Oligossaccharides have beneficial effects on the immune system, atopy and skin health according to the prebiotic effect on intestinal microflora. Due to the excellent physiological functions of these oligosaccharides, the demand for prebiotics is rapidly increasing in the world. In this review, it has been shown that galactooligosaccharide( GOS) intake improves skin health and atopic eczema and fructooligosaccharide( FOS) prevent atopic dermatitis in human clinical trials. These results indicate that oligosaccharides are sufficiently applicable as a functional food for improving skin health and skin diseases.

The characteristics of extracts and precipitates after extraction at different water temperature (25, 50, 75, 95oC), ethanol ratio (25, 50, 75, 100%), and extraction method (stir, soak, autoclave) of yam powder and raw yam were investigated. The total polyphenol content was the highest in the 50% ethanol extract of yam powder. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was the highest in the 75% ethanol extraction and the crude saponin content was the highest in the 95oC water extraction. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was the highest in 95oC water extraction, low concentration of ethanol extraction, and autoclave extraction. The peak viscosity, trough, and final viscosity of the precipitates increased after ethanol extraction, whereas decreased after the 95oC water extraction and the autoclave, indicating the destruction of starch granules. This was confirmed by observing the starch granules broken using the SEM. The significance of this study was to investigate the possibility of the use of yam resources as a material, processing product development, skin beauty functional food and cosmetic material.

Noises in each construction field cause residents in the neighborhood to make complaints due to their high sound pressure level and repetitive, shocking sound. While South Korea regulates construction noises on the basis of legal criteria to minimize the damage from the noises, the regulation only involves a weighted sound level (dB(A)), which is loudness, like other types of noises. It is therefore necessary to make typology of construction noise sources and evaluation vocabularies with the objective of making criteria for regulating construction noises suitable for the South Korean situation. While research based on a survey has been conducted to make typology of construction noise sources and evaluation vocabularies, there have been lots of difficulties in using it to make criteria for regulation because no consideration was given to psychological responses of people. On the basis of the findings from literature review, this study aimed to make typology of construction noise sources and vocabularies through a psycho-acoustic experiment and analyze the psychological characteristics and meanings of construction noises more accurately. The respondents’ psychological responses to construction noise sources were grouped into three factors ‘normal, shocking, and fluctuating noises’ and into ― ― six factors ‘annoying,’ ‘loud,’ ‘confusing,’ ‘noisy,’ ‘alarming,’ and ‘boisterous’ in terms of evaluation ― ― vocabularies. Since the factor with the biggest eigenvalue drawn from the respondents’ psychological responses is most important, the most important influential factor in evaluating construction noises was ‘normal noises’ for construction noise sources and ‘annoyance’ for evaluation vocabularies. This typology is expected to be useful to make and revise criteria for regulating construction noises.

우르솔릭산은 항암, 항산화, 항염증 작용과 같은 다양한 효과를 지니고 있다. 본 연구에서는 우르솔릭산이 인간 흑색종 암세포인 A375SM과 A375P 세포에 항암효과가 있는지 확인하였다. 두 세포의 생존율은 MTT assay를 통하여 확인하였으며 증식률은 Wound healing assay로 확인하 였다. 두 세포의 apoptotic body와 apoptosis 비율의 확인을 위한 DAPI 염색과 유세포 분석을 진행하였다. 그리고 웨스턴 블로팅을 통하여 흑색종 세포의 우르솔릭산의 농도에 따른 apoptosis 단백질의 유도를 조사하였다. 우르솔 릭산의 처리 농도에 따라 흑색종 세포의 생존율 감소와 증식률 감소를 확인하였다. DAPI 염색을 통하여 우르솔 릭산의 농도가 증가함에 따라 흑색종 세포의 염색체 응축 이 농도 의존적으로 증가하였고, 유세포 분석을 통하여 우르솔릭산에 대하여 농도 의존적으로 흑색종 세포의 apoptosis 비율의 증가를 확인하였다. 그리고 웨스턴 블로팅을 통해 흑색종 세포 A375SM과 A375P의 우르솔릭산 12 μM 농도에서 cleaved-PARP와 Bax의 증가와 Bcl-2의 감소를 확 인하였다. 본 연구는 우르솔릭산의 농도를 0 에서 20 μM 수준의 저농도에서 진행하였으며, 물질 처리 후 24 시간 뒤 결과를 가지고 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과로 보아 우르솔릭산은 흑색종 세포 A375SM과 A375P에서 apoptosis 관련 단백질들의 조절을 통해 항암효과를 일으키는 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 편백나무 2-0 용기묘를 대상으로 시비처리에 따른 생장변화와 시비처리 후 단수처리에 따른 내건성 측정을 통해 내건성 증진을 위한 적정시비 방안을 수립하여 건강한 묘목 생산을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행되었다. 시비처리에 따른 편백나무 묘목은 약도(1.0 g/L) 시비구에서 묘고 생장량(26.96±0.87 cm)을 나타냈으며, 근원경 생장은 중도(2.0 g/L)의 시비구에서 가장 높은 생장량(4.76±0.18 mm)을 나타내어 다른 처리구보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.0001). 묘목품질지수(SQI)는 중도(2.0 g/L)의 시비구에서 0.83으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 전체 엽록소 함량은 약도(1.0 g/L) 의 시비구에서 16.19 mg/g으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 단수처리에 따른 시비구별 편백나무 묘목의 ABA 함량은 과시비로 인해 엽 피해가 발생하여 생육이 건전하지 못한 강도(3.0 g/L)의 시비구를 제외하면 중도(2.0 g/L)의 시비구에서 가장 낮은 ABA 함량 값(3671.70 ng/g)을 나타냈고, 전체 엽록소 함량은 중도(2.0 g/L)의 시비구에서 건조스트레스에 따른 엽록소의 파괴가 적어 가장 높은 엽록소 함량 값(15.12 mg/g)을 나타냈다. 따라서 편백나무는 중도(2.0 g/L)의 시비구에서 건조스트레스에 따른 ABA의 함량이 가장 적고, 엽록소의 함량은 가장 높게 나타나 편백나무의 내건성 증진을 위한 적정 시비수준은 중도(2.0 g/L)라고 판단된다.

High voltage impulse(HVI) has been gained attention as an alternate technique controlling CaCO3 scale formation. Investigation of key operational parameters for HVI is important, however, those had not been reported yet. In this study, the effect of temperature and applied voltage of HVI on Ca2+ concentration was studied. As the applied voltage from 0 to 15kV and the temperature increased from 20 to 60°C, the Ca2+ concentration decreased, indicating that the aqueous Ca2+ precipitated to CaCO3. The Ca2+ concentration decreased up to 81% under the condition of 15kV and 60°C. Rate constant for the precipitation reaction, k was determined under different temper1ature and voltage. The reaction rate constant under the 15kV and 60°C condition was evaluated to 66☓10-3 L/(mmol·hr), which was 5 times greater than the k of the reaction without HVI at same temperature. The increases in k by HVI at higher temperature region(40 to 60°C) was much greater than at lower temperature region(20 to 40°C), which implies temperature is more important parameter than voltage for reducing Ca2+ concentration at high temperature region. These results show that the HVI induction accelerates the precipitation to CaCO3, particularly much faster at higher temperature.

PURPOSES : In Korea, asphalt overlay has been used as a typical alternative rehabilitation method for deteriorated pavements. However, asphalt overlay has problems due to poor bonding of the asphalt overlay and the old concrete. Recently, concrete overlays, which have advantages such as long-term durability and high structural capacity to carry heavy traffic, have been considered for rehabilitation construction. However, concrete overlays have limitations such as difficulty in opening to traffic and pavement noise. Recently, an appropriate fine-size exposed aggregate concrete pavement technique was reported to solve these problems. Therefore, this study aims to suggest an optimum mixture design of fine-size exposed aggregate concrete overlay (EACO) that can ensure low noise and early strength. METHODS : The optimum mixture design of fine-size EACO is determined to ensure adequate structural performance for early traffic opening and good functional performances such as low noise. Therefore, the optimum mixture proportion is determined based on the optimum design of aggregate content to produce a low-noise pavement texture by controlling the exposed aggregate number (EAN) and mean texture depth (MTD). RESULTS : The water-cement ratio and unit cement ratio were used to determine the mixture designs to achieve workability and adequate strength for early traffic opening. The texture was determined by selecting the maximum size of coarse aggregate smaller than 10 mm with an S/a ratio of less than 30% for low noise. With these mixture proportions, the EAN and MTD were 50±5 / 25cm2 and 1.0±0.2 mm. Respectively, which meet the criteria for EACO. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, an optimum mixture design of EACO for early traffic opening and low noise is suggested by using earlyhigh strength cement, and the pavement texture is implemented considering EAN and MTD. In addition, a pavement surface texture criterion is suggested for the quality control of EACO.

본 연구는 광화문 월대로 사용된 석재를 대상으로 암석학적 연구를 활용한 석재공급지를 추정하기 위해 수행되었다. 월대는 2010년에 일부 구간이 다시 복원된 것으로 원부재인 담홍색 화강암과 신석재인 회백색 화강암이 사용되었다. 석재공급지 추정을 위해 북한산과 수락산의 지질조사를 수행하였으며 채취한 시료는 모두 담홍색 화강암과 유사한 특징을 보였다. 전암대자율은 북한산에 비해 수락산의 값이 크고 암석의 색에서 부분적인 차이를 보이지만 수락산이 상대적으로 선명한 담홍색을 띤다. 수락산은 월대에 사용된 원부재와 비슷한 암석기재적 특징, 전암대자율, 역사적 사료 그리고 야외조사 시 발견된 채석흔적 등을 통해 최종 복원용 석재공급지로 판단된다. 물성시험 결과, 월대 원부재는 풍 화로 인해 147 MPa로 다소 낮은 수치를 보이며 석재공급지로 생각되는 수락산은 244 MPa 높은 값을 보여 안정성까지 확보되어 양질의 석재로 사용 가능하다. 수락산 일대는 주거지역이 일부 포함 되어 있어 행정적인 문제, 자연파괴, 인근 주민 생활권 침해가 발생하여 채석활동은 어렵다. 또 다른 대안으로 QAP조성, 광물조직, 암색 등의 암석학적특징 및 물리적 특성까지 유사한 중-조립질 담홍색화강암의 포천 창수석과 영중석을 제안할 수 있다.

Quantum dots (QDs) are an attractive material for application in solar energy conversion devices because of their unique properties including facile band-gap tuning, a high-absorption coefficient, low-cost processing, and the potential multiple exciton generation effect. Recently, highly efficient quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) have been developed based on CdSe, PbS, CdS, and Cu-In-Se QDs. However, for the commercialization and wide application of these QDSCs, replacing the conventional rigid glass substrates with flexible substrates is required. Here, we demonstrate flexible CISe QDSCs based on vertically aligned TiO2 nanotube (NT) electrodes. The highly uniform TiO2 NT electrodes are prepared by two-step anodic oxidation. Using these flexible photoanodes and semi-transparent Pt counter electrodes, we fabricate the QDSCs and examine their photovoltaic properties. In particular, photovoltaic performances are optimized by controlling the nanostructure of TiO2 NT electrodes

PURPOSES : Exposed aggregate concrete pavements have been adopted in several countries because of their advantages of pavement texture characteristics, which can produce low tire-pavement noise and higher load-carrying capacities. The magnitude of tire-pavement noise greatly depends on the wavelength of pavement texture. The wavelength of exposed aggregate concrete pavement can be controlled with maximum sizing and by controlling the amount of coarse aggregates in the concrete mixture. In this study, the maximum size and the amount of coarse aggregate in the exposed aggregate concrete pavement are investigated to produce equal levels of wavelength in the asphalt pavement. METHODS: A simple method to measure the average wavelength of pavement texture is introduced. Subsequently, the average wavelength of typical asphalt pavement is investigated. A set of mixture designs of exposed aggregate concrete with three maximum-sized coarse aggregates, and three amounts of coarse aggregate are used. The average wavelengths are measured to find the mixture design needed to produce equal levels of wavelength as typical asphalt pavement. RESULTS : With a cement content of 420 kg/m3 and fine aggregate modulus of 30%, the number of exposed aggregates was 48, and the shortest texture depth provided a wavelength of 4.2 mm. According to the number of exposed aggregates, the exposed aggregate concrete pavement could be rendered low-noise, because its wavelength was similar to that of asphalt pavement ranging from 3.9 to 4.4 mm. CONCLUSIONS : Selection of appropriate maximum sizes and the amount of coarse aggregates for exposed aggregate concrete pavement can produce a wavelength texture closely resembling that of asphalt pavement. Therefore, the noise level of exposed aggregate concrete pavement can be reduced with an appropriate maximum size and the amount of coarse aggregates are employed.

As a part of the research on existing structures of private homes from Joseon Era. Focusing on one hundred twenty five-purlin houses, the current study investigated the features and characteristics of the house structure from style, size, proportion and roof pitch, and measurements of key parts, and developed the following conclusions. Most are single-houses (89, 83%), and among them, there are 47 single front-terrace houses (39%), which is the highest number. The sizes of lower house structure do not differ greatly depending on the vertical structure, and single rear terrace house and double-house have relatively larger side sizes. The size of upper structure is larger in double-houses compared to other vertical structures, indicating a relatively higher roof. The cross-section measurement of major parts show that double-houses are larger than single-houses by 3cm in pillar, 3-4.5cm in crossbeam length, and 4.5cm in crossbeam width. However, Janghyeo width was consistent at 7.5 to 10.5cm, maintaining uniformity regardless of vertical structure of the houses. In addition, the cross-section measurements decreased from sixteenth to nineteenth century, with the size of pillar size decreasing the most. The result that the Janghyeo width is not related to the house structure house confirmed that the Janghyeo width was kept consistent regardless of the size of the house structure.