총담관으로의 클립 이동은 복강경 수술의 드문 합병증이다. 저자들은 4년 전 복강경 담낭절제술과 복강경 총담관탐색술을 동시에 받은 66세 남자에서 Hem-o-lok 클립 이동으로 인한 담관 결석 1예를 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하고자 한다. 상복부 통증을 주소로 내원한 환자의 복부 전산화단층촬영에서 담관의 확장과 다량의 담관 결석 및 담관을 침범한 이물질이 의심되었다. 내시경역행담췌관조영술을 하여 다량의 담관 결석과 함께 이물질을 제거하였다. 이물질의 정체는 Hem-o-lok clip이었다. 복강경 담낭절제술과 복강경 총담관탐색술을 받은 환자가 상복부 통증을 호소한다면, 드물지만, 클립 이동에 의한 담관 결석 가능성도 염두에 두어야 한다.

Chlorhexidine is a cationic bisbiguanide with broad antibacterial activity, and diverse activity encompassing gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, dermatophytes, and some lipophilic viruses. Chlorhexidine alters the permeability of the bacterial membrane. They also neutralize periodontal pathogens such as Streptococcus aureus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia. Porphyromonas gingivalis were cultured to isolate the Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membranes (OPG). Also, OPG were used to prepare large unilamellar liposomes with total lipids (OPGTL) extracted and prepared with the phospholipids mixture (PL). The effect of chlorhexidine digluconate on cell membrane kinetic changes was investigated using fluorescence polarization of n-(9-anthroyloxy) stearic acid with different rotational mobility depending on the probe substitution position (n) in the membrane phospholipid aliphatic chain. Chlorhexidine digluconate increased the hydrocarbon rotational mobility interior of the OPG, OPGTL and PL, but native and model membranes interfacial mobility were decreased. The sensitivity to increasing chlorhexidine digluconate effect on rotational mobility was proportional to the depth of probe position in descending order of 16-AP, 12-AS, 6-AS and 9-AS. Chlorhexidine digluconate disordering or ordering the effects on the membrane lipids may cause its bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal actions.

In this study, internationally widely utilized bioeconomic models were used to make a comparison and analyze the effectiveness of red snow crab fisheries management measures. As a specific effect analysis, biological and economic effects of both total allowable catch (TAC) and effort reduction management measures were analyzed simultaneously. Model results showed that the red snow crab biomass would be decreased from 106,000 tons to 73,076 tons after ten years when the TAC is set to and maintained at the current level of 26,000 tons. The amount of biomass would be increased to 125,316 tons when the level of TAC is set to 22,000 tons. In cases of reduced fishing efforts, a 30% decrease from the current level would result in greater biomass and NPV would be also estimated at the highest level. In addition, a sensitivity analysis by market price was conducted to analyze the minimum TAC level of the red snow crab offshore pot fishery. Results showed that the minimum TAC level would be 8,210 tons when the market price increased by 30% and it would be also 15,247 tons when the market price decreased by 30%. Furthermore, results of the sensitivity analysis by fishing cost showed that the minimum TAC level was analyzed to be 13,857 tons when the fishing cost increased by 30% from the current level.

PURPOSES : This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of pressure relief joints (PRJs) installed on highways for preventing blow-ups. METHODS : To evaluate the performance of a PRJ, pavement surface images were acquired by conducting a follow-up survey through on-site visual inspection and an automated pavement condition survey. The PRJ widths in the acquired pavement images were measured using image analysis software, and major distress in the PRJ was identified. The relationship between the performance period and the joint width was bi-linearized, and the causes of distress and repair methods for PRJ were suggested. RESULTS : As a result of the first survey, it became known that the width of a PRJ rapidly decreases after installation owing to an expansion of the concrete slab. The width of a PRJ continued to decrease, with 94% of the joint below 30 mm and 64% of the joint being below 10 mm, based on the fourth survey. The PRJ width of an Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (AAR) section decreased more than that of a normal section, but the difference in the average width between both sections decreased from 9.7 mm to 2.7 mm over the measured period. A bilinear estimation equation was developed based on the survey data. Through the estimation equation, it could be confirmed that joint contraction accelerated after installation owing to the effects of AAR, and that the joint widths of both sections converged to a similar level over the measurement period. As the result of the major distress analysis indicates, joint seal failure occurred in 70% of the joints, and the distress rates in terms of cracks, edge breakouts and spalling, and patching were 73%, 57%, and 28%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : With the follow-up survey it could be confirmed that the concrete slab continued to expand despite seasonal changes, maintenance of the PRJ, and additional installation of new PRJs. The expansion of the concrete slab due to AAR is considered to be closely related to PRJ behavior. In addition, it is judged that major distress of the PRJ occurs at an early age owing to the instantaneous release of excessive compressive stress inherent in the slab during joint cutting.

본 연구는 거문도 해역에 자생하는 홍합의 수심별 분포 특성을 파악하고 공존 또는 경쟁하며 생활하는 주변 저서 생물상을 파악하고자 연구를 진행하였다. 홍합은 수심이 낮은 곳에서 밀도가 높고 비만도가 낮은 반면, 수심이 깊어질수록 밀도가 낮고 비만도가 높아지는 양상을 보이며, 형태적특성도 수심이 깊어질수록 증가하는 양상으로 나타났다. 이는 각장과 전중량의 상관관계식에서도 수심 2 m에 비하여 수심 12 m에서 높은 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 확인되어 수심에 따라 각장이나 각고의 성장 및 전중량에 영향을 미치는 것으로 파악되었다. 주변에 서식하는 저서생물 중 해조류는 홍합의 패각을 기질에 부착하여 서식하는 소형생물과 주변환경에 서식하는 대형생물로 구분할 수 있으며, 암반조하대의 서식특성으로 수심이 깊어질수록 광 량에 영향을 받아 밀도 및 생체량이 다소 감소하는 경향으로 분석되었다. 저서동물은 팔각따개비가 홍합의 패각과 주변 서식공간에 모두 분포하고, 굴의 경우는 함께 분포는 하고 있다. 그러나 수심 2 m 지점에서 굴이 우세한 지점에서 홍합이 다소 감소하는 경향을 보이며, 홍합이 우점하는 수심이 깊은 지점에서는 굴이 감소하는 경향으로 나타나 두 종 간의 공간경쟁에서 수심에 따른 영향을 보이는 것으로 파악되었다. 그 외 대형 해조류가 번성하는 지역의 경우, 홍합의 군집이 발달하지 않고 있어 대형해조류의 서식 유· 무에도 홍합의 생존이 영향을 받는 것으로 추정되었다

점박이응애는 광식성 초식자로서, 사과의 주요 해충 중 하나이다. 사과 품종에 따라 점박이응애의 밀도 형성이나 피해 규모가 다르게 나타난다. 세 가지 품종, 쓰가루, 홍로, 후지의 잎에 대한 점박이응애의 이동 선호성, 발육속도, 그리고 산란능력이 다른지를 시험하였다. 잎 절편을 이용한 실험 결과, 이동 선호성은 쓰가루나 홍로보다 후지 잎에서 높았다. 알에서 성충까지 발육기간은 후지 잎에서 가장 짧았고 홍로에서 가장 길었다. 암컷 성충 수명은 후지에서 가장 짧았다. 암컷의 총산란수는 사과 품종에 따라 다르지 않았지만, 일 평균 산란수는 후지에서 높았다. 생명표 분석 결과 홍로 잎에서 점박이응애의 적합도가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 이상의 결과는 사과원에서 품종에 따른 점박이응애 발생 양상의 차이를 설명 해주고 있으며, 향후 다양한 사과 품종에 대한 평가를 통해, 품종별 응애류 관리 전략 개발에 기초 자료가 될 것이다.

머신러닝 기법의 발달과 함께 기계에서 발생하는 다양한 종류(진동, 온도, 유량 등)의 데이터를 활용하여 기계의 상태를 진단하고 이상 탐지 및 비정상 분류 연구도 활발히 진행되고 있다. 특히 진동 데이터를 활용한 회전 기계의 상태 진단은 전통적인 기계 상태 모니터링 분야로 오랜 기간 동안 연구가 진행되었고, 연구 방법 또한 매우 다양하다. 본 연구에서는 가정용 에어컨에 사용되는 로터리 압축기에 가속도계를 직접 설치하여 진동 데이터를 수집하는 실험을 진행하였다. 데이터 부족 문제를 해결하기 위해 데이터 분할을 수행하였으며, 시간 영역에서의 진동 데이터로부터 통계적, 물리적 특징들을 추출한 후, Chi-square 검증을 통해 고장 분류 모델의 주요 특징을 추출하였다. SVM(Support Vector Machine) 모델은 압축기의 정상 혹은 이상 유무를 분류하기 위해 개발되었으며, 파라미터 최적화를 통해 분류 정확도를 개선하였다.

One of the most demanded competencies of an oral health professional such as an oral pathologist is the ability to make clinical decisions. The purpose of this study was to examine the neurological differences between beginners and experts in the clinical decision-making process which consisting of complex, dynamic and sophisticated cognitive processes, and to identify the characteristics of experts based on the brain by comparing EEG activity. This study conducted experimental design with 10 dentists with more than 10 years of clinical experience and 10 students with short clinical experience as beginners as a fourth year student before graduation. The hypothesis-oriented algorithm proposed in HOAC II was used. As a standard, the clinical decision-making stage of the dentist was divided into three stages, and an event was developed and an experiment was designed for measuring EEG for each stage. The cerebral activity distribution patterns of the two groups were measured with EEG, compared and analyzed with pre-processing process using EEGlab. As a result, the difference in the auditory information was not noticeable between the novice and the expert, but the difference between the group of the novice and the expert appeared in the visual data and the radiographic data. In the case of beginners, the activity was higher in the left hemisphere, and in the case of experts, both brains were activated. The results of this study are intended to present objective information based on brain-based analysis of differences that appear in the clinical decision-making process of experts and beginners. It can be used as basic research data to present the brain-based characteristic analysis of dentist experts.

본 연구는 수출 팽이버섯에서 L. monocytogenes가 검출되어 리콜 됨에 따라 팽이버섯의 안전성을 확보하기 위하여 유통 온도에 따른 팽이버섯 중 L. monocytogenes의 생존을 조사하고 유기산을 이용한 팽이버섯 중 L. monocytogenes 의 저감화 기술을 개발하였다. 저장 온도에 따른 팽이 버섯 중 L. monocytogenes의 생존을 조사하기 위하여 L. monocytogenes가 오염된 팽이버섯(초기 농도 4.5 Log CFU/g)을 1-35 ̊C에 각각 저장하고 균수변화를 조사하였다. 그 결과 팽이버섯을 1 ̊C에 저장하였을 때 L. monocytogenes 는 1개월 내에 증식하지 않았고 30 ̊C, 35 ̊C에서는 각각 36시간, 24시간이내에 3.0 log CFU/g 증가하였다. 팽이버섯 중 L. monocytogenes의 저감화를 위하여 1-3% 유기산 3종 (초산, 젖산, 말산)에 10-30분 동안 처리하였을 때 팽이버섯 중 L. monocytogenes는 초산보다는 말산, 젖산의 저감효과가 높았고 젖산과 말산의 처리 농도가 증가할수록 저감효과는 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 3% 젖산과 말산을 10분 이상 처리하면 약 3.0 log CFU/g이상 감소하였다. 따라서 팽이버섯의 안전성을 확보하기 위해서는 수출할 때는 1 ̊C 내외의 저온을 유지하고 소비단계에서는 3% 젖산과 말산에서 10분 정도 처리 후 섭취하는 것이 필요하다.

A well-established characterization method is required in powder bed fusion (PBF) metal additive manufacturing, where metal powder is used. The characterization methods from the traditional powder metallurgy process are still being used. However, it is necessary to develop advanced methods of property evaluation with the advances in additive manufacturing technology. In this article, the characterization methods of powders for metal PBF are reviewed, and the recent research trends are introduced. Standardization status and specifications for metal powder for the PBF process which published by the ISO, ASTM, and MPIF are also covered. The establishment of powder characterization methods are expected to contribute to the metal powder industry and the advancement of additive manufacturing technology through the creation of related databases.

Plant viral diseases are incurable and reduce fruit yield and quality, causing economic losses. Damages vary depending on the virus-host combination, virulence, and cultivar susceptibility. Therefore, the fundamental way to prevent virus damage is to cultivate virus-free plants. Thermotherapy, cold therapy, chemotherapy and cryotherapy combined with microshoot tip culture are used to eliminate fruit tree viruses. This review describes fruit viral diseases and summarizes the current elimination methods. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has also been used to identify and diagnosis new fruit crop viruses. Therefore, studies are needed to optimize elimination methods for NGS-identified viruses.

This study was conducted to investigate the growth characteristics of the shoot and roots and to analyse the morphological characteristics of roots of waterlogging resistant and susceptible maize inbred lines. Six maize inbred lines were treated with waterlogging for 10 days at V3, and the degree of leaf senescence was evaluated for waterlogging resistance. As a result of waterlogging resistance evaluation, KS85 was the most damaged inbred line with 3.33 senescence leaves and 5.54 degree, and KS141 was the least damaged inbred line with 1.33 senescence leaves and 3 degree. At 20 days after treatment, the effect of waterlogging stress on the shoot dry matter accumulation of KS85 and KS141 were decreased by 86.1% and 77.0%, respectively, compared to the control. Similarly, root dry matter accumulation of KS85 and KS141 were decreased by 77.6% and 65.0%. As a result of SEM photographs of the nodal roots of the two maize inbred lines, the thickness of cortex of KS141 was thicker than that of KS85, and the distortion of the cortex was observed in KS85 at 20 days after waterlogging. It was concluded that the thickness of cortex was related to maize waterlogging resistance.

A winter forage tetraploid rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivar, ‘Daegokgreen’, was developed at the Department of Central Area Crop Science, NICS, RDA in 2016. The mutant line ‘CG11003-8-B’, which was induced from rye cultivar ‘Gogu’ (diploid) by colchicine treatment, was selected for its excellent agronomic performance and was placed in preliminary yield trials for one year, 2013. The line was designated “Homil59” and was tested for regional yield trials at the four locations in Korea from 2014 to 2016. Finally, the new cultivar was named as the ‘Daegokgreen’ (grant number 8274). The leaf of cultivar ‘Daegokgreen’ is wide, long and dark-green color. The cultivar also has a big-size grain with light-brown color. The heading date of cultivar ‘Daegokgreen’ was April 17 which was 2 days later than that of check cultivar ‘Gogu’. The tolerance to cold and wet injury, and resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust of the new cultivar were similar to those of the check cultivar but the resistance to the lodging of the new cultivar was stronger than that of the check. The average roughage fresh and dry matter yield of the new cultivar after 10 days from heading were 37.0 and 7.7 MT ha-1, respectively, which were similar to those (38.4 and 8.0 MT ha-1) of the check cultivar. The roughage quality of ‘Daegokgreen’ was higher in crude protein content (8.9%) than that of the check cultivar (7.9%), while was similar to the check in total digestible nutrients (56.9%). This cultivar is recommended for fall sowing forage crops at all of crop cultivation areas in Korea.