group showed significant decreases in walking times four weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05) and significant increases eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05). The kicking training group showed significant decreases in walking time four weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05) and maintained the walking times without showing any significant differences eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p>.05). The walking speeds of only the kicking training group were maintained until eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of auditory biofeedback training and kicking training on walking times in patients with hemiplegia to determine if the effects of such training would be maintained even after stopping the intervention. Thirty hemiplegia patients were selected and randomly assigned to a control group of 10 patients to receive general exercise treatment; an auditory biofeedback training group of 10 patients to receive auditory biofeedback training, along with general exercise; and a kicking training group to receive kicking training, along with general exercise. All the patients received their respective training 12 times in total, three times per week for four weeks. In addition, all those in the control and experimental groups received the same general exercise treatment 12 times in total, three times per week for four weeks, and underwent follow-up tests thereafter. The patients’10m walking times were measured using a stopwatch. The significance was analyzed using repeated-ANOVAs. In cases where there were interactions between measuring times and groups, in each group were examined using repeated-ANOVAs. In cases where there were differences, post-hoc tests were conducted using repeated of contrast test. The 10m walking times of the control and experimental groups were significant differences in 10m walking times were shown between measurement times(p<.05), and significant differences in the interactions between measuring times and groups were shown between the groups(p <.05). However, no significant differences in 10m walking times were shown between the groups(p>.05). The auditory biofeedback training group showed significant decreases in walking times four weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05) and significant increases eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05). The kicking training group showed significant decreases in walking time four weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p<.05) and maintained the walking times without showing any significant differences eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention(p>.05). The walking speeds of only the kicking training group were maintained until eight weeks after the beginning of the intervention.

The purpose of this study was to analysis of the effect of proprioceptor training and vestibular organ training for balance ability. The subjects was consist of two different subjects group, proprioceptor training group and vestibular organ training group. Proprioceptor training group consisted of 10 subjects and vestibular organ training group consisted of 10 subjects. Training was performed 3 times per week, 30 minutes per day, for 3 weeks. Balance ability analysis was performed using Romberg's one leg standing test and BT4 when opened eyes and closed eyes. The analysis results were as follows. There was no significant differences in balance after the training in both groups when they opened their eyes(p<.05). But there was significant differences in balance after the training in both groups when they closed their eyes(p<.05). And there was no significant difference in balance after the training between the proprioceptor training group and the vestibular organ training group when they closed their eyes(p<.05). Given the above results, proprioceptor training and vestibular organ training enhanced balance but there was no significant difference between the two methods.

This study is a cross-sectional study for conscripts with chronic low back pain, where it is designed to investigate general characteristics that conscripts with chronic low back pain carry, and it is also aimed to analyze the correlation as well as discrepancy within pain, depression and body mass index depending on their ranks. In this study, 90 Korean conscripts with chronic low back pain participated. And in order to analyze general characteristics as well as pain, depression and body mass index of the subjects, this study adopted a survey questionnaire upon general characteristics, and it also employed Visual Analogue Scacle(VAS) and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression(CES-D) Scale which have proven their credibility, where BMI values for the subjects were calculated based on 'Asian Pacific standard' Body Mass Index(BMI). From the general characteristics exhibited by the subjects through this study, average age and average height of the subjects were 20.78±1.41 and 175.97±5.34 respectively; and corporals displayed the highest ratio of 42% with the chronic low back pain while 40% of the total subjects experienced the duration of the illness less than 6 to 9 months. Moreover, 57.8% of all subjects were reportedly suffering moderate pain, and 48% exhibited depression while 49% carried BMI value between 18.5 and 22.9kg/m2(normal range). Based on the analysis of correlation among pain, depression, discrepancy of BMI depending on the ranks and each independent variable, it appears that there is no significant difference amongst the ranks, and there is no correlation between independent variables; however, it was obvious that all groups divided by the ranks had a moderate pain(45-74mm), depression(≥16) and BMI value in normal range(18.5-22.9).

In the present study, to examine the effects of somatosensory stimulation of the hands on the hand functions and visuomotor coordination of children with developmental disabilities, a total of 24 sessions of experiments were conducted with three children with developmental disabilities for 60 minutes per session, three sessions per week from January 7, 2013 to March 11, 2013. To examine the effects of somatosensory stimulation of the hands on grasping and visuomotor coordination which are sub-areas of PDMS-2, the A-B study design was used which is a single case study method out of single-subject experimental research designs. Somatosensory stimulation of the hands was shown to be effective in improving the hand functions of children with developmental disabilities. Somatosensory stimulation of the hands showed positive effects on the raw scores and standardized scores of grasping and visuomotor coordination in all the three subject children. Visuomotor coordination functions showed higher scores in post-hoc tests in all three children. In particular, ring throws showed high scores at right 90°, right 45°, center, left 45°, and left 90°among visual directions. In the present study conducted with children with developmental disabilities, ring throws were performed to examine visuomotor coordination. In particular, the numbers of successes of ring throws on the front, left, and right were shown to be high. Therefore, somatosensory stimulation of the hands was effective on the hand functions and visuomotor coordination functions of children with developmental disabilities.

The purpose of this study is to provide the case of influence of myofacial release(MFR) and cryotherapy in acute whiplash injury. The subjects were consisted of 3 adults(2 males, 1 female) who had been diagnosed with whiplash injury. The performance period was 1 weeks, 6 times and 1 time is 40min(MFR: 20min, cryotherapy: 20min). We measured neck pain(Visual analogue scale, VAS) and cervical alignment(cervical curvature & line of gravity). All measurements of each subject were measured at pre-treatment and post-treatment. The results are listed below. The neck pain(VAS) index decreased from 7.54cm to 4.11cm. The cervical curvature increased from 23.62°to 29.76°. The line of gravity decreased from 8.03mm to 3.66mm. Based on the results, it can be suggested that both MFR and cryotherapy can be used to neck pain and alignment in acute whiplash injury.

The purpose of this study is to observe how balance exercise on an unstable platform and on a stable platform affects balance ability. The subjects were 35 adults in their 20s and were randomly assigned to a stable platform group and an unstable platform group. They performed balance exercise three times per week for six weeks. Balance exercise introduced by previous research was modified and complemented for use in this study. Balance ability of the subjects was measured through center of pressure(COP) area, medial-lateral displacement, and anterior-posterior displacement using a portable balance platform BT4. There was significant difference in the COP area between the unstable platform exercise group and the stable platform exercise group. In comparison in differences between the unstable platform exercise group and the stable platform exercise group after the exercise, there was significant difference in anteriorposterior movement. Therefore, exercise on an unstable platform is more effective than exercise on a stable platform in strengthening balance ability.

개발부담금제는 현재 운영되고 있는 가장 대표적인 개발이익환수제도중 하나이다. 그러나 개발부담금제는 그것이 갖는 내재적 한계로 인하여 환수의 효율성이 높을 수 없다. 그렇다고 해서 개발부담금제에서 부과율을 높이는 등의 조치는 제도 자체의 논란만을 가중시킬 수 있다. 따라서 개발이익환수제도의 실효성을 제고하는 방안으로 기부채납의 활용을 검토할 필요가 있다. 기부채납은 본래의 공익과 사익의 합리적인 조정수단으로써 운영되는 것과 달리 효용성 및 사후관리의 문제 등의 많은 문제점이 제기되고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 개발부담금 부과실적과 기부채납이 된 토지 현황분석을 통해 문제점을 도출하고, 이의 개선방안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다.연구결과 개발부담금이 소규모 개발사업의 개발이익 환수에 유리하고 기부채납이 대규모 개발이익 환수에 적합함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 대규모 개발이익은 현재 추진되고 있는 사전협상제와 결합하면 큰 시너지 효과를 낼 수 있을 것이다. 특히 사전협상제도는 10,000㎡ 이상의 경우에만 대상이 되므로, 기부채납을 대규모 개발에 한정하여 개발이익 환수의 특례로 인정하고 개발부담금 산정에서 배제하여 협의에 의한 산정이 가능하도록 한다면, 전반적인 제도를 수정하지 않고도 대규모 개발사업에서 효율적으로 개발이익 환수를 실시할 수 있을 것이다.

The effects of printed circuit board electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) and organic solderability preservative (OSP) surface finishes on the electromigration reliability and shear strength of Sn-3.5Ag Pb-free solder bump were systematically investigated. In-situ annealing tests were performed in a scanning electron microscope chamber at 130, 150, and 170˚C in order to investigate the growth kinetics of intermetallic compound (IMC). Electromigration lifetime and failure modes were investigated at 150˚C and 1.5×105A/cm2, while ball shear tests and failure mode analysis were conducted under the high-speed conditions from 10 mm/s to 3000 mm/s. The activation energy of ENIG and OSP surface finishes during annealing were evaluated as 0.84 eV and 0.94 eV, respectively. The solder bumps with ENIG surface finish showed longer electromigration lifetime than OSP surface finish. Shear strengths between ENIG and OSP were similar, and the shear energies decreased with increasing shear speed. Failure analysis showed that electrical and mechanical reliabilities were very closely related to the interfacial IMC stabilities.

This study is research on the thermal emissivity depending on the alignment degrees of graphite flakes. Samples were manufactured by a slurry of natural graphite flakes with organic binder and subsequent dip-coating on an aluminum substrate. The alignment degrees were controlled by applying magnetic field strength (0, 1, and 3 kG) to the coated samples. The alignment degree of the sample was measured by XRD. The thermal emissivity was measured by an infrared thermal image camera at 100˚C. The alignment degrees were 0.04, 0.11, and 0.17 and the applied magnetic field strengths were 0, 1, and 3 kG, respectively. The thermal emissivities were 0.829, 0.837, and 0.844 and the applying magnetic field strengths were 0, 1, and 3 kG, respectively. In this study the correlation coefficient, R2, between thermal emissivity and alignment degree was 0.997. Therefore, it was concluded that the thermal emissivities are correlated with the alignment degree of the graphite flakes.

We report the effect of the fabric of the surface microstructure on the CO gas sensing properties of SnO2 thin films deposited on self-assembled Au nanodots (SnO2/Au) that were formed on SiO2/Si substrates. We characterized structural and morphological properties, comparing them to those of SnO2 thin films deposited directly onto SiO2/Si substrates. We observed a significant enhancement of CO gas sensing properties in the SnO2/Au gas sensors, specifically exhibiting a high maximum response at 200˚C and quite a low detection limit of 1 ppm level in dry air. In particular, the response of the SnO2/Au gas sensor was found to reach the maximum value of 32.5 at 200˚C, which is roughly 27 times higher than the response (~1.2) of the SnO2 gas sensor obtained at the same operating temperature of 200˚C. Furthermore, the SnO2/Au gas sensors displayed very fast response and recovery behaviors. The observed enhancement in the CO gas sensing properties of the SnO2/Au sensors is mainly ascribed to the formation of a nanostructured morphology in the active SnO2 layer having a high specific surface-reaction area by the insertion of a nanodot form of Au nucleation layer.

대테러 체제 적용의 범위를 둘러싼 논쟁과 개별적 대테러 협약이 효과적으로 이행되고 있지 못하고 있는 문제는 아랍국가그룹과 서구국가그룹들 간의 견해 차이에서 비롯된 것이다. 아랍국가그룹은 국제테러의 범위에서 민족자결권의 행사를 제외하려고 하고 있고, 반면 서구국가그룹은 국가 군대의 행위를 그 범위에서 제외하려고 하면서 의견의 충돌을 일으키고 있는 것이다. 이 두 그룹은 30여년이 지난 현재까지도 여전히 이러한 초기 단계의 논쟁에 머물면서 대테러 체제의 효과적 운영을 저해하고 있다. 이러한 현실은 포괄적 국제테러협약에 관한 논의가 어떤 방향으로 진행되어야 할 지에 대해서 시사하는 바가 크다. 결론적으로 대테러 체제를 평화시의 체제와 무력충돌시의 체제 두 개로 명확히 나누어 접근한다면 이러한 소모적 논쟁을 정리하고 보다 구체적인 협력 논의를 진행할 수 있을 것이다. 이에 따르면 양 그룹의 요구를 충족시키면서 기존에 이미 형성된 대테러 체제(국제인도법에 의해 규율되어 온 대테러 체제)를 활용할 수 있다. 그리고 이러한 차원에서 현재 그 필요성이 끊임없이 제기되고 있는 대테러 관련 고위급 회담은 평화시의 대테러 체제, 무력충돌시의 대테러 체제의 구분 문제를 종합적으로 논의할 수 있는 장이 될 것이다.

Solution-based Sb-doped SnO2 (ATO) transparent conductive oxides using a low-temperature process werefabricated by an electrospray technique followed by spin coating. We demonstrated their structural, chemical, morphological,electrical, and optical properties by means of X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field-emission scanningelectron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Hall effect measurement system, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. In order toinvestigate optimum electrical and optical properties at low-temperature annealing, we systemically coated two layer, four layer,and six layers of ATO sol-solution using spin-coating on the electrosprayed ATO thin films. The resistivity and opticaltransmittance of the ATO thin films decreased as the thickness of ATO sol-layer increased. Then, the ATO thin films with twosol-layers exhibited superb figure of merit compared to the other samples. The performance improvement in a low temperatureprocess (300oC) can be explained by the effect of enhanced carrier concentration due to the improved densification of the ATOthin films causing the optimum sol-layer coating. Therefore, the solution-based ATO thin films prepared at 300oC exhibitedthe superb electrical (~7.25×10−3Ω·cm) and optical transmittance (~83.1%) performances.

The contact mechanism of devices is usually researched at electrode contacts. However, the contact between a dielectric and channel at the MOS structure is more important. The graphene was used as a channel material, and the thin film transistor with MOS structure was prepared to observe the contact mechanism. The graphene was obtained on Cu foil by the thermal decomposition method with H2 and CH4 mixed gases at an ambient annealing temperature of 1000˚C during the deposition for 30 min, and was then transferred onto a SiO2/Si substrate. The graphene was doped in a nitrogen acidic solution. The chemical properties of graphene were investigated to research the effect of nitric atoms doping. The sheet resistance of graphene decreased after nitrogen acidic doping, and the sheet resistance decreased with an increase in the doping times because of the increment of negative charge carriers. The nitric-atom-doped graphene showed the Ohmic contact at the curve of the drain current and drain voltage, in spite of the Schottky contact of grapnene without doping.

To obtain the transistor with ambipolar transfer characteristics, IGZO/SiOC thin film transistor was prepared on SiOC with various polarities as a gate insulator. The interface between a channel and insulator showed the Ohmic and Schottky contacts in the bias field of -5V ~ +5V. These contact characteristics depended on the polarities of SiOC gate insulators. The transfer characteristics of TFTs were observed the Ohmic contact on SiOC with polarity, but Schottky contact on SiOC with low polarity. The IGZO/SiOC thin film transistor with a Schottky contact in a short range bias electric field exhibited ambipolar transfer characteristics, but that with Ohmic contact in a short range electric field showed unipolar characteristics by the trapping phenomenon due to the trapped ionized defect formation.

Pure MgH2 was milled under a hydrogen atmosphere (reactive mechanical grinding, RMG). The hydrogen storage properties of the prepared samples were studied at a relatively low temperature of 423 K and were compared with those of pure Mg. The hydriding rate of the Mg was extremely low (0.0008 wt% H/min at n = 4), and the MgH2 after RMG had higher hydriding rates than that of Mg at 423 K under 12 bar H2. The initial hydriding rate of MgH2 after RMG at 423 K under 12 bar H2 was the highest (0.08 wt% H/min) at n = 2. At n = 2, the MgH2 after RMG absorbed 0.39 wt% H for 5 min, and 1.21 wt% H for 60 min at 423K under 12 bar H2. At 573 K under 12 bar H2, the MgH2 after RMG absorbed 4.86 wt% H for 5 min, and 5.52 wt% H for 60 min at n = 2. At 573 K and 423 K under 1.0 bar H2, the MgH2 after RMG and the Mg did not release hydrogen. The decrease in particle size and creation of defects by reactive mechanical grinding are believed to have led to the increase in the hydriding rate of the MgH2 after RMG at a relatively low temperature of 423 K.

우리나라에서 사회적기업이 논의되기 시작한 것은 1997년 외환금융위기로 인한 실업문제가 중요한 사회문제로 대두하기 시작하면서부터이다. 그 당시 실업률이 급증하자 정부는 경제적 약자의 고용 및 소득에 대한 지원의 제도화 과정을 거쳐 정부지원 하에 민간단체가 주도하는 사회적기업이 등장하였다. 2005년 사회적기업 육성법 제정에 대한 논의가 본격적으로 국회에서 시작되어 사회적기업 육성 법안이 발의되어, 2006년 12월 8일 사회적기업 육성법이 국회 본회의를 통과하여 2007년 7월 1일 시행하게 되었다. 사회적기업은 새로운 비즈니스 모델로서 사회에 수익의 대부분을 반환하고, 사회적 목적에 기여함으로써 자본주의 사회의 모순에서 발생하는 실업과 공익 문제를 해결하기 위해 탄생하였다.따라서 본 연구는 사회적기업의 지원제도와 개선방안을 고찰하여 사회적기업의 활성화를 위한 방안을 제시하고자 한다.

To realize high-performance thin film solar cells, we prepared CIGS by the co-evaporation technique on both sodalime and Corning glass substrates. The structural and efficient properties were investigated by varying the thickness of the Mo:Na layer, where the total thickness of the back contact was fixed at 1μm. As a result, when the Mo:Na thickness was 300 nm on soda-lime glass, the measured Na content was 0.28 %, the surface morphology was a plate-like compact structure, and the crystallinity by XRD showed a strong peak of (112) preferential orientation together with relatively intense (220) and (204) peaks as the secondary phases influenced crystal formation. In addition, the substrates on soda-lime glass effected the lowest surface roughness of 2.76 nm and the highest carrier density and short circuit current. Through the optimization of the Mo:Na layer, a solar conversion efficiency of 11.34% was achieved. When using the Corning glass, a rather low conversion efficiency of 9.59% was obtained. To determine the effects of the concentration of sodium and in order to develop a highefficiency solar cells, a very small amount of sodium was added to the soda lime glass substrate.

부당한 공동행위는 공정거래법이 추구하는 공정하고 자유로운 경쟁을 훼손하는 것이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이윤 극대화 등을 위하여 사업자들은 부당한 공동행위에 대한 유혹에서 자유롭지 못하다. 부당한 공동행위는 계속 증가하고 있고 그로 인한 피해는 직접구매자나 최종수요자가 입는다. 부당한 공동행위로 인한 손해배상청구는 가상의 경쟁가격이 문제되기 때문에 일반 불법행위로 인한 손해배상청구와는 달리 손해액 산정이 쉽지가 않다는 문제가 있다. 그렇다고 손해액 산정에 있어서 계량경제학적 분석결과를 맹신하는 것은 위험하다고 생각된다. 이유는 과다한 비용, 시간의 소모, 계량경제학적 분석의 불확실성, 증거자료의 피고에로의 편중으로 인하여 그 활용이 어렵기 때문이다. 구체적인 사례에 따라 계량경제학적 분석 이외에도 통계적 방법, 표준시장비교방법 등 다양한 방법으로 손해액을 산정할 수 있게 하는 것이 타당하다. 법원은 공정거래법 제57조의 손해액 인정제도를 적극적으로 판단할 필요가 있고, 다양한 손해배상액의 산정에 관한 기준이나 공정거래위원회의 손해액 산정에 관한 의견을 구하는 방법을 입법함으로써 공정거래법상 부당한 공동행위로 인한 손해배상청구에 있어서 손해액 입증을 원활하게 하여야 한다.