정부재정에 대한 의존도가 높은 과학기술분야 정부출연연구기관[이하 ‘출연 (연)]에 대해 국회와 언론을 중심으로 연구경쟁력과 비효율성 문제가 지속적으로 제기되고 있다. 이들 외부 관계자는 출연(연) 평균연령의 증가를 비효율의 주된 원인 중 하나로 꼽는다. 평균연령 증가가 인건비 상승, 연구명맥 단절, 신진 연구자 유입 저하 및 연구경쟁력 약화 등을 야기한다는 것이다. 하지만, 출연(연) 내부에서는 평균연령 점증은 입직(入職) 연령 증가 등에 따른 자연스러운 현상이며, 연구성과에 미치는 부작용은 낮거나 오히려 그 반대라고 주장한다. 이처럼 논쟁이 극화되고 있음에도 불구하고 평균연령과 연구성과 간의 상관관 계를 실증한 기존 연구가 없다는 점은 흥미로운 사실이다.본 연구는 이와 같은 인식하에 2011년도부터 2015년도까지의 5개년도 출연(연) 연구성과 및 인력구조를 추적 조사 및 분석하고, 평균연령과 연구성과 간의 상관관계의 실증을 시도했 다. 그 결과 논문성과와 평균연령은 역U형 상관관계가 존재하고, 최적 평균연령은 44.96세라 는 점을 확인하였다. 특허성과에 있어서는 평균연령과의 상관관계를 확인할 수 없었다.

The sewage and wastewater (SAW) are a well-known major source of eutrophication and greentide in freshwaters and also a potential source of thermal pollution; however, there were few approaches to thermal effluent of SAW in Korea. This study was performed to understand the behavioral dynamics of the thermal effluents and their effects on the water quality of the connected streams during winter season, considering domestic sewage, industrial wastewater and hot spring wastewater from December 2015 to February 2016. Sampling stations were selected the upstream, the outlet of SAW, and the downstream in each connected stream, and the water temperature change was monitored toward the downstream from the discharging point of SAW. The temperature effect and its range of SAW on the stream were dependent not only on the effluent temperature and quantity but also on the local air temperature, water temperature and stream discharge. The SAW effects on the stream water temperature were observed with temperature increase by 2.1~5.8℃ in the range of 1.0 to 5.5 km downstream. Temperature effect was the greatest in the hot spring wastewater despite of small amount of effluent. The SAW was not only related to temperature but also to the increase of organic matter and nutrients in the connected stream. The industrial wastewater effluent was discharged with high concentration of nitrogen, while the hot spring wastewater was high in both phosphorus and nitrogen. The difference between these cases was due to with and without chemical T-P treatment in the industrial and the hot spring wastewater, respectively. The chlorophyll-a content of the attached algae was high at the outlet of SAW and the downstream reach, mostly in eutrophic level. These ecological results were presumably due to the high water temperature and phosphorus concentration in the stream brought by the thermal effluents of SAW. These results suggest that high temperature of the SAW needs to be emphasized when evaluating its effects on the stream water quality (water temperature, fertility) through a systematized spatial and temporal investigation.

In this study, the distribution of each facility group, the pollution level of local municipalities and the status of self-measurement were investigated and analyzed using data provided by the Ministry of Environment. It was found that most of the workplaces to be managed are facilities of sensitive class, indoor parking lots and largescale stores. The results of the survey on the total pollution level by facility group showed that the rate of contamination was the highest in the facilities where there are many sensitive users, including the subway station and the underground shopping malls. Through self-measurement, in the case of fine particle matter, it was found that it was present in amounts of 51.71 μg/m3, 50.72 μg/m3, 44.47 μg/m3 and 54.44 μg/m3 in medical institutions, day care centers, elderly care facilities and postnatal care centers, respectively. Also, there were facilities exceeding the standard in the medical institutions. However, most of the pollutants in the facilities surveyed by the municipality are higher than the self-measured concentrations, so it is necessary to examine the cause of such pollution.

During the harvest season, drying and storage facilities at Rice Processing Complexes (RPCs) are not enough to manage all the harvested rice, which causes quality deterioration and decomposition. Also, rice export is being limited due to the high cost of long-term storage for shipping. This study was conducted to investigate the germination rate, fat acidity and lipoxygenase activity of brown rice after storage of 3, 6, 9 and 12 months at 25oC and 35oC with 22 Korean and 2 Japanese varieties. Germination rate of rough rice was decreased to 72% after storage of 9 months at 25°C and decreased to 35 and 33% after 3 and 6 months at 25°C, respectively. Fat acidity was increased according to storage periods and increasing level was higher at 35°C than at 25°C. Lipoxygenase activity was decreased according to storage periods and decreasing level was higher at 35°C than at 25°C. Although the protein content was not significantly different according to the storage period at both 25 and 35°C, significant difference existed among cultivars. Amylose content was increased until 6 months at both 25 and 35°C, but decreased after 9 months. Fat acidity and protein content were negatively correlated with amylose content, while amylose content was positively correlated with lipoxygenase activity after 12 months at 25°C. Germination rate was negatively correlated with fat acidity and protein content, while fat acidity was positively correlated with protein content and negatively correlated with amylose content and lipoxygenase activity after 6 months at 35°C. 24 varieties were classified into 3 groups on the basis of germination rate, fat acidity and lipoxygenase activity after 12 months at 25°C and 6 months at 35°C. Group I including 8 varieties of Koshihikari showed higher germination rate, lower fat acidity than Group II including 11 varieties of Nampyeongbyeo.. Honong and Jinbaek. Hopyeongbyeo and Hopum showed higher germination rate, lower fat acidity at 35°C than 25°C, while Hwanggeumnuri showed higher germination rate, lower fat acidity at 25°C than 35°C.

‘매향’ 딸기의 재배 시 1,000ppm 농도의 탄산시비가 품질과 저장성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 본 연 구를 수행하였다. 딸기 수확 후 품질을 비교 하였는데, 경도, 당도, 그리고 산도가 무처리구에 비해 탄산 가스 처리구에서 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 기존 유통 조건인 관행저장 처리구는 10일간, 20,000cc OTR 필름으로 MA저장 처리구는 20일간 8oC에서 저장하였다. 저장 중 생체중 감소율은 탄산시비 처리에 관계 없이 MA저장 처리구가 저장종료일까지 1%의 낮은 감소를 보였다. 저장 중 MA저장 처리구의 포장내 산소, 이산화탄소, 그리고 에틸렌가스 농도는 탄산시비 처리에 따른 유의성있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 저장 종료일의 경도는 저장방법에 관계없이 탄산시비 처리구가 무처리구보다 높은 수치를 나타내었으나, 당도와 산도 그리고 과색은 처리에 따른 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 패널테스트를 통한 외관은 탄산시비 처리하여 MA저장한 처리구가 가장 우수하였으며, 이취는 탄산 시비 처리하여 관행저장한 처리구가 가장 낮았다. 곰팡이 발생률은 두 저장방법 모두 무처리구에 비해 탄산시비 처리구가 낮은 수치를 보였다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때, 재배 중 탄산시비는 ‘매향’ 딸기의 경도를 높여 8oC 저장 중 외관상 품질과 저장 후 경도를 높게 유지시켜 저장성을 향상시킬 수 있으며, 저장방법으로는 MA저장이 저장기간을 연장시킬 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of microbial inoculation as additive consisting of novel lactic acid bacteria on quality and fermentation characterization of Miscanthus sinnensis silages.The contents of crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber in treatments of additive of lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) inoculation had similar to control. pH of Miscanthus sinnensis (MS) silage in treatments of ALAB inoculation significantly decreased as compared to control (p<0.05). The content of lactic acid in in treatments of ALAB inoculation significantly increased (p<0.05), but the content of acetic acid in treatments of ALAB inoculation decreased. In addition, number of lactic acid bacteria in treatments of ALAB inoculation significantly increased as compared to control (p<0.05). Therefor, we suggest that MS silage improved by inoculation of additive consisting of novel lactic acid bacteria.

Nando Island is reported as one of the biggest breeding colonies of seabirds in South Korea, and is protected as a Natural Monument. This study was conducted between July to November 2015, to investigate the breeding population of Black-tailed gulls and their habitat on Nando Island. We estimated the breeding population of Black-tailed gulls (Larus crassirostris) using nest density. The mean nest density of Black-tailed gulls was 0.51 per 1 m2 (0.51 m-2), and the breeding population was approximately 26,760 individuals. The dominant vegetation was Echinochloa crusgalli and Agropyron tsukushiense var. transiens, which served as shelter and nest sites to Black-tailed gulls. The diet of Black-tailed gulls was mainly the fish, Japanese Anchovy Engraulis japonicas (48%). Other species which were found to breed on Nando Island were Streaked Sheawater (Calonectris leucomelas), Temminck’s Cormorant (Phalacrocorax capillatus), and Swinhoe’s storm petrels (Oceanodroma monorhis).

This study was conducted to find out the effects of over seeding using new grass varieties orchardgrass ‘Kordione’ and ‘Onnuri’, and tall fescue ‘Greenmaster’ on botanical composition and dry matter productivity from 2013 to 2016 in low productivity hilly pasture, middle area of Korea. There were used 3 grass seed mixture types made of different compositions and amounts {T1: control - no over seeding, T2: tall fescue (TF) ‘Greenmaster’ 18 kg ha-1, orchardgrass (OG) ‘Kordione’ 9 kg ha-1, Perennial ryegrass (PRG) ‘Linn’ 5 kg ha-1, and Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) ‘Kenblue’ 2 kg ha-1, T3: TF ‘Greenmaster’ 9 kg ha-1, OG ‘Kordione’ 18 kg ha-1, PRG ‘Linn’ 5 kg ha-1, and KBG ‘ Kenblue’ 2 kg ha-1, T4: TF ‘Greenmaster’ 9 kg ha-1, OG ‘Onnuri’ 18 kg ha-1, PRG ‘Linn’ 5 kg ha-1, and KBG ‘Kenblue’ 2 kg ha-1}. In the botanical composition of grassland, T1 nearly remained constant in other seasons while ratio of weeds were increased in summer season. T2 was better than control (T1) in portion of grass ratio, which has increased by 80%. In the early time of establishment, the portions of OG were increased in T2, but TF rate was increased after 3 years later when grass was established. T3 and T4 showed a very similar patterns, grass ratio had increased by 80% and the portion of KBG had increased as time passed. T2 (129,763 kg ha-1) was showed the highest dry matter yield than other treatments (T1: 6,756 kg ha-1, T3: 9641, and T4: 10,738) in 2016.

본 연구는 고온기 때 사료 내 다른 에너지 수준 및 비테 인 첨가 급여가 육성돈의 영양소 소화율 및 생리학적 변화 에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 실시하였다. 실험동물은 삼원교잡종(L×Y×D; initial body weight, 73.5±0.5kg) 거세 수퇘지 12두를 사용하였고 대사틀에 배치하였다. 실험기간 은 고온기인 7~8월에 실시하였다. 실험계획은 에너지 2수 준(3,300 및 3,400kcal/kg)과 비테인 2수준(0 및 0.5%)이며 4×4 Latin square로 하였다. 조단백질 소화율은 고에너지 사료(3,400kcal/kg)가 저에너지 사료보다 유의적으로 높았 다(p<0.01). 그러나, 비테인급여는 영양소소화율에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 혈액생화학적 분석 결과에서는 에너지 수 준 및 비테인 첨가가 육성돈 내 생리적 변화를 보이지 않 았다. 면역반응을 나타내는 혈중 IgG에서는 고에너지 사료 가 저에너지사료보다 높았으나(p<0.05) 스트레스 지표를 나타내는 cortisol농도에서는 차이가 나지 않았고, 비테인 첨가급여는 IgG 및 cortisol 농도 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 결론적으로 사료 내 비테인 첨가급여보다 에너지 수준을 높이는 것이 돼지 체내에 더 긍정적인 효과를 보이며, 여 름철 고온스트레스를 받는 돼지 사료 내 고에너지를 급여 했을 때 어떠한 결과가 나오는지 추후 더 연구해 볼 만한 것으로 사료된다.

식량 부족 문제가 대두되고 있는 요즘 하나의 해결 방안으로 곤충 사업이 크게 주목받고 있다. 곤충이 미래 식량으로 주목받는 이유는 짧은 시간 안에 대량사육이 가능 하며, 인수공통전염병이 없으므로, 질병, 전염병 우려에서 비교적 자유로우며 사육으로 인한 환경 파괴가 적다는 장점을 가지고 있다. 또한, 식용곤충을 사육하는 농가는 8백 곳으로, 1년 만에 5배 넘게 늘었으며 농촌진흥청은 곤충산업 규모가 2020년 2조~3조 원에 이를 것으로 전망했다. 이렇게 커져가는 식용 곤충 산업에 대해 사람들의 곤충에 대한 인식과 선호도를 알아볼 필요성을 느껴 설문을 실시하였다. 설문조사는 10대부터 40대 이상의 연령층을 조사하여 다양한 연령의 선호도에 대해 조사하였고 유년기 시절 지역을 조사하여 지역에 따른 곤충의 선호도 정도를 조사하였다. 온라인 400명 오프라인 400명으로 표본 집단의 크기를 충분히 하였다. 해당 설문 조사에서는 유년기 지역보다는 성별로 식용 곤충 섭취 경험이 나뉘어 졌다. 향후 식용 곤충 섭취에 대해서는 부정적인 응답이 많았지만 가공된 식품으로 대중화 한다면 긍정적인 방향으로 나아갈 것으로 판단한다.

In this study, the boundary non-linear analysis of the sky bridge subjected to walking load and running load is performed. The sky bridge is installed in the mid-story between two buildings and the walking load and running load induced by pedestrians are measured by load cell. LRB is modeled as a non-linear hysteresis model to accurately represent the behavior of LRB. For the serviceability evaluation of sky bridge, the acceleration responses of sky bridge are analyzed based on ISO 2631-2 and the velocity response are analyzed based on standards Bachmann &Amann. In serviceability evaluation of this sky bridge, the pedestrian can not perceive the vibration except for resonance running loads consequently. Therefore, it is concluded that this sky bridge haven’t problem in the serviceability.

This study concerned the analysis on the efficiency of the conversion of water tank type supply system to direct water supply system to examine the feasibility of the conversion, as well as the calculation of optimal conversion range that enables the supply of safe, high-quality water at stable pressure in accordance with the standards of water supply facility. The results of this research showed that when converting water supply system from water tank type supply system to direct water supply system, more nodal points could be properly converted and more reduction of electricity usage was expected in case water pressure rather than residence time was fixed. This means that higher efficacy can be obtained by fixing water pressure when converting water supply system. However, since the number of the locations that received on-spot inspection was small and the electricity usage measured was not exclusively by water supply facility, it is difficult to judge that such reduction of electricity usage accurately represents reduced electricity usage by water supply facility alone. therefore, after having secured on-spot information about a larger number of locations in apartment complexes that have converted water supply system, and utilizing information about electricity usage exclusively by water supply facility, the proposed method of this research could be applied to accurately deducing expected reduction of electricity usage by water supply facilities of various other apartment complexes. It is also considered possible to deduce an effective operation method of water supply system by finding out an area that shows low pressure or low residual chlorine concentration in the optimal conversion range of water supply, followed by estimating the proper location of pumping station or the proper chlorine dosage at the power purification plant that supply water to the target area.

It is considered necessary to renewal a considerable number of water supply facilities in Korea because they began to be intensively buried in the period of rapid economic growth. Accordingly, local water providers are required to take measures against this situation, but they have currently been caught in a vicious circle of the lack of budget spent in renewing water supply facilities because county-based small-scale local water supply cannot afford to cover annual expenditures with their revenues from water rates. Therefore, this study developed an optimal renewal planning model capable of achieving a balance of financial revenue and expenditure in local water supply using nonlinear programming and furthermore of minimizing the total cost incurred during the analysis. To this end, this study selected the water supply area located in County Y as a research area to build the financial revenue and expenditure and used Solver function provided by Microsoft Excel to use nonlinear programming. As a result, this study developed an optimal renewal planning model minimizing incurred costs in consideration of 6 items in the financial revenue and expenditure. The optimal renewal plan was modeled according to the available annual budget. As a result, this study proposed SICD, a scenario to minimize total costs from the perspective of water suppliers, and SITS, a scenario to minimize the increase in water rates from the perspective of consumers. It can be said that the method proposed in this study is the core of the optimal financial and renewal plans as a final stage of asset management for water supply facilities. Therefore, it is considered possible for local water providers to use the method proposed in this study according to circumstances for the asset management of water supply facilities.

전남 사옥도 지역의 지질은 쥐라기 화강암, 백악기 퇴적암, 산성응회암, 산성맥암으로 구분된다. 최근 공룡 발자 국, 새 발자국 및 절지동물의 보행열이 발견된 사옥도지역의 백악기층은 하부로부터 담회색 사암, 셰일, 이암 등이 교 호한다. 화석을 포함하는 퇴적암은 산성응회암에 의해 덮이며, 산성암맥이 퇴적암과 응회암을 관입한다. 사옥도 지역 백 악기 퇴적암의 퇴적시기를 밝히기 위해 응회질 사암과 상부의 산성 응회암에 대해 저어콘의 SHRIMP U-Pb법 절대연 대를 측정하였다. 사암과 응회암의 U-Pb 연대는 각각 83.58±0.86와 79.80±0.75 Ma이며 이는 백악기 후기의 캄파니안 에 해당된다. 산성응회암의 연대는 응회암의 분출시기와 화석을 포함하는 퇴적암의 최소 연대를 지시한다. 따라서 공룡 과 물갈퀴 새발자국의 형성연대는 83.6와 79.8 Ma 사이로 추정된다.

In this paper, the performance of a synthetic fiber filter aimed at high-speed operation and dosed with different coagulants or filter aids was investigated. Without a coagulant, the filter efficiency was about 62% which was greatly enhanced when three types of coagulants namely PAC, Alum, and FeCl3 were used. Among the coagulants tested, PAC was the most effective, giving 91% filter efficiency, followed by Alum with 90%, and FeCl3 with 78%. PAC worked effectively at a very small range of dose, but Alum was relatively effective in a wide range of concentration. Compared with PAC and Alum, FeCl3 provided more or less contant efficiency regardless of its dose but gave the poorest filter efficiency. Moreover, as the inflow turbidity increased, headloss increased and the efficiency decreased at any dose and type of coagulant. The headloss recorded in this particular synthetic fiber filter is not significant as compared to that observed in typical granular filters. The recovery of solids estimated after filter cleaning was about 80% for both PAC and Alum, but poorer at 72% in the case of FeCl3 due to the heavy and large floc characteristics. The recurrence of filter efficiency verified through repetitive filter runs was found to be satisfactory.

충북지역 곤충사육 및 희망농가를 대상으로 조사한 결과, 전업 사육농가 12, 부업농가 26농가, 곤충사육 희망 29농가 등 67농가를 대상으로 조사하였다. 곤충사육 희망농가의 가장 큰 관심 항목은 곤충사육(86%)으로 가장 높았다. 곤충사육 희망농가의 사업시작 계획은 향후 1년 이내 54%, 2~3년 이내 28%, 당장 시작하거나 6개월 이내는 18%로 나타났다. 곤충 사육농가의 사육시설 초기 투자비용은 81%가 500만원 이하의 영세 농가였다. 사육시설은 73%가 야외 사육이었고, 그 다음은 판넬 조립이였다. 충북의 곤충사육 총 면적은 30,400㎡로 영동 16,004㎡로 53%를 차지하여 가장 높게 나타났으며, 청주 3,915㎡(13%), 충주 3,593㎡(12%), 옥천 2,543㎡(8%), 기타 4,345㎡(14%) 순으로 나타났다. 사육농가의 추가 사육 희망 종으로는 왕사슴벌레와 갈색거저리가 가장 높았으며, 쌍별귀뚜라미, 거미, 장수풍뎅이 순으로 나타났다. 곤충사육 농가의 연간 매출액은 500~1,000만원 (47%)에 가장 많이 분포했으며, 다음으로 100~500만원(34%), 1,000만원 이상(19%) 순으로 조사되었다.