Background: Deep learning related research works on website medical images have been actively conducted in the field of health care, however, articles related to the musculoskeletal system have been introduced insufficiently, deep learning-based studies on classifying orthopedic manual therapy images would also just be entered. Objectives: To create a deep learning model that categorizes cervical mobilization images and establish a web application to find out its clinical utility. Design: Research and development. Methods: Three types of cervical mobilization images (central posteroanterior (CPA) mobilization, unilateral posteroanterior (UPA) mobilization, and anteroposterior (AP) mobilization) were obtained using functions of ‘Download All Images’ and a web crawler. Unnecessary images were filtered from 'Auslogics Duplicate File Finder' to obtain the final 144 data (CPA=62, UPA=46, AP=36). Training classified into 3 classes was conducted in Teachable Machine. The next procedures, the trained model source was uploaded to the web application cloud integrated development environment (https://ide.goorm.io/) and the frame was built. The trained model was tested in three environments: Teachable Machine File Upload (TMFU), Teachable Machine Webcam (TMW), and Web Service webcam (WSW). Results: In three environments (TMFU, TMW, WSW), the accuracy of CPA mobilization images was 81-96%. The accuracy of the UPA mobilization image was 43~94%, and the accuracy deviation was greater than that of CPA. The accuracy of the AP mobilization image was 65-75%, and the deviation was not large compared to the other groups. In the three environments, the average accuracy of CPA was 92%, and the accuracy of UPA and AP was similar up to 70%. Conclusion: This study suggests that training of images of orthopedic manual therapy using machine learning open software is possible, and that web applications made using this training model can be used clinically.

생물 및 화학물질 등의 대량살상무기들을 이용한 테러공격은 매우 위협적인 테러공격 가운데 하나이다. 미국의 분류에 따르면 대량살상무기 는 테러공격에 이용되었을 때 다수의 사상자들을 발생시킬 수 있는 화학 물질, 생물학물질, 방사능과 핵물질, 그리고 이러한 물질들을 이용해 만들어진 폭발물을 의미한다. 이와 같은 대량살상무기가 테러공격에 이용 되는 것에 대한 대응책으로 미국정부는 테러리스트나 악의적인 행위자들로부터 이와 같은 물질들에 대한 접근을 차단하고, 대량살상무기들과 관련된 기술적 트렌드를 파악·대응하며, 그리고 대량살상무기관련 물질들을 취급 저장하는 정부기관들과 민간 기업들의 대응능력 강화를 위한 대책을 마련, 운용하고 있다. 이와 같은 미국 정부의 대량살상무기의 대응사례는 국내의 대테러정책에 좋은 참고사례가 된다. 국내의 경우, 대테러정책과 관련하여 테러이용 수단의 안전관리강화에 대한 지적과 논의가 계속되고 있다. 이 연구는 이와 같은 맥락에서 미국 연방정부의 생물, 화학물질 관리 사례에 대해 연구하고 시사점을 도출하였다. 특히 이 연구는 미국의 생물 및 화학물질의 안전관리사례와 법률 등을 분석하였고, 이에 더불어 대테러활동 지원을 위해 설립된 연구기관의 과학적이고 혁신적인 활동을 소개하였다. 연구 수행을 위해 다양한 관련 학술논문과 정부보고서 등을 문헌분석 하였다. 연구의 결론과 논의 부분에서 이 연구의 분석결과를 토대로 국내에 적용될 만한 정책대응을 제안하였다.

In this study, using the plasma spray method, tensile and compression fatigue tests are performed in saline solution to examine the effect of Ti undercoat on corrosion fatigue behavior of alumina-coated specimens. The alumina-coated material using Ti in the undercoat shows better corrosion fatigue strength than the base material in the entire stress amplitude range. Fatigue cracking of UT specimens occurs in the recess formed by grit-blasting treatment and progresses toward the base metal. Subsequently, the undercoat is destroyed at a stage where the deformation of the undercoat cannot follow the crack opening displacement. The residual stress of the UT specimen has a tensile residual stress up to about 100 μm below the surface of the base material; however, when the depth exceeds 100 μm, the residual stress becomes a compressive residual stress. In addition, the inside of the spray coating film is compressive residual stress, which contributes to improving the fatigue strength characteristics. A hardened layer due to grit-blasting treatment is formed near the surface of the UT specimen, contributing to the improvement of the fatigue strength characteristics. Since the natural potential of Ti spray coating film is slightly higher than that of the base material, it exhibits excellent corrosion resistance; however, when physiological saline intrudes, a galvanic battery is formed and the base material corrodes preferentially.

현재 성인지 감수성이라는 아직은 법적으로 추상적인 개념이 성폭력범 죄재판에 사용됨으로써 이의 근거지움이 논란을 불러일으키고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 성인지 감수성이 헌법상 성적 자기결정권의 함의에 따른 역할을 성폭력범죄재판에서 제대로 구현하여 피해자의 성적 자기결정권을 보호 내지 보장하는 수단 또는 판단기준으로 작동 가능한지를 살펴보았다. 성폭력범죄재판에서 성인지 감수성이 보다 객관적·효과적으로 피해자의 성적 자기결정권을 보호하기 위해서는 그 판단기준이 되는 피해자 평균적 관점에 대한 보편적 경험칙으로서의 근거를 마련할 필요가 있다. 성인지 감수성은 성폭력범죄재판 담당법관의 삶의 궤적과도 밀접한 관련성을 가지므로 개인마다 그 편차가 발생할 수밖에 없다는 점은 성인지 감수성이 지니는 가장 큰 맹점일 것이다. 따라서 성폭력범죄재판에서 경험칙으로서 작동하기 위해서는 성인지 감수성의 개념 정립에 따른 명확한 지침이 요구된다. 성인지 감수성이라는 아직은 익숙하지 않은 개념을 성폭력범죄재판의 판단기준으로 이용하기에는 아직까지 이론적 근거가 축적되어 있지 않다는 지적도 있다. 본 논문의 의의는 헌법상 성적 자기결정권의 함의를 살펴보고 이러한 헌법상 함의가 형법 등 법률에 잘 구현되어 있는지를 살펴보는데 있다. 앞으로 그동안 축적되어온 대법원법리를 충실히 반영하여 형사법원칙에 상응하는 성인지 감수성에 대한 개념정의와 판단기준 척도개발에 연구의 방향을 맞춤으로써 성인지 감수성 개념의 추상성에 기댄 가벌성의 확장 문제를 해소할 필요가 있다. 이에 대한 연구가 계속 축적된다면 성인지 감수성도 헌법상 성적 자기결정권을 실질적으로 구현하는 기준으로 충분히 자리매김 될 수 있을 것이다.

Dry etching of copper thin films is performed using high density plasma of ethylenediamine (EDA)/ hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)/Ar gas mixture. The etch rates, etch selectivities and etch profiles of the copper thin films are improved by adding HFIP to EDA/Ar gas. As the EDA/HFIP concentration in EDA/HFIP/Ar increases, the etch rate of copper thin films decreases, whereas the etch profile is improved. In the EDA/HFIP/Ar gas mixture, the optimal ratio of EDA to HFIP is investigated. In addition, the etch parameters including ICP source power, dc-bias voltage, process pressure are varied to examine the etch characteristics. Optical emission spectroscopy results show that among all species, [CH], [CN] and [H] are the main species in the EDA/HFIP/Ar plasma. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicate the formation of CuCN compound and C-N-H-containing polymers during the etching process, leading to a good etch profile. Finally, anisotropic etch profiles of the copper thin films patterned with 150 nm scale are obtained in EDA/HFIP/Ar gas mixture.

Cr-Si based alloys are not only excellent in corrosion resistance at high temperatures, but also have good wear resistance due to the formation of Cr3Si phase, therefore they are promising as metallic coating materials. Aluminum is often added to Cr-Si alloys to improve the oxidation resistance through which stable alumina surface film is formed. On the other hand, due to the addition of aluminum, various Al-containing phases may be formed and may negatively affect the heat resistance of the Cr-Si-Al alloys, so detailed investigation is required. In this study, two Cr-Si-Al alloys (high-Si & high-Al) were prepared in the form of cast ingots through a vacuum arc melting process and the microstructural changes after high temperature heating process were investigated. In the case of the cast high-Si alloy, a considerable amount of Cr3Si phase was formed, and its hardness was significantly higher than that of the cast high-Al alloy. Also, Al-rich phases (with the high Al/ Cr ratio) were not found much compared to the high-Al alloy. Meanwhile, it was observed that the amount of the Al-rich phases reduced by the annealing heat treatment for both alloys. In the case of the high temperature heating at 1,400 oC, no significant microstructural change was observed in the high Si alloy, but a little more coarse and segregated AlCr phases were found in the high Al alloy compared to the cast state.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) based transparent conducting oxides (TCO) thin films, are used in many applications such as solar cells, flat panel displays, and LEDs due to their wide bandgap nature and excellent electrical properties. In the present work, fluorine and aluminium-doped ZnO targets are prepared and thin films are deposited on soda-lime glass substrate using a RF magnetron sputtering unit. The aluminium concentration is fixed at 2 wt%, and the fluorine concentration is adjusted between 0 to 2.0 wt% with five different concentrations, namely, Al2ZnO98(AZO), F0.5AZO97.5(FAZO1), F1AZO97(FAZO2), F1.5AZO96.5(FAZO3), and F2AZO96(FAZO4). Thin films are deposited with an RF power of 40 W and working pressure of 5 m Torr at 270 oC. The morphological analysis performed for the thin film reveals that surface roughness decreases in FAZO1 and FAZO2 samples when doped with a small amount of fluorine. Further, optical and electrical properties measured for FAZO1 sample show average optical transmissions of over 89 % in the visible region and 82.5 % in the infrared region, followed by low resistivity and sheet resistance of 3.59 × 10−4 Ωcm and 5.52 Ω/sq, respectively. In future, these thin films with excellent optoelectronic properties can be used for thin-film solar cell and other optoelectronics applications.

In this study, three kinds of bainitic steels are fabricated by controlling the contents of vanadium and boron. High vanadium steel has a lot of carbides and nitrides, and so, during the cooling process, acicular ferrite is well formed. Carbides and nitrides develop fine grains by inhibiting grain growth. As a result, the low temperature Charpy absorbed energy of high vanadium steel is higher than that of low vanadium steel. In boron added steel, boron segregates at the prior austenite grain boundary, so that acicular ferrite formation occurs well during the cooling process. However, the granular bainite packet size of the boron added steel is larger than that of high vanadium steel because boron cannot effectively suppress grain growth. Therefore, the low temperature Charpy absorbed energy of the boron added steel is lower than that of the low vanadium steel. HAZ (heat affected zone) microstructure formation affects not only vanadium and boron but also the prior austenite grain size. In the HAZ specimen having large prior austenite grain size, acicular ferrite is formed inside the austenite, and granular bainite, bainitic ferrite, and martensite are also formed in a complex, resulting in a mixed acicular ferrite region with a high volume fraction. On the other hand, in the HAZ specimen having small prior austenite grain size, the volume fraction of the mixed acicular ferrite region is low because granular bainite and bainitic ferrite are coarse due to the large number of prior austenite grain boundaries.

Electrochromic devices (ECDs) have been drawing great attention due to their high color contrast, low power consumption, and memory effect, and can be used in smart windows, automatic dimming mirrors, and information display devices. As with other electronic devices such as LEDs (light emitting diodes), solar cells, and transistors, the mechanical flexibility of ECDs is one of the most important issue for their potential applications. In this paper, we report on flexible ECDs (f-ECDs) fabricated using an all-in-one EC gel, which is a mixture of electrolyte and EC material. The f-ECDs are compared with rigid ECDs (r-ECDs) on ITO glass substrate in terms of color contrast, coloration efficiency, and switching speed. It is confirmed that the f-ECDs embedding all-in-one gel show strong blue absorption and have competitive EC performance. Repetitive bending tests show a degradation of electrochromic performance, which must be improved using an optimized device fabrication process.

In the fabrication of joined materials between anodized aluminum alloy and polymer, the performance of the metalpolymer joining is greatly influenced by the chemical properties of the oxide film. In a previous study, the dependence of physical joining strength on the thickness, structure, pore formation, and surface roughness of films formed on aluminum alloys is investigated. In this study, we investigated the effect of silane coupling treatment on the joining strength and sealing performance between aluminum alloy and polymer. After a two-step anodization process with additional treatment by silane, the oxide film with chemically modified nanostructure is strongly bonded to the polymer through physical and chemical reactions. More specifically, after the two-step anodization with silane treatment, the oxide film has a three-dimensional (3D) nanostructure and the silane components are present in combination with hydroxyl groups up to a depth of 150 nm. Accordingly, the joining strength between the polymer and aluminum alloy increases from 29 to 35 MPa, and the helium leak performance increases from 10−2-10−4 to 10−8-10−9 Pa m3 s−1.

오늘날의 기업들에 있어서 주주의결권에 관한 규칙들이 다양하다는 것은 기업들이 주주들 간의 권력을 다양한 방식으로 배분하고 있다는 것을 의미한다. 그러나 우리나라의 상법은 1주 1의결권 원칙의 강행규정성을 유지해오고 있다. 그런데 19세기 초부터 주주의결권의 역사를 살펴보면 아주 당연한 것으로 여겨지고 있는 1주 1의결권이라는 원칙이 반드시 강 행규정이어야 할 이유는 없다는 것을 알 수 있다. 또한 주주평등주의와 주식평등주의는 완전히 다른 개념인데도 불구하고 이 두 가지를 같은 개념으로 혼동하다 보니 지금까지 입법론이나 해석론이 방향을 잃고 혼란을 겪어오지는 않았는가 하는 생각을 해보게 된다. 미국 및 영국의 보통법(common law)은 기업의 헌장(constitution) 이나 기타 법령에 다른 의결권 규칙이 명시되어 있지 않는 한 1인당 1개 의 의결권만 갖는 것으로 보았던 전통을 가지고 있으며, 이러한 현상의 배후에는 주주들의 의결권이 보유주식 수와 정비례하는 금권주의적 의결권(plutocratic voting right)에 대한 혐오감과 주주를 자본의 일부에 대 한 소유자가 아니라 법인단체의 일원으로서 동등한 권리를 가질 수 있다고 보는 철학, 그리고 대주주에게로의 권력쏠림을 막기 위한 의결권제한 등의 의도 등이 숨어 있었다. 현재의 1주 1의결권 규칙은 금권주의를 확대시키고 소수주주를 홀대함으로써 자정능력을 상실한 기업권력이 부패하여 결국 기업의 붕괴로까지 이어질 수 있다. 따라서 기업의 최고의사결정기구인 주주총회의 구성원으로서 기업이익을 수호하기 위한 최적의 감시자인 주주를 차별대우해서는 안된다. 결국 주주평등주의는 주주의결권을 통해 주주들 사이의 힘을 분산시켜 기업의 부패를 막고 성장을 촉진시키고 기업의 자본조달 창구로서의 주주를 보호하는 사회적 개념을 갖고 있다고 할 수 있다. 그리고 주주 평등주의는 기업의 사회적 책임과도 밀접한 관련을 갖고 있으므로 현대사회에서도 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 따라서 우리 상법 제369조 제1항은 임의 규정으로 바꾸고, 일반조항인 주주평등주의를 성문화 하며, 북유럽 국가의 권한남용금지 규정에 대한 도입을 검토할 것을 제안하는 바이다.

MnO2 can be potentially utilized as an electrode material for redox capacitors. The deposition of MnO2 with poor electrical conductivity onto porous carbons supplies them with additional conductive paths; as a result, the capacitance of the electrical double layer formed on the porous carbon surface can be utilized together with the redox capacitance of MnO2. However, the obtained composites are not generally suitable for industrial production because they require the use of expensive porous carbons and/or inefficient fabrication methods. Thus, to develop an effective preparation procedure of the composite, a suitable structure of porous carbons must be determined. In this study, MnO2/C composites have been prepared from activated carbon gels with various pore sizes, and their electrical properties are investigated via cyclic voltammetry. In particular, mesoporous carbons with a pore size of around 20 nm form a composite with a relatively low capacitance (98 F/g-composite) and poor rate performance despite the moderate redox capacitance obtained for MnO2 (313 F/g-MnO2). On the other hand, using macro-porous carbons with a pore size of around 60 nm increases the MnO2 redox capacitance (399 F/g-MnO2) as well as the capacitance and rate performance of the entire material (203 F/g-composite). The obtained results can be used in the industrial manufacturing of MnO2/C composites for supercapacitor electrodes from the commercially available porous carbons.

법학에서 비교법적 연구가 갖는 중요성은 점점 증가하고 있는데, 이와 같은 비교법적 연구가 유의미하게 진행되는 데에는 비교법적 연구의 대상이 되는 국가에서의 법개념들에 대한 정확한 이해가 요구된다. 영미법계 국가의 법개념들 중 아직 우리나라에서 정확한 이해가 이루어져 있지 않은 법개념들이 상당수 존재하는데, 그중 하나가 바로 범죄의 성립을 위해 요구되는 주관적 요건의 하나로서 ‘Recklessness’라는 심적 상태이 다. 본 논문은 영미법상의 Recklessness에 대해 검토함으로써 그에 대한 정확한 이해를 도모하고, 이를 통해 궁극적으로 영미법에 대한 좀 더 완결적인 비교법적 연구를 가능하게 하려는 데 그 목적이 있다. 모범형법전에 따르면, 죄의 성립요소가 존재한다거나 또는 자신의 행 위로부터 그와 같은 죄의 성립요소가 발생할 것이라는 상당하고도 부당 한 위험을 의식적으로 무시한 자는 그와 같은 죄의 성립요소에 대해 Recklessness라는 심적 상태를 갖고 행위한 자가 된다. 모범형법전상 Recklessness에 대한 이와 같은 개념정의에 비추어볼 때, 행위자에게 Recklessness라는 심적 상태가 인정되기 위해서는 행위자가 죄의 성립 요소가 존재한다거나 또는 자신의 행위로 인해 그와 같은 죄의 성립요소가 발생하게 되리라는 상당하고도 부당한 위험을 인식해야만 한다. 모범 형법전상의 Recklessness는 이처럼 위험에 대한 행위자의 ‘인식’은 중요시하지만, 행위자의 ‘의지’에 대해서는 무관심하다. 이와 같은 Recklessness는 죄의 성립요소가 되는 사실에 대한 주관적 확신이나 자신의 ‘정 도’ 면에서 Knowledge와 구별되고, 행위자에 의한 위험의 인식 ‘유무’ 면에서 Negligence와 구별된다. Recklessness는 모범형법전상 범죄 성립을 위한 심적 상태의 계층 구조에서 Knowledge와 Negligence의 사이에 위치하는데, 이러한 Recklessness는 범죄를 규정하고 있는 법률에서 범죄 성립에 요구되는 심적 상태를 명시하고 있지 않은 경우 그 범죄의 성립 을 위해 요구되는 최소한의 심적 상태가 된다. 영미법상의 Recklessness는 위험에 대한 행위자의 ‘인식’에만 초점을 맞추고 그 ‘의지’에 대해서는 무관심하므로, 우리 형법상의 미필적 고의 및 인식 있는 과실을 포함하는 개념이 된다. 특히, Recklessness가 이처럼 우리 형법상의 인식 있는 과실까지 포함한다는 점은 형사책임의 귀속과 관련하여 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 즉, ‘인식 있는 과실’이란 심적 상태를 갖고 있는 행위자는 우리 형법상으로는 예외적인 처벌의 대상이 되는데 반해, 영미법상으로는 원칙적인 처벌의 대상이 된다.

This study obtained the following conclusions using the measurement results of indoor and outdoor PM10 with regard to cardiovascular disease patients in Cheongju-area in November 2020. Most of the PM10 has an I/O ratio of less than 1, which is an outdoor source. Since we measured once and twice time, Without the air purifier device’s working status, there were no concentration changes of PM10 in the first and second indoor areas. As for the concentration of PM10 according to the living environment, the distribution of PM10 is higher indoors than outdoors when the residential area is 30 m2 or more, and the outdoor PM10 concentration tends to be high when the distance to the road is within 50 m. The more time spent indoors, the higher the indoor PM10 concentration. The smaller the ventilation time and frequency, the longer the cooking time was, and the higher the number of cooking times, the higher the concentration of PM10 could be. The indoor PM10 contribution ratio through multiple regression analysis showed the possibility of increasing indoor PM10 as β = 28.590 when the time spent indoors was longer than 16 hours (p<0.05). The result regarding PM10 exposure reveals that PM10 can be inhaled not only indoors but also outdoors, and the subjects of this study appear to have lived indoors for about 16 hours or longer on a daily basis, which may affect their health regardless of gender.

To obtain information on the indoor air quality of un-disinfected libraries used for paper records preservation, temperature, humidity, and bacterial concentration and species were investigated at five un-disinfected libraries from May to September in 2019 in the National Archives, Seoul (Nara Repository), Korea. Temperature and humidity of all the five un-disinfected libraries were well maintained at 18-22oC and 40-55% in compliance with the National Archives Paper Records Preservation Environment Standard. Bacterial concentration ranged from 2 CFU/m3 up to 280 CFU/m3 which were lower than the Korean indoor air quality standard value. A total of 68 bacterial species belonging to 33 genera were identified from indoor air of the five un-disinfected libraries. Among the 33 genera, Bacillus, Micrococcus, and Staphylococcus were the major genera. Only Micrococcus yunnanensis, Roseomonas mucosa, and Moraxella osloensis were commonly found among the five un-disinfected libraries. Bacterial species producing colonies with color on TSA media were present. Among the 68 species, Bacillus circulans and B. megaterium known to produce cellulases were found. There were also 17 species which have harmful effect on human health. The results of this study indicate that continuous monitoring of air borne bacteria is necessary in the un-disinfected libraries used for paper records preservation.

헌법재판소가 불가피한 사정으로 선고하고 있는 헌법불합치결정은 국회의 입법권, 법률의 시적 효력 등과 관계되어 있으며, 헌법재판소법의 부분적 형성권에 속하는 결정유형이 아니며, 그 효력 또한 단순위헌결정 보다 작은 효과를 미치는 결정으로 평가할 수 없다. 따라서 독일, 오스트리아, 프랑스와 같은 국가들이 헌법불합치결정이 미치는 효력을 감안하여 법률이나 헌법에 명시적 근거규정을 두고 있다는 점을 고려하여, 우 리의 경우 또한 헌법불합치결정에 대한 명시적 근거규정이 필요하다. 헌법불합치결정의 정당화 사유 중 ‘법적 공백이나 혼란의 우려가 커 잠정적인 계속적용을 명하여 법적 안정성을 확보하여야 할 경우’는 계속적용 헌법불합치결정은 예외적 권한의 예외에 해당하며, 위헌결정의 효력규정과도 배치되는 점을 고려하여 최대한 자제되어야 하며, 다른 유형의 결정을 우선적으로 고려하거나, 법적 공백이나 혼란이 헌법적으로 허용되지 않는다는 치밀한 논증이 필요하다. 그리고 ‘자유권을 침해하는 위헌적 법률과 관련하여 합헌 부분도 포함되어 있는데 위헌 부분과의 경계가 불명하여 입법형성권을 존중하는 경우’는 자유권의 특성과 위헌결정의 존재의의를 고려해 볼 때 정당화 사유로 인정하기 어려운 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, a manganese catalyst on the surface of a ceramic support was developed for the removal of odor emitted from barbecuing restaurants. Its ozone oxidation at room temperature was tested using acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), the most dominant compound in the barbecuing odor, and the ozonation efficiency under wet conditions was also studied. The manganese catalyst was made with the honeycomb-type ceramic support, and an acid pretreatment was applied to increase its specific surface area, resulting in an increase of the degree of dispersion of manganese oxide. The acetaldehyde removal efficiency using the manganese catalyst on the acidpretreated support (Mn/APS) increased by 49%, and the ozone decomposition rate and the CO2 conversion rate also increased by 41% and 27%, respectively. The catalyst without surface pretreatment (Mn/S) showed a low efficiency for the acetaldehyde ozonation, and other organic compounds such as acetic acid (CH3COOH) and nonanal (CH3(CH3)7CHO) were found as oxidation by-products. In comparison, CO2 was the most dominant product by the ozonation of acetaldehyde using the Mn/APS. When the relative humidity was increased to 50% in the influent gas stream, the acetaldehyde removal efficiency using the Mn/APS decreased, but only the production rates of CO2 and acetic acid were changed. As a result, the manganese oxide catalyst on the surface of the acid-pretreated honeycomb support manifested high acetaldehyde ozonation even at humid and room temperature conditions.

A one-year-old, intact male Maltese was referred with dehydration, anorexia, and marked hyperglycemia. The dog had been managed due to meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology (MUE) for three months. The dog had been treated with long-term prednisolone administration. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) was identified based on the blood chemistry and venous gas analyses, and intensive treatments including insulin administration were initiated. On further examinations, there was no any other disease that contributed to the occurrence of DKA. Insulin resistance resulted from the administration of prednisolone was highly suspected, but the agent could not be tapered due to managing MUE. Following resolution of DKA, the dog was discharged with life-long insulin and prednisolone therapy. Over the next two years, the dog continued to be routinely re-evaluated and was managed with permanent insulin therapy (0.8–1.4 units/kg SC 12 hourly) and medications including prednisolone (0.4–1.1 mg/kg PO 12 hourly). Because MUE severely progressed, the dog was euthanized by owner’s request. Histopathologic examination of pancreas obtained by post-mortem revealed that both endo- and exocrine pancreas was within normal limit. The case described herein showed the risk of ketoacidosis as well as hyperglycemia after long-term prednisolone administration in a dog without pancreatic islet pathology.

Environmental fundamental facilities have different odor emission characteristics depending on the type of treatment facilities. To overcome the limitations of the olfactometry method, research needs to be conducted on how to calculate the dilution factor from the individual odor concentrations. The aim of this study was to determine the air dilution factor estimated from manually measured concentration data of individual odor substances (22 specified odor species) in three environmental treatment facilities. In order to calculate the optimum algorism for each environmental fundamental facility, three types of facilities were selected, the concentration of odor substances in the exhaust gas was measured, and the contribution of the overall dilution factor was evaluated. To estimate the dilution factor, four to six algorism were induced and evaluated by correlation analysis between substance concentration and complex odor data. Dilution factors from O municipal water treatment (MWT) and Y livestock wastewater treatment (LWT) facilities showed high level of dilution factors, because concentration levels of hydrogen sulfide and methylmercaptan, which had low odor threshold concentrations, were high. In S food waste treatment (FWT) facility, the aldehyde group strongly influenced dilution the factor (dominant substance: acetaldehyde, i-valeraldhyde and methylmercaptan). In the evaluation of four to six algorism to estimate the dilution factor, the vector algorism (described in the text) was optimum for O MWT and Y LWT, while the algorism using the sum of the top-three dominant substances showed the best outcome for S FWT. In further studies, estimation of the dilution factor from simultaneously monitored data by odor sensors will be developed and integrated with the results in this study.

This study was carried out in order to help establish a continuous efficiency test method to evaluate the performance of chemical odorants. We designed a continuous efficiency test device, and conducted several experiments during 240 mins with D.W. and two chemical deodorants for several specified substances, and a complex odor compound. Based on the results, it was confirmed that the deocorant test only for ammonia and amine could yield no useful outcome because the solubility of the two compounds was very high. Henceforth, simultaneous tests for sulfides, mercaptans, aldehydes, and so on, shoud be conducted in order to ascertain the accurate deodorant performance results. It is also clear that the concentration of target compounds and reaction time are very important for the purposes of accurate deodorant tests. In addition, information about the absorption efficiency with regard to complex odor compound such as DMS+DMDS may be important and the results based on air dilution olfactory method should be provided. It is believed that this study can make a contribution to formulating the correct standards regarding the testing of deodorants and the application of such tests.