This study evaluated the migrant and residue tests of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), and antimony (Sb) in 70 tumbler samples. The migration levels of hazardous metals in all the samples were within the migration limits outlined in the Korean standards and specifications for utensils, containers, and packages. Moreover, in all the tumbler samples, only Ni was detected in 0.5% citric acid solution of a food stimulant. The maximum level of Ni 0.0144 mg/L was 14.4% of the migrant specification (not more than 0.1 mg/L), which was relatively safe. The 0.5% citric acid solution was eluted at 4oC, 70oC, and 100oC for 30 min, and only Ni was detected while testing for migration levels according to the temperature variations; all temperature conditions conformed to the standards. The level of Ni migration increased significantly with increasing migration temperature. Regarding the residue level outside the paint-coated tumbler samples, the Pb level was found to range from N.D. to 20638.1323 mg/kg. The risk of Ni was further estimated to be at a safe level of 0.00 to 0.01% compared to the %TDI as a result.

Arsenic (As) uptake and accumulation from agricultural soil to rice vary depending on the soil environmental conditions such as soil pH, redox potential, clay content, and organic matter (OM) content. Therefore, these factors are important in predicting changes in the uptake and accumulation of As in rice plants. Here, we studied the chemical properties of As-contaminated and/or rice straw compost (RSC)-treated soils, the growth responses of RSC-applied rice plants under As-contaminated soils, the changes in As content of soil, and the relationship between As uptake and accumulation from the RSC-treated soils to the rice organs under As-contaminated soils. Rice plants were cultivated in 30 mg kg-1 As-contaminated soils under three RSC treatments: 0 (control), 12, and 24 Mg ha-1. No significant differences were indicated in the chemical properties of pre-experimental (before transplanting rice seedling) soils, with the exception of EC, OM, and available P2O5. As the treatment of RSC under 30 mg kg-1 As-contaminated soils increased, EC, OM, and available P2O5 increased proportionally in soil. Increased soil RSC under As-contaminated soils increased shoot dry weight of rice plants at harvesting stage. As content in roots increased proportionally with RSC content, whereas As content in shoots decreased under As-contaminated soil at all stages of rice plants. Nevertheless, As accumulation were significantly decreased in both roots and shoots of RSC-treated rice plants than those in the plants treated without RSC. These results indicate that the use of RSC can mitigate As phytotoxicity and reduce As accumulation in rice plants under As-contaminated soils. Therefore, RSC can potentially be applied to As-contaminated soil for safe crop and forage rice production.

Seoul has installed mechanical air filters in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems of city buses to improve their indoor air quality since late 2019. We evaluated particle removal efficiencies of the filter in a wind tunnel, and clean air delivery rates (CADRs) of the systems and a household air purifier in the buses, following the test standards. The filter showed the efficiencies of 91% and 97.6%, 88% and 97.9%, and 78% and 95.2% for 0.35 μm particles and PM2.5 at 1.0m/s, 1.5m/s, and 2.0m/s, respectively. The efficiencies rose with an increase in the particle size and the filters had a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) rating of 15. The CADRs for PM2.5 and flow rate of the systems were 12.7m3/min and 17.9m3/min, 16.6m3/min and 25.4m3/min, 18.7m3/min and 33.6m3/min, and 23.3m3/min and 47.1m3/min on the operation mode of 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The CADRs of the systems were 3.8-7.1 times higher than those of the air purifier, but single-pass removal efficiencies of the former were 0.56-0.81 lower than those of the latter.

본 연구는 우리나라 Jersey 암소 41두로부터 측정된 체중 데이터를 이용해 Gompertz, von Bertalanffy 및 Logistic 모형의 성장 곡선을 추정하고, 추정된 성장 곡선의 모수를 활용하여 Jersey 암소의 성장 특성에 대해 알아보고자 실시하였다. 추정된 Gompertz, von Bertalanffy 및 Logistic 모형의 성장 곡선 함수식은 각각    ,         및          이었다. Gompertz, von Bertalanffy 및 Logistic 모형에 대해 변곡점은 각각 10.719, 8.4292 및 14.618 개월로 추정되었고, 변곡점 체중은 각각 208.514, 211.347 및 203.548kg으로 추정되었으며, 최대 증체율은 각각 20.851, 21.192 및 21.993 (kg/월)로 추정되었다. 오차 평균 제곱합과 모형 결정 계수의 결과를 종합해보면 von Bertalanffy, Gompertz 그리고 Logistic 모형 순으로 Jersey 암소 성장 곡선에 적합도가 높은 것으로 판단된다.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the meaning of simulation practice after experiencing virtual simulation for nursing students with clinical practice experience. We attempted to determine a nursing simulation strategy as an alternative to the clinical practice in the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The participants were seven nursing students who experienced clinical practice and completed alternative virtual simulation practice in the COVID-19 pandemic. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and analysed using the phenomenological methodology. The key question was “what is the meaning and nature of child health nursing practice using virtual simulation in the COVID-19 pandemic?” Results: The significant statements were categorized into 14 themes, 7 theme clusters, and 2 categories. The categories extracted were “a sense of difference between virtual and reality” and “experience systematic learning transfer.” Conclusion: Practical education through nursing simulation is important for students to experience a systematic and efficient learning. Additionally, simulation educators should produce various efforts to help students achieve the learning outcomes, such as scenarios, class environments, and instructor preparation, to reduce their sense of separation from practice.

패션프루트(Passiflora edulis)는 열대와 아열대 지역에서 재배되는 덩굴성 과수이다. 평균 기온이 상승함에 따라 온대 지역인 국내에서도 재배가 가능하여 패션프루트 재배 농가수가 증가하고 있다. 그러나 패션프루트 묘목이 건정성에 대한 평가 없이 생산되어 농가로 유통되고 있다. 본 연구에서 는 국내에서 재배되고 있는 자색계 패션프루트를 대상으로 2020년에 6종의 바이러스 감염률을 조사하였다. 중합효소연쇄반응을 이용하여 바이러스 감염 여부를 확인하였다. 조사 결과, 파파야잎말림광동바이러스 감염률이 68.3%으로 가장 높았고, 오이모자이크바이러스(51.6%), 등대풀잎말림 바이러스(48.3%), 동아시아시계초바이러스(33.3%), 패션프루트목질화바이러스(8.3%), 토마토황색잎말림바이러스(0%) 순이었다. 감염된 샘플 중 75%는 2종 이상의 바이러스에 복합 감염된 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구를 통해 국내에서 자색계 패션프루트의 바이러스병에 대한 정보를 제공하여 예찰 및 방제의 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다.

본 연구에서는 2021년 전남, 전북을 대상으로 23개소에서 어류 4종(향어, 비단잉어, 참붕어, 금붕어) 총 1,115마리에 대하여 병원체 감염 여부를 조사하였다. 법정전염병 3종(SVC, Spring viraemia of carp, EUS, Epizootic ulcerative syndrome, and KHVD, Koi herpesvirus disease)을 분 석한 결과, 조사한 모든 시료에서 법정전염병이 검출되지 않아 전라권에서 조사한 잉어과어 류는 청정국 또는 청정지역 선언에 중요한 정보를 제공할 것이다.

본 연구는 사도행전을 중심으로 바울의 선교전략과 현대 적용점을 밝히고자 논의하였다. 그리고 본 연구는 바울선교와 현대선교의 연결점 에서 찾고자 노력하였고, 바울의 선교 방법과 전략에 대하여 집중하여 다루었다. 바울선교에서 자비량선교, 도시중심의 선교, 현지의 문화와 상황을 이해하고 접근하는 토착화 선교, 현지에 현지인을 중심으로 개척하였다. 현지교회가 자립, 자치, 자전의 선교를 시행하고, 현지 지도자들을 육성하고, 리더십을 개발하여 더욱 성숙하고, 영성이 있는 리더십을 개발하는 전략적 선교를 행하여야 한다. 또한 본 연구는 선교지 교회의 헌신자들을 사후관리하고, 선교사 멤버 케어와 위기관리 까지 시스템화하는 선교가 요청되고 있다.

Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided intervention has gradually become a standard treatment for peripancreatic fluid collections (PFCs). However, it is difficult to popularize the procedure in Korea because of restrictions on insurance claims regarding the use of endoscopic accessories, as well as the lack of standardized Korean clinical practice guidelines. The Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (appointed a Task Force to develope medical guidelines by referring to the manual for clinical practice guidelines development prepared by the National Evidence-Based Healthcare Collaborating Agency. Previous studies on PFCs were searched, and certain studies were selected with the help of experts. Then, a set of key questions was selected, and treatment guidelines were systematically reviewed. Answers to these questions and recommendations were selected via peer review. This guideline discusses endoscopic management of PFCs and makes recommendations on indication for the procedure, pre-procedural preparations, optimal approach for drainage, procedural considerations (e.g., types of stent, advantages and disadvantages of plastic and metal stents, and accessories), adverse events of endoscopic intervention, and procedural quality issues. This guideline was reviewed by external experts and suggests best practices recommended based on the evidence available at the time of preparation. This will be revised as necessary to address advances and changes in technology and evidence obtained in clinical practice and future studies.

본 연구에는 가뭄의 유발 요인으로 강수량, 기온, 상대습도 등의 기상현상을 활용하고 가뭄 피해로 인한 대응 요소로서 대체수원, 제한급수, 운반급수 등의 비상급수를 적용하여 AI기반 가뭄 대응 정보 구축 방안을 구성하였다. AI 머신 러닝 기법 중 널리 사용되는 의사결정나무 모형을 통하여 예측 기법을 수립하였다. 연구 대상 지역은 비상급수 활용 빈도가 높고 종관기상관측소가 존재하는 충주시, 안동시, 의성군을 선정하였다. 자료 기간은 2014년부터 2019년까지의 자료를 이용하였으며, 가뭄 유발 기상요인으로 ASOS의 강수량 및 기온, 습도를 이용하고 가뭄 피해 요소로 국가 가뭄정보 포털의 비상급수 현황 자료를 활용하였다. 모형 학습 결과 정확도가 약 0.97, F1-Score가 약 0.5로 나왔으며, 이는 비상급수가 필요한 상황과 그렇지 않은 상황을 97%의 확률로 예측할 수 있음을 의미하며, 비상급수가 필요했던 표본만을 대상으로 했을 경우 약 50%의 확률로 예측이 가능한 것을 의미한다. 따라서 의사결정나무 모형을 적용하여 예측 정확도를 분석한 결과 가뭄 대응 비상급수 준비지역 예측을 위한 적용성이 높은 것으로 평가되었다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 기상 조건만을 가뭄 유발 요인으로 반영하였기 때문에, 공급수량 부족 등의 요인을 추가적으로 검토할 필요가 있으므로 가뭄과 연관된 요소인 저수지 용량 등을 추가하고 비상급수 이외의 피해 요소 역시 확장하여 연구를 개선하고자 한다.

Background: Muscle activities of gluteus maximus (GM) and hamstring (HAM) have important roles in the stability and mobility of the hip joint during various functional activities including bridge and prone hip extension exercises. Objects: The purpose of this study is to investigate muscle activities of GM, multifidus (MF) and HAM during three different bridge exercises in healthy individuals. Methods: Twenty healthy subjects were participated. Electromyography device was used to measure muscle activities of GM, MF and HAM. Each subject was asked to perform three different bridge exercises with hip abduction (0°, 15°, 30°) in random order. One-way repeated measures analysis of the variance and a Bonferroni post hoc test were used. Statistical significance was set at α = 0.01. Results: The muscle activity of GM was significantly different among three conditions (hip abduction 0°, 15°, 30°) (adjusted p-value [Padj] < 0.01). The muscle activity of GM was significantly greater during bridge exercise with hip abduction 30° compared to 0° and 15° (Padj < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the muscle activity of MF and HAM muscle (Padj > 0.01). The ratio of muscle activity (ratio = GM/HAM) during bridge exercise with hip abduction 30° was significant greater compared to the hip abduction angles 0° and 15° (Padj < 0.01). Conclusion: Bridge exercise with hip abduction 30° can be recommended to selectively facilitate the muscle activity of GM and improve the ratio of muscle activity between GM and HAM.