In Korea, twelve species in genus Myrmica have been described. Some of them are morphologically similar and this makes their identification difficult. For this reason, we collected several Myrmica species in question and inferred their phylogenetic relationship using the 418bp partial COI (cytochrome C oxidase 1) region from a total of 33 individuals. We found that the CO1 haplotypes are effectively grouped into three clusters that match well to their external morphological characters. Although this three species could be distinguished by the only small part of the COI region, the two individual sample of the M. kotokuii and one sample of the M. carinata are included in the M. kurokii group. The results indicate that the morphological identification could be obscure in the three species and it requires a close examination for this phenomenon.

Grapholita dimorpha is a new pest of apple, pear and plum in Japan and Korea as well. Although G. dimorpha was reported as a multi-voltine insect with four generations per year, the phenology is not fully known in Korea. We present a model to predict the spring occurrence of G. dimorpha adults based on the relationship between the cumulative proportion of G. dimorpha adult catches and accumulated degree-days. Five different distribution models were applied and the selection was made based on the statistical information criteria (AICC and BIC). Model validation was performed with the field data of the male moth catches in sex pheromone-baited traps of two apple production regions (Chungju and Geochang) of Korea in 2011. Model predictions of the dates for the cumulative 50% male moth catches were within five days variation. Because G. dimorpha has a feeding habit of boring inside the fruit the management practice of G. dimorpha should apply on egg and neonate larval stage. The management strategy of G. dimorpha in spring might be improved by the model.

The study was conducted to develop the full seasonal phenology model of G. molesta in pear orchard. G. molesta is a multi-voltine insect with four to five generations per year depending on temperature, food resources and geographic location. For precise model construction, information on temperature-dependent development and the distribution of developmental completion of overwinteirng and summer G. molesta population was used. The performance of model was based on single cohort population of G. molesta. The validation of model system was performed with the male moth catches in sex pheromone-baited traps of pear orchards in four pear production regions (Anseong, Icheon, Naju and Ulju), three apple production regions (Andong, Chungju and Geochang), and four plum orchards (Uiseong) of Korea in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The observed phenology of seasonal population of G. molesta was explained by our model system. The predicted dates for the cumulative 50% male moth catches per each generation were within seven days variation per each generation. The precise predictive model of G. molesta adult occurrence could help decision making and enhancing control efficacy.

This study was conducted to investigate the insecticidal capacity of several recombinant baculoviruses to P. xylostella and S. exigua larvae. NeuroBactrus was constructed as follows: the cry1-5 of Bacillus thuringiensis 2385-1 was inserted into Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) genome by fusion of polyhedrin-cry1-5-polyhedrin under the control of polyhedrin gene promoter, and insect-specific neurotoxin from the scorpion Androctonus australis (AaIT) under the control of early promoter from Cotesia plutellae bracovirus was introduced by fusion of orf603 partial fragment in the opposite direction of polyhedrin gene, respectively. Other recombinant baculoviruses derived from the NeuroBactrus - NBt-DelA (deleted AaIT), NBt-Del5 (deleted cry1-5), and NBt-DelA5 (deleted AaIT and cry 1-5) - were manufactured in serial passages in vitro. The data were analyzed by SPSS. The value of LC50 was lower when P. xylostella larvae fed on cabbage coated with NeuroBactrus (4068.4) than when it fed on cabbage coated with AcMNPV (4.5x106). Survival time (ST50) of P. xylostella larvae (2.54days) was shorter when it fed on cabbage coated with NeuroBactrus than when it fed on cabbage coated with other recombinant baculoviruses (7.54days, 7.68days, and 8.26days) and AcMNPV (9.67days). S. exigua larvae presented the same results.

Bicuculline is one of the most commonly used GABAд eceptor antagonists in electrophysiological research. Because of its poor water solubility, bicuculline quaternary ammonium salts such as bicuculline methiodide (BMI) and bicuculline methbromide are preferred. However, a number of studies have shown that BMI has non-GABAд eceptor-mediated effects. The substantia gelatinosa (SG) of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) is implicated in the processing of nociceptive signaling. In this study, we investigated whether BMI has non-GABA receptor-mediated activity in Vc SG neurons using a whole cell patch clamp technique. SG neurons were depolarized by application of BMI (20M) using a high Cℓ⁻ipette solution. GABA ( 30-100μM) also induced membrane depolarization of SG neuron. Although BMI is known to be a GABAд receptor antagonist, GABA-induced membrane depolarization was enhanced by co-application with BMI. However, free base bicuculline (fBIC) and picrotoxin (PTX), a GABAд and GABAс receptor antagonist, blocked the GABA-induced response. Furthermore, BMI-induced membrane depolarization persisted in the presence of PTX or an antagonist cocktail consisting of tetrodotoxin (Nα+ nnel blocker),AP-5 (NMDA receptor antagonist), CNQX (non-NMDA receptor antagonist), and strychnine (glycine receptor antagonist). Thus BMI induces membrane depolarization by directly acting on postsynaptic Vc SG neurons in a manner which is independent of GABAд receptors. These results suggest that other unknown mechanisms may be involved in BMI-induced membrane depolarization.

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has six structural proteins which encoded by ORFs 2 to 7 are designated as GP2, 3, 4, 5, M and N, repectively. In this study, we determined the expression of each protein using novel transfer vector, pBmKSK4 which has the polyhedrin promoter of BmNPV and 6xHis tag. The recombinant transfer vector was co-transfected into Bm5 cells along with bBpGOZA DNA. Recombinant virus was purified by plaque assay and amplified in Bm5 cells. Expression of each protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis using anti-6xHis monoclonal antibody. The expression levels of the structural proteins in Bm5 cells were stronger than the expression system using pBacPAK9 transfer vector in Sf21 cells. As expected, GP5 was expressed at low levels from its structural properties and its toxicity for cells. In addition, each recombinant protein was purified using Ni-NTA spin columns. The ability to produce each protein in the baculovirus system indicates that these could be major candidates for the development of a vaccine against PRRSV.

The appropriate soil depth for each species should be determined by taking into account the visual quality of the plant, including the growth conditions of the trees and total photosynthesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth characteristics -height, root collar diameter, dry weight- and quality index according to soil depth. Therefore this study proposed suitable plants according to container size (soil depth) when creating a container garden. The result are as follows; Pinus densiflora, Pinus parviflora and Nandina domestica have poor growth and low ornamental value at 15 cm depth. Therefore, theu will be available at a minimum depth of 20c m. Thuja occidentalis grew in 15 cm of soil depth and had a normal visual value, but it was desirable to plant 20 cm of soil depth. Ilex serrata grew at least 20 cm above depth but it was not suitable for container garden because of its low value of ornamental value. Syringa vulgaris had little difference in growth depending on soil depth. Considering the visual quality, it will be possible to plant for container gardening at a soil depth of 20 cm or more. Container gardens are an alternative to forming green spaces in places where planting is difficult in the city. Therefore, appropriate containers and plants should be selected.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of container size on growth of Zelkova serrata, Acer palmatum, Crataegus pinnatifida, Pinus densiflora, Chionanthus retusus, Ilex serrata, Viburnum erosum, and Hibiscus syriacus in container. This study used 22 L, 38 L, and 52 L container and measured seedling height, root collar diameter, seeding quality index (SQI), biomass. Acer palmatum, Pinus densiflora and Ilex serrata were high in 22, Crataegus pinnatifida in 38 L, and Zelkova serrata, Chionanthus retusus, Viburnum erosum, and Hibiscus syriacus in 52 L regarding the relative growth of height and root diameter in statistical significance. The H/D ratio was fine for Zelkova serrata, Pinus densiflora, Chionanthus retusus, Ilex serrata at 22 L, Acer palmatum and Crataegus pinnatifida for 38 L, and Viburnum erosum and Hibiscus syriacus for 52 L. Seeding Weight of Acer palmatum, Pinus densiflora was heavy at 22 L. Chionanthus retusus, Ilex serrata, Viburnum erosum, Hibiscus syriacus were heavy at 38 L, Zelkova serrata, and Crataegus pinnatifida were heavy at 52 L. Zelkova serrata, Crataegus pinnatifida, Pinus densiflora, and Ilex serrata were fine at 22 L, Acer palmatum, Chionanthus retusus, Viburnum erosum at 38 L, Hibiscus syriacus at 52 L about T/R ratio. For SQI, Acer palmatum, and Pinus densiflora were high in 22 L, Chionanthus retusus, Ilex serrata, and Viburnum erosum in 38 L, Zelkova serrata, Crataegus pinnatifida, and Hibiscus syriacus in 52 L. Seedling quality was considered to be appropriate when the growth was balanced between the above and below ground. As a result, it is effective to cultivate Acer palmatum and Pinus densiflora at 22 L, Chionanthus retusus, Ilex serrata, and Viburnum erosum at 38 L, and Zelkova serrata, Crataegus pinnatifida, and Hibiscus syriacus at 52 L.

Bovine mammalian gland has biopotential in therapeutic protein production and could be used as a model in further lactation researches. In this study, we have isolated bovine mammary gland-derived epithelial cells (BMECs) from Korean Holstein dairy cattle and themselves show differential dynamic ability in in-vitro culture. BMECs enables to form lobulo-alveolar structure, express milk production related gene. Functional studies indicated that BMECs secret exogeneous antibacterial fragment-Bovine Lactoferricin B (bLfcin-B), which is inserted in PiggyBac system, and this bioactive fragment inhibits the growths of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. These data demonstrated that BMECs open new scope in either bioactive fragment, heading to prevent the spread of mastitis or post-mastitis damage in dairy graze and could be an ideal bioreactor for antibacterial proteins.

최근 공동체 활성화 및 도시경관 향상을 위해 공동체정원을 조성하는 움직임이 활발히 진행되고 있으며 다양한 공모사업이 추진되고 있다. 공동체정원 조성은 지속적으로 증가하고 있으나 조성 방향 및 기능에 관한 연구와 고찰은 미진한 편이다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 공동체정원 조성을 위한 기본방향 설정에 필요한 기초자료를 제시하기 위하여 실시하였다. 연구는 도시민 320명을 대상으로 거주유형에 따라 공동체 정원의 조성방향 및 기대효과, 참여도 등을 조사하였다. 도시민은 공동체정원의 필요성을 높게 인식하고 있으며, 공동주택에 비하여 단독 주택 거주민의 요구도가 높다. 공동체정원의 쾌적성과 심미성 측면의 기능을 중요하게 평가하며 단독주택 거주민은 어린이의 생태체험 제 공의 교육적 효과를 우선하였으나 공동주택 거주민은 녹지공간 확보의 쾌적성과 심리적 안정감을 중요하게 인식한다. 공동체정원의 조성 으로 생활환경개선과 주민의 신체적/정신적 건강 증진을 기대하고 있다. 단독주택에서는 지역 공동체성 향상에 대한 기대도가, 공동주택 에서는 삶의 질 향상에 대한 기대도가 높다. 도시민은 공동체정원 계획, 시공, 유지관리에 참여할 의사가 있으며 특히 공동체정원의 조성 및 유지관리를 위해 연평균 79,000원을 기부할 의사가 있다. 공동체정원의 조성으로 다양한 효과를 기대할 수 있고 필요성 또한 높게 인식 되고 있으나 거주 유형에 따라 조성 방향과 기대효과가 다르기 때문에 입지하는 지역의 특성에 따라 조성 방향과 도입기능이 결정되어야 할 것이다.

최근 대규모 국책사업의 축소와 소규모 공사 및 정원의 수요 증가로 녹지조성용 조경수와 기능성 조경수, 정원수 등으로 용도 및 수종별 맞 춤형 조경수 생산이 요구되고 있다. 정원수로서 꽃과 수형이 아름다운 규격화된 조경수를 생산하기 위해서는 노지재배에 비하여 컨테이너 재배가 매우 효과적인 것으로 알려져 있으며 생산기반을 구축하기 위한 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구는 정원용으로 활용되는 목본식 물인 소나무(Pinus densiflora), 단풍나무(Acer palmatum), 무궁화(Hibiscus syriacus), 서양수수꽃다리(Syringa vulgaris), 이팝나무 (Chionanthus retusus), 피라칸다(Pyracantha angustifolia) 3년생을 용적 40L의 흑색 플라스틱 용기에 원예용상토(펄라이트 40%+피트모 스 60%)와 황토를 1:1로 혼합하여 정식하였다. 정식 후 뿌리 활착을 위하여 1개월 간 정상관수로 관리한 후 관수개시점 토양수분을 1, 5, 10, 15, 20%로 조절하여 2년간 생육변화를 조사하였다. 소나무의 생육은 수고와 지하부 생체중 15%, 수관폭과 지상부 생체중 10%에서 높 았으며 무궁화는 수고와 지상부생체중 15%, 수관폭 20%에서 높았다. 이팝나무는 수고 15%, 수관폭 20%, 지상부 생체중 5%, 지하부 생체 중 10%에서 높았다. 단풍나무와 피라칸다는 수고, 수관폭, 지상부 생체중 모두 20%에서 높았으며 서양수수꽃다리는 모두 15%에서 높았 다. 최종 생체중을 기준으로 최적 관수개시점을 설정하면 소나무 16.2%, 무궁화 16.9%, 서양수수꽃다리 21.6%, 이팝나무 15.9%가 적정하 였으며, 단풍나무, 피라칸다는 20%이상으로 수종별로 다르게 나타나 용기재배시에 수종별로 적정 관수개시점을 달리하여 재배하는 것이 유리할 것으로 판단된다.

Background : Corrosion is one of the most devastating problems faced by most industries. Mild steel has played a vital role in various fields due to the excellent mechanical properties of mild steel such as low density, high strength-to-weight ratios, good environmental stability, high thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance. Methods and Results : The total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) of the methanolic extract of C. grandiflora and R. verniciflua leaf have been examined, and its corrosion inhibition performance was investigated by weight loss and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization measurements. The surface morphology of mild steel was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The percentage composition of polyphenolic compounds was found to be higher in C. grandiflora and R. verniciflua plant extracts, and it was proved to be a superior, eco-friendly, and anti-corrosive inhibitor for mild steel in 1M of H2SO4. The Tafel polarization studies indicate that the plant extract is a mixed-type inhibitor. Scanning electron microscopy/energy -dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies confirmed the formation of a protective film on the metal surface. The corrosion inhibition of the C. grandiflora and R. verniciflua plant extracts was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), UV-visible spectra, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies; these show the strong interaction between the metal surface and the inhibitor. Conclusion : The methanolic extract was prepared the two different plants like C. grandiflora, and R. verniciflua was studied the corrosion inhibition on the mild steel specimen in acidic medium through various methods involving weight loss measurements, EIS, and potentiodynamic polarization. The results shows that the C. grandiflora, and R. verniciflua plant extracts illustrate an effective corrosion inhibitor for mild steel with good anticorrosion properties in acidic environmen

Investigation of the plant growth affected by plug cell volume/pot size and plant age in herbaceous native plants belonging to 11 family and 24 species showed that growth of aerial part was different according to both plant age and plug cell volume/pot size. Among them, especially Iris dichotoma, Iris ensata var. spontanea, Iris pseudoacorus Lysimachia vulgaris var. davurica, Campanula glomerata var. dahurica and Solidago virgaurea subsp. asiatica showed more prominent difference depending on plug cell volume compared to other species. Regarding growth of subterranean part, as decrease plug cell volume/pot size root quality index became high while root weight became low, indicating that growth restriction was happened by exceed increase of root density due to limited root zone area. As increase cell volume/pot size, root development became active in bigger than 150 ㎖ of cell volume. Plant quality got better as increase cell volume/pot size, and 60 days old plants (DOP) revealed higher quality than 90 DOP revealed, indicating that marketing is possible from 60 DOP. Considering both plant age and cell volume (pot size), plant quality was better in smaller cell volume when cultivate plants in short time, while better in bigger cell volume when cultivate plants long time. Accordingly, when extend cultivation periods in small volume of plug cell, plant quality became bad. Therefore, this study showed that in order to produce high quality of plants, plants should be grown in proper plug cell volume depending on cultivation periods. Among plants tested Hosta longipes, Aquilegia buergeriana var. oxysepala, Aquilegia japonica, Veronica linariifolia, Hemerocallis fulva, Iris ensata var. spontanea, Iris pseudoacorus, Allium senescens, Hypericum ascyron, Caltha palustris var. palustris, Gentiana scabra, Campanula glomerata var. dahurica, Dendranthema boreale, Dendranthema zawadskii var. latilobum, Aster spathulifolius, Aster maackii, Aster koraiensis and Solidago virgaurea subsp. asiatica were determined to be able to produce standard size nursery plants using plug tray, and proper plug cell volume was bigger than 150 ㎖ (32 cell tray).

This study conducted to investigate the role of the horticultural activities to create and manage the outdoor space of the school, are as follows: Most of the students have had experiences of horticultural activities cultivating vegetables, fruits, flowers, trees, etc., and took part in activities such as planting plants, growing plants, and harvesting plants. These activities were done through the house veranda, garden, or school classes. We found that much of the horticultural activities are done at school, home, and communities, as the students have quite a few experiences in external experiential events or allotment farms. Students had more than average amount of interest in horticultural activities. In particular, the more gardening activity the student experienced, the higher interest they had. About half of the students observe the plants at least once a month and know the names of 3.42 plants among the plants at school. The students in the school that had done the school forest project are aware of relatively many plants and show high observation frequency. Although the schools done horticultural activities in accordance with the curriculum, they usually consist of one-off activities such as planting and seeding in schools without gardens as the activities are done with pots inside the classrooms. The satisfaction with the external school environment was relatively high at schools that done the school forest project, and this was affected by flowers, trees, and resting area. In other words, students must have plenty of flowers and trees to be satisfied with the external school environment and should also have an appropriate outdoor resting area. It is important to provide opportunities to allow students to continue experiencing gardening activities at school and home, because they have a high abundance of experience and interest in horticultural activities. Therefore, the space for horticultural activities considering the school curriculum and preferences of students should be secured and a variety of flowers and trees should be planted in order to create the external environment of school.

The seed spray technology prepares for landscape by spraying seeds, fertilizers and other materials but does not consider the relationship of the germination time and temperature of seeds for construction. The purpose of this study is to develop a functional formula that shows the relationship of germination and temperature for using the Papaver orientale L. seeds for the spray technology. The germination test in a chamber was progressed from March to April 2014 and the verification experiment proceeded in a greenhouse in May 2014. After culturing each 100 seeds of Petri dish and Papaver orientale L. seeds on filter beds 4 repetitive times, each 10mL of the first distilled water was sprayed to treat temperature at level 7 and the light source was maintained at 4~4.5μmoles/m2/s. The germination rate was investigated at two-day intervals, and the germination was based on the emergence of 3mm radicles. For experimental verification, seeding was implemented in a greenhouse and daily mean temperatures and germination periods were investigated. As a result of the treatment, based on a 50% germination rate, the functional relation between the temperature and germination period was found to be y = 1/-0.0004x²+ 0.0224x－0.0398, R2 = 0.9441. As the result of the analysis of the cardinal temperature from using graphs of functions, the lowest temperature was 2°C and the optimum temperature was 28°C and the highest temperature was 54°C, but in the actual test, normal germination was made at 5°C and the unusual germination of the final germination rate was below 50% at 35°C. In the experimental verification, as a result of substituting the daily mean temperature with functional formulas, it was found to be 4.4 days and the lapse of time for actual foliation was investigated to be 5.5 days.

The chloroplast (cp) is an organelle with its own genome encoding a number of cp-specific components. The membrane-bound organelles are mainly involved in the photosynthetic conversion of atmospheric CO2 into carbohydrates in which light energy is stored as chemical energy. Resequencing technology via next-generation sequencing has recently been successfully applied which results the field of cp genome characterization is growing fast. Here, we report the complete sequence of the chloroplast genome of Capsicum frutescens, a species of chili pepper. The total length of the genome is 156,817 bp, and the overall GC content is 37.7%. A pair of 51,584-bp inverted repeats (IRs) is separated by a small (17,853 bp) and a large (87,380 bp) single-copy region. The C. frutescens chloroplast genome encodes 103 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 20 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. Of these, 19 genes are duplicated in the IRs and 18 genes contain one or two introns. Comparative analysis with reference cp genome revealed 125 simple sequence repeat (SSR) motif and 34 variants, mostly located in the non-coding regions. These microsatellite markers will facilitate the studies of genetic diversity, population genetic structure, and sustainable conservation for C. frutescens.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common malignant primary bone tumors and NF-κB appears to play a causative role, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. OS is one of the pleomorphic, highly metastasized and invasive neoplasm which is capable to generate osteoid, osteoclast and osteoblast matrix. Its high incidence has been reported in adolescent and children. Cell signal cascade is the pivotal functional mechanism acquired during the differentiation, proliferation, growth and survival of the cells in neoplasm including OS. The major limitation to the success of chemotherapy in OS is the development of multidrug resistance (MDR). Answers to all such queries might come from the knock-in experiments in which the combined approach of miRNAs with NF-κB pathway is put into use. Abnormal miRNAs can modulate several epigenetical switching as a hallmark of number of diseases via different cell signaling. Studies on miRNAs have opened up the new avenues for both the diagnosis and treatment of cancers including OS. Collectively, through the present study an attempt has been made to establish a new systematic approach for the investigation of microRNAs, biophysiological factors and their target pairs with NF-κB to ameliorate oncogenesis with the “bridge between miRNAs and NF- κB”. The application of NF-κB inhibitors in combination with miRNAs is expected to result in a more efficient killing of the cancer stem cells and a slower or less likely recurrence of cancer.