Tomatoes in greenhouse are a widely cultivated horticultural crop worldwide, accounting for high production and production value. When greenhouse ventilation is minimized during low temperature periods, CO2 enrichment is often used to increase tomato photosynthetic rate and yield. Plant-induced electrical signal (PIES) can be used as a technology to monitor changes in the biological response of crops due to environmental changes by using the principle of measuring the resistance value, or impedance, within the crop. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between tomato growth data, vital response, and PIES resulting from CO2 enrichment in greenhouse tomatoes. The growth of tomato treated with CO2 enrichment in the morning was significantly better in all items except stem diameter compared to the control, and PIES values were also higher. The growth of tomato continuously applied with CO2 was better in the treatment groups than control, and there was no significant difference in chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis. However, PIES and SPAD values were higher in the CO2 treatment group than control. CO2 enrichment have a direct relationship with PIES, growth increased, and transpiration increased due to the increased leaf area, resulting in increased water absorption, which appears to be reflected in PIES, which measures vascular impedance. Through this, this study suggests that PIES can be used to monitor crops due to environmental changes, and that PIES is a useful method for non-destructively and continuously monitoring changes of crops.

양산시 동면 금산리 일원의 공사현장 사면 3개 지점에서 미고결 퇴적층을 절단하는 단층이 확인되었으며, 노두 단면에서 관찰되는 단층의 상세 구조분석을 수행하였다. 이곳 금산리 지점은 기존에 제4기 단층운동이 보고된 가산단층 지점으로부터 북쪽으로 약 0 .6 k m 떨어진 곳에 위치한다. 관찰된 총 6조의 단층들은 14o-32oE 주향을 가지고 3조의 단 층들은 77o-87oNW, 나머지 3조의 단층들은 53o-62oSE로 경사진다. 단층에 의해 절단된 미고결 퇴적층은 동편의 금정산 에서 유래된 선상지 역암으로 주로 화강암 또는 화산암 기원의 직경 0.5m 이상의 거력으로 구성된다. 단층면 상에 발 달하는 단층조선은 역이동성 성분이 포함된 우수향 주향이동단층 운동감각을 지시하며, 이러한 변형특성은 한반도 현생 응력환경인 동북동-서남서 압축응력과 부합한다. 사면에서 관찰되는 기반암과 미고결 퇴적층과의 부정합면을 기준으로 산정한 단층의 겉보기 수직변위는 동편이 15 m, 서편이 1 m이다.

본 연구에서는 미국 해양 대기청(NOAA)의 NOAA-20 위성에 장착된 차세대 고해상도 복사계인 VIIRS로부터 산출된 적외 해수면온도의 자료를 수집하고, 실측 자료와의 일치점을 생산하여 한반도 주변 해역에서의 정확도를 검증 하였다. 2020년 5월부터 2023년 6월까지 최근 3년간의 자료를 사용하였고, 총 75,700개의 일치점을 생산하였다. NOAA-20/VIIRS 해수면온도는 표층 뜰개 부이 관측 해수면온도와 비교해보았을 때 약 0.52K의 평균 제곱근 오차와 – 0.12 K의 평균 편차를 보였고, 이는 전구 해역을 대상으로 한 기존의 정확도 검증 연구 결과값을 상회하는 수치였다. NOAA-20 해수면온도의 오차 특성 분석 결과 겨울과 봄에는 음의 편차가, 여름철에는 양의 편차를 보이는 계절적 특 성이 나타났으며, 15-16시에 최대 평균 제곱근오차, 최대 양의 편차 및 22-24시에 최소 평균제곱근오차, 최소 편차를 가지는 일간 변화를 보였다. 이외에도 NOAA-20 해수면온도의 오차는 풍속, 위성 천정각, 연안으로부터의 거리, 해수면 온도의 공간 구배 크기에 영향을 받아 변동하는 특성이 나타났다. 전반적으로 위성 해수면온도의 편차값은 14ms1 이 상의 풍속 범위에서 풍속이 커질수록 양의 방향으로 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 5 m s1 이하의 낮은 풍속 범위에서는 풍속이 약해질수록 낮/밤 자료에 따라 각각 양의 방향, 음의 방향으로 편차가 증가하였다. 위성 천정각이 커질수록 해 수면온도의 오차 범위는 급격하게 증가하였으며, 연안에 근접할수록 (<300 km) 위성 해수면온도의 오차가 증가하는 것 을 확인할 수 있었다. 해수면온도의 공간 구배는 그 크기가 커질수록 위성 해수면온도의 평균 제곱근 오차를 증폭시키 는 경향이 나타났다. 국지적인 해역에서의 위성 해수면온도 정확도 및 오차 특성은 전구 해역에서의 전반적인 특성과는 다르게 나타날 수 있다는 점을 고려할 때 본 연구는 향후 한반도 주변해에서 VIIRS 해수면온도를 활용하기 위한 선행 연구로 해수면온도 오차의 변동 특성 및 분포에 대한 깊은 이해가 필요함을 시사한다.

본 연구는 낙엽활엽수종인 이팝나무(Chionanthus retusa) 잎의 흡음 성능을 평가하고자 하였다. 잎을 주재료로 하여 재료의 크기와 두께 및 건조 조건을 달리해 흡음재를 제조하였다. 중간형 측정관(100㎐-3200㎐)을 적용한 관내법(Impedance tube method)을 이용하여 흡음율을 측정하였 다. 총 18개의 조건에서 측정된 흡음율을 분석하였다. 기건엽 조건(MC 13.92%)과 생엽 조건(MC 162.04%)의 흡음율은 두께가 증가함에 따라 크게 향상되었다. 흡음율은 밀도의 증가에 비례하는데, 부피당 밀도가 더 높은 생엽조건의 두께별 흡음율이 더 높게 나타났다. 생엽 조건군에서 크기 0.5 × 0.5㎠의 2.50㎝ 두께에서 평균 흡음율은 0.643으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 각 시험처리 조건별 흡음재의 주파수 대역별 흡음율은 기건엽 조건의 두께 1.75㎝에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과로부터 전반적인 흡음율은 1000㎐ 이상의 대역에서 더 높은 성능을 보였다.

PURPOSES : The objectives of this study are to evaluate the condition of concrete bridge decks using the multi-channel ground penetrating radar (GPR) testing and compare the value of its dielectric constant value with actual concrete condition. METHODS : The reflection coefficient method was used to measure the dielectric properties of concrete bridge decks. Air-coupled step-frequency GPR testing was used to measure the time taken for reflection from the interfaces between the layers. Specimens of the asphalt mixture and concrete bridge-deck were collected by field coring. GPR testing was conducted on two bridges with different concrete bridge deck conditions on national highways. After the GPR tests, the actual conditions of the concrete bridge deck were investigated using specimen coring. RESULTS : GPR testing indicated that the dielectric constants of concrete bridge decks in good condition ranged from 8 to 10, whereas those corresponding to poor condition ranged from 4 to 6. The results of GPR testing can determine the actual condition and degree of distress of concrete bridge decks determined from the specimen coring data. Therefore, GPR testing is appropriate for nondestructively evaluating the condition of a concrete bridge deck. CONCLUSIONS : The analysis results of the dielectric constants of the concrete bridge deck obtained from multichannel GPR testing were consistent with the actual bridge deck conditions. In the near future, an additional verification process for this approach under different bridge conditions will be required to improve its precision and ensure reliability.

In this study, we analyzed the changes in concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA), phenols, and indoles, as well as odor contribution in pig slurry. The pig slurry was stored for approximately two months after the manure excretion of pigs which had been fed 3% level of peat moss additive. The investigation was carried out through lab-scale experiments simulating slurry pit conditions within pig house. Throughout the storage period, the concentration of VFA exhibited a tendency to be 11%-32% higher in the pig manure treated with peat moss as compared to the control group. From a concentration perspective, phenol and acetic acid accounted for the majority of the total odor compounds produced during the pig slurry storage period. However, their significance diminished when the concentration of odoros compounds are converted into odor activity value and odor contribution. Despite the odor reduction effect of the ammonia (NH3) adsorption by peat moss, if it cannot effectively reduce the high odor-contributing compounds such as indoles and p-cresol, the sole use of peat moss may not be considered an effective means of mitigating odors produced by pig slurry. According to this study, indoles, p-cresol, skatole, and valeric acid were consistently revealed as major odor-contributing substances during the two-month storage of pig slurry. Therefore, a comprehensive odor mitigation methodology should be proposed, taking into consideration the odor generation characteristics (including temporal concentration and odor contribution) of pig slurry-derived odors during storage.

This study was conducted to provide basic data on the antioxidant activity, inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of a mixture of Brassica juncea extract (BJE) and fermented black rice fraction (BRF). We investigated the total phenol content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant effects (DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, reducing power, FRAP and ORAC assay) and anti-obesity activity of the mixture in 3T3-L1 cells. Our results showed that the total phenol and flavonoid content increased with increasing BRF mixture ratio. The antioxidant activity increased as the BRF mixture ratio increased. In addition, BJE and BRF mixtures did not show any cytotoxicity during the 3T3-L1 differentiation period. During adipocyte differentiation, BJE and BRF mixtures significantly inhibited lipid accumulation and ROS production compared to the control group. These results warrant further experiments to develop an anti-obesity functional food using a mixture of BJE and BRF.

Antimicrobials in human medicine are classified by The World Health Organization (WHO) into three groups: critically important antimicrobials (CIA), highly important antimicrobials (HIA), and important antimicrobials (IA). CIA are antibiotic classes that satisfy two main criteria: that they are the sole or the only available limited therapeutic option to effectively treat severe bacterial infections in humans (Criterion 1), and infections where bacteria are transmitted to humans from non-human sources or have the potential to acquire resistance genes from non-human sources (Criterion 2). WHO emphasizes the need for cautious and responsible use of the CIA to mitigate risk and safeguard human health. Specific antimicrobials within the CIA with a high priority for management are reclassified as “highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HP-CIA)” and include the 3rd generation of cephalosporins and the next generation of macrolides, quinolones, glycopeptides, and polymyxins. The CIA list is the scientific basis for risk assessment and risk management policies that warrant using antimicrobials to reduce antimicrobial resistance in several countries. In addition, the CIA list ensures food safety in the food industry, including for the popular food chain companies McDonald's and KFC. The continuous update of the CIA list reflects the advancement in research and emerging future challenges. Thus, active and deliberate evaluation of antimicrobial resistance and the construction of a list that reflects the specific circumstances of a country are essential to safeguarding food security.

A new dark brown variety of Flammulina velutipes, referred to as ‘Asakchoco’, was bred by crossing two monokaryons isolated from the ‘Yeoreumhyang2ho’ and ‘Guemhyang2ho’ varieties. The pileus color of the new variety is dark brown and the stipe color is ivory, with uniformity from the upper section to the base. In addition, the primordia formation is uniform compared to that of the control, and the advantage of this is that the pileus does not become deformed after the primordia formation. During bottle cultivation, the period necessary for mycelial growth was 40 d, for primordia formation was 8 d, and for fruiting body growth was 16 d. The total cultivation period was 64 d, which was 2 d shorter than that of the control. The pileus was smaller and thicker and the stipe diameter was the same, but the stipe length was longer than that of the control. The number of valid stipes per bottle was 441, 24% higher than that of the control (357), and the yield was 197 g, 19% higher than that of the control (166 g).

This study investigated the hazard factors based on imported food non-compliance and global food hazard information for the last 4 years to suggest imported food safety management. Food safety management on utensils or packaging containers is appropriately managed for the compounds derived from them. Food safety management on health-functional foods, processed foods, and agricultural products is concentrated on ingredient contents, food additives, and pesticide residuals. Additional hazards are illegal compounds, mycotoxins & pesticide residuals, hygieneindicator microorganisms and food-borne pathogens in health-functional foods, processed foods, and agricultural products, respectively. The continuous increase in hazards related to safety and hygiene in global food hazard information needs additional attention. To reduce the hazard factors, this study proposes that imported food be limited to products certified by HACCP or an equivalent food safety management system because registering foreign food facilities for processed and health-functional foods is mandatory. Additionally, the customs clearance inspections should focus on the hazard factors derived from the global food hazard information system. This study suggests a global food hazard information system that could derive frequently issued hazard factors at a given period and newly issued hazard factors in aspects, such as food items, subcategories, and exporting countries.

본 연구는 주요 참나무류 수종인 신갈나무, 굴참나무, 상수리나무의 임분밀도와 생장과의 관계를 파악하고 수종 간 비교를 통해 생장 유사성 여부를 판별하여 임분밀도관리도 개발 시 주요 참나무류의 생장 예측 모형개발의 방향성을 제시하기 위해 실시하였다. 제7차 국가산림자원조사의 신갈나무, 굴참나무, 상수리나무 우점림과 참나무류 혼효림의 임분생육 자료를 기반으로 수종별 경쟁-밀도효과 곡선을 산출하고 수종 간 교차 적용 후 차우검정(Chow test)을 통해 생장 유사성을 평가하였다. 수종별 경쟁-밀도효과 곡선은 ha당 1,000본에서 평균 재적이 급격히 감소하는 경향을 보이는 역 J자형을 나타내었다. 생장 유사성 평가 결과, 상수리나무와 굴참나무는 유사한 생장 패턴을 보였지만 신갈나무는 상수리나무 및 굴참나무와 생장 패턴에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 참나무류 혼효림은 굴참나무를 제외한 다른 수종들과 유사한 생장 패턴을 나타내었다.