This study investigates the internal structure of the Habitat and Riparian Health Index (HRI) by identifying conditional dependencies among its components and the mechanisms that form grade boundaries, rather than treating HRI as a simple arithmetic sum. Using the 2024 national river assessment dataset, the analysis combined bootstrap-supported Bayesian Networks for stable dependency inference with classification decision trees for explicit grading rules and threshold identification. A multi-criterion priority scheme integrating network centrality, contribution to total-score variability, and classification contribution was also applied to derive management priorities within and across basins. Across all basins and analytical perspectives, Flow Velocity Diversity consistently emerged as the most influential component. It occupied the central position in the dependency structure and accounted for the largest share of variability in the composite score, indicating that it operates as a system-level outcome in which channel morphology, bed condition, and anthropogenic constraints converge. The grading mechanism was strongly asymmetric. Deficiencies in riverbank protection functioned as a dominant trigger for rapid grade deterioration, whereas attainment of the highest grade required a conjunctive and non-linear pathway in which sufficient flow heterogeneity was accompanied by the sequential resolution of structural constraints, particularly those associated with transverse structures and embankments. Basin-level comparisons further showed that network structures were not interchangeable, with the Nakdong River basin exhibiting the most distinct configuration and basinspecific priority patterns. These results imply that management should separate strategies aimed at preventing degradation through bottleneck control from strategies aimed at achieving top-tier conditions through coordinated, multi-component interventions.

우리나라의 선박부문 대기오염물질 배출량 산정에 활용되는 배출계수는 유럽환경청의 가이드라인에서 제시하는 수치를 적용 하고 있다. 유럽환경청 가이드라인에서 제시하고 있는 수치는 2000년대 초에 발간된 문헌자료 기반의 배출계수로 선박부문의 다양한 규 제가 시행중인 현재의 배출상황과는 차이가 존재한다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 항만 입출항 선박현황을 조사하여, 여객선, 벌크선, 컨테이너 선, 탱커선 등 주요 선종을 대상으로 배기가스 실측 분석연구를 수행하였다. 배기가스 내 5종의 물질(CO2, CO, NOx, SOx, BC)을 대상으로 선박 운항형태별(운항모드,접안모드), 유종별(경유, 벙커유) 배출계수를 제시하였다. 실측기반의 배출계수를 활용하여 대기오염물질을 산 정하는 경우, 배출량 통계 정합성 확보에 기여할 수 있으며, 정확한 배출량 산출을 토대로 국가 대기환경개선 목표 달성에 이바지할 것으 로 기대된다.

Plant-based patties were manufactured by varying the amount of textured vegetable protein (TVP) added, and their physicochemical quality and acceptability were measured. As the TVP content in the patties increased, the pH also showed a significantly increased. Lightness tended to decrease with higher TVP contents, while redness was highest at 50% TVP. With increasing TVP, the intensity of redness diminished, and browning became more pronounced. Texture and shear force increased alongside the TVP content, enhancing the mechanical stability of the tissue; however, excessive hardness negatively impacted palatability. Antioxidant activity was highest at 60% and 65% TVP, likely attributed to the antioxidant components of soy protein as its concentration increased. In sensory evaluations, the control group (beef patty) received the highest overall acceptance. Among the plant-based patties, the one with 50% TVP received the best ratings for taste, aroma, texture, and overall acceptance. In contrast, flavor and texture scores gradually declined at TVP levels of 55% or higher. Additionally, the inclusion of red beet powder significantly improved the meat color, even at TVP concentrations of 60—65%.

Purpose: To identify effective teaching strategies for cultivating ethical sensitivity and judgment in undergraduate nursing, given the daily ethical dilemmas of clinical practice and the continued reliance on lecture-based ethics education in Korea. Methods: A systematic review of international studies (2015–2025) was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Eligible studies addressed undergraduate nursing ethics education, reported learning outcomes, and detailed instructional strategies. Data were extracted on strategy type and outcome measures, and synthesized narratively with attention to comparators. Results: Twenty-five studies frequently employed simulation (e.g., standardized patients, ethics committees with structured debriefing), problem-based learning, e-learning, and blended formats. Across studies, these active approaches improved ethical awareness, empathy, moral sensitivity, decision-making, and judgment, with greater gains where scenarios were authentic, feedback was structured, and interaction was high. Lecture-only formats rarely produced comparable effects. Few studies reflected Korean programs, where pedagogical variety remains limited. Conclusion: Active, practice-oriented strategies show advantages over lectures for developing ethical competence in nursing students. Korean curricula should diversify pedagogy, invest in faculty development for simulation/debriefing and case facilitation, and adopt structured evaluation tools aligned with clinical ethics. Future work should standardize measures and test feasibility in local contexts.

기후변화 대응을 위한 국가 온실가스 감축목표 달성을 위해 해운부문의 역할이 중요함에도 불구하고, 국내 해운부문 외부사업 참여는 특정 방법론에 편중되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 친환경선박 전환 기조에 따라 개발된 전기·하이브리드 추진 내항여객선 도입 방법 론을 분석하고, 적용 범위와 조건 개선 방안을 도출하였다. 기존 화석연료 추진 여객선을 동일 제원의 전기추진 선박으로 대체할 경우 연 간 약 210톤의 온실가스 감축효과가 발생하는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, 현행 방법론이 내항여객선에 한정된 구조를 전체 연안선박으로 확대할 경우 감축 잠재량이 기존 대비 약 5배 이상 증가할 수 있음을 제시하였다. 이를 위해 신규 도입 선박의 경우 단계적으로 내항여객 선 외 다른 선박으로 적용 범위를 확대하도록 운항 데이터 기반 배출계수 개발이 필요함을 제시하고, 국제항해 선박도 국내항해 실적에 한하여 외부사업 참여가 가능하도록 개선 방안을 제시하였다. 이를 바탕으로 해운부문 외부사업 참여를 활성화하고 온실가스 감축 실적 을 제도적으로 반영함으로써, 국가 온실가스 감축목표 달성에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The 1100Goji Wetland and Sumunmurbamgdwie are designated wetland protected areas adjacent to each other within Hallasan, Jeju Island. This study aimed to identify the unique characteristics of these two wetlands by analyzing their geomorphological features and biodiversity. The analysis, which covered geomorphology and eight biological groups-including vegetation, flora, and fauna-revealed distinct geomorphological characteristics and significant differences in flora and entomofauna. Despite their close proximity within Hallasan, the vegetation, flora, fauna, and dominant species varied between the two sites depending on factors such as geomorphological traits and the surrounding habitat environment. Therefore, customized management strategies that consider the specific characteristics of each wetland must be established.

본 논문은 인공지능 시대의 도래가 인간 중심적 사고방식인 인본주의에 어떤 전환을 야기하는지를 유발 하라리의 􋺷호모 데우스􋺸를 중심으로 고찰하고, 이를 바탕으로 필립 K. 딕의 마이너리티 리포트 에 나타난 기술이 인간의 주체성을 침식시키는 문제를 탐구한다. 르네상스 이래 발전한 인본주의는 인간의 이성과 자율성 그리고 주체성을 강조해 왔으나, 21세기 생명과학과 정보기술의 급진적 발전은 기존의 인간상을 위협한다. 하라리는 인간을 생화학적 알고리즘으로 규 정하고, 비의식적인 시스템이 인간의 판단과 감정을 대체할 수 있는 가능성을 기술 인본주의로 명명한다. 그는 기술이 인간 능력을 확장하는 동시에 주체성과 자유의지는 약화시킬 수 있음을 경고한다. 딕의 마이너리티 리포트 는 예측 기술이 어떻게 인간의 주체성을 위협하는지를 문학적으로 형상화하며, 미래 사 회에서 기계가 인간을 지배하는 역전된 신화를 드러낸다. 본 논문은 인공지능 중심 사회가 초래할 인간 정체성의 변화를 성찰적으로 조명함으로써 기술 발전 의 존재론적 함의를 숙고할 필요성을 강조한다.

Purpose: This study aims to examine the characteristics and educational outcomes of immersive virtual reality (VR)-based nursing simulation using the integrative review method developed by Whittemore and Knafl. Methods: Data were collected between December 30, 2023, and January 15, 2024. Studies published in English or Korean were included without restrictions of publication year. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, RISS, KISS, DBpia, and KoreaMed using combinations of the keywords “‘nursing”, “student*”, “simulation”, “SIM”, “education”, “VR”, and “Virtual reality” to identify relevant articles. Results: Of the 237 studies identified, 11 were included in the analysis, with most conducted in Korea (n=7). In most studies, scenario-based VR was used; the Oculus platform (n=4), the HTC Vive (n=2), and a mobile HMD (n=1). Six studies incorporated handheld controllers, and three haptic sensors. VR groups showed greater improvements in knowledge, engagement, self-confidence, and skill performance than the control groups. Usability ratings were high for accessibility and realism; however, challenges were observed in device operation, especially without technical support. Reported adverse effects included visual fatigue, headache, dizziness, motion sickness, and discomfort when wearing glasses. Conclusions: Immersive VR simulation offers realistic, customizable learning environments, enhancing nursing education, supporting advanced instructional methods, and improving clinical safety and patient-centered competencies. Ongoing efforts in technological standardization, program development, and curricular integration are recommended.

This study aims to advance Korea’s aquatic ecosystem assessment framework by developing and validating an Integrated Assessment Index (IAI) that synthesizes three biological indicators: the Diatom Assessment Index (DAI), the Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assessment Index (BAI), and the Fish Assessment Index (FAI). Using biomonitoring data collected from 2019 to 2021, three integration methods: the minimum grade method, most frequent grade method, and arithmetic mean method, were compared. The arithmetic mean method demonstrated the highest suitability and was adopted as the final integration approach. The resulting IAI showed stronger correlations with major water quality factors (BOD, TN, TP) than individual biological indices, indicating its enhanced capacity to capture both water quality gradients and ecological response patterns across biological assemblages. Application of the IAI to aquatic ecosystem assessment data from 2016 to 2023 revealed that the overall ecological condition of Korean rivers remained at a “fair (C)” level. Approximately half of the sites were classified as good to very good (A~B), while around 20% were rated as poor to very poor (D~E). Annual cycle analysis further indicated that first-year surveys within each monitoring phase exhibited higher proportions of good conditions, whereas second- and third-year surveys showed increasing frequencies of fair conditions, suggesting cumulative environmental stressors or progressive habitat alteration. Mid-sized basin target standards achievement analysis showed a clear discrepancy between waterquality and biological outcomes. While BOD and TP targets were met at relatively high rates, IAI achievement rates were the lowest across all major river basins (18~33%). This indicates that current water quality centered management goals insufficiently reflect actual ecological conditions. The results highlight that improvements in physico-chemical factors alone are insufficient for biological recovery and that habitat structure, flow regime, and substrate conditions are critical drivers of ecological integrity. Overall, the IAI effectively integrates biological and physico-chemical information, offering a more comprehensive quantification of river aquatic ecosystem health than single metric approaches. The index demonstrates strong potential as a practical tool for future policy applications, including mid-sized basin target management, ecological restoration prioritization, and integrated water resource planning.

Biological assessments of streams have been developed in many countries to evaluate ecological integrity. A multimetric index is one of the primary methods used for this purpose, incorporating chemical, physical, and biological variables of the environment. In Korea, the Benthic Macroinvertebrates Index (BMI) is currently applied in national biological monitoring programs; however, BMI reflects only organic pollution and does not account for other environmental variables in streams. This study aimed to develop a new multimetric index, the Benthic Macroinvertebrate-based Multimetric Index (BMMI), for assessing the ecological integrity of Korean streams. We analyzed data from 3,307 sites, including water quality information. Reference and disturbed streams were identified based on PC 1 scores with 7 environmental factors (Axis 1 of the PCA), genus levelbased taxa richness, and BMGI values used for trimming. From an initial set of 82 candidate metrics, six (genus level-based taxa richness, Shannon’s diversity index, percent of taxa in E.P.T., percent of individuals in collectorsgatherers, percent of individuals in clingers, BMGI based on saprobity) were selected through statistical analyses, including coefficient of variation and discriminant analysis. BMMI successfully distinguished between reference and disturbed streams and showed significant correlations with various environmental factors. These results indicate that BMMI is suitable for evaluating the ecological integrity of streams in Korea. Therefore, it is recommended that stream ecosystem assessments transition from BMI to BMMI in the future to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of stream integrity.

Current assessments of stream ecosystem health in Korea using benthic diatoms rely primarily on the Trophic Diatom Index (TDI), which is highly sensitive to phosphorus concentrations but has limited ability to capture complex environmental stressors such as organic pollution and physical habitat degradation. To address these limitations and enhance the ecological diagnostic capacity of diatom-based assessments, we developed a Korean-type multimetric diatom index, the Diatom Assessment Index (DAI). Using benthic diatom assemblage data and environmental variables collected from 3,029 sites nationwide between 2019 and 2021, we screened candidate metrics based on variability, redundancy, discriminatory power, and sensitivity analyses. Five metrics-TDI, proportion of motile diatoms, proportion of sensitive diatoms, proportion of saprophilous diatoms, and the [Achnanthes / (Achnanthes+Navicula)] ratio-were ultimately selected and integrated to calculate the DAI score. Applying the DAI to an independent dataset from 3,005 sites (2022~2024) demonstrated that the index exhibited a near-normal distribution across assessment classes, in contrast to the TDI, which tended to be skewed toward specific ranges. The DAI showed strong correlations not only with physicochemical parameters such as BOD and TP but also with physical habitat indicators, including flow velocity and the proportion of fine substrates. In addition, the DAI was significantly correlated with other biological indices, such as the Benthic Macroinvertebrate Index (BMI) and the Fish Assessment Index (FAI). These results indicate that the DAI provides a more comprehensive and ecologically meaningful measure of stream health in Korea and can serve as an effective tool for national aquatic ecosystem assessment and management.

하수 성상의 복잡성과 인구증가 그리고 빠른 도시화에 대응하기 위해 오염원에서 하수를 재이용하는 중수도 시스 템의 중요성이 부각되고 있다. 중수(greywater)는 가정 하수 중 변기를 제외한 세면대, 욕실, 싱크대, 세탁기 등에서 발생하는 하수를 의미한다. 본 연구는 가압식 한외여과(ultrafiltration) 분리막 시스템을 이용하여 중수의 직접 여과 및 주기적 역세척을 포함하는 분리막 여과 공정 수행을 통해 역세수의 성상에 따른 투과도 회복 효과를 분석하였다. 실험 결과, 세제에 일반적으 로 포함된 계면활성제 성분이 막 파울링(fouling) 완화에 지배적으로 기여하였고 계면활성제 부재 시 분리막 투과도는 여과 시작 15 min 만에 초기 투과도 대비 90%가 감소한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 기존 연구 결과와 달리 분리막에서 생산되 는 투과수를 역세척수로 사용했을 때 수돗물을 적용하였을 때보다 투과도 회복률이 약 16% 더 높음을 확인할 수 있었다. 특 히, 투과수를 이용한 화학적 강화 역세척(chemical enhanced backwash, CEB)을 수행하였을 때 투과수의 성분과 첨가된 차아 염소산나트륨(NaOCl)의 시너지 효과로 인해 분리막 파울링을 효과적으로 감소시킬 수 있었다.

In this study, we aimed to compare the quality characteristics of madeleines prepared by substituting wheat flour with stabilized rice bran (SRB) at levels of 0–40%, and evaluated physicochemical properties and consumer acceptability to investigate sensory characteristics. Volume and baking loss significantly increased, whereas the moisture content significantly decreased with increasing SRB substitution levels (p<0.05). Concerning color, the L* value significantly decreased, whereas the a* and b* values significantly increased with an increasing SRB content (p<0.05). In the texture profile analysis, hardness significantly decreased with higher SRB levels. Moreover, both gumminess and chewiness displayed significant reduction in proportion to the SRB content. In the consumer acceptability test, the control group exhibited the highest score for appearance (7.91±1.25), while the appearance scores of SRBadded samples decreased with an increasing SRB content, suggesting that darker colors negatively influenced consumer preference. However, the SRB 30% group yielded the highest scores in grain flavor and overall acceptability (6.00±2.16 and 6.53±1.68, respectively). Based on the combined results of quality characteristics and consumer evaluation, we determined 30% SRB substitution the most suitable level for madeleine formulation.

해양과학조사는 해양환경 보호, 기후위기 대응, 자원의 지속 가능한 이용을 위한 핵심 수단으로 기능한다. 해양법협약은 제246조를 통해 배타적 경제수역 과 대륙붕에서의 조사를 연안국의 동의에 따라 수행하도록 규정하고 있다. 특히 ‘통상적 상황’ 하에서는 평화적이고 비상업적인 과학 조사에 대해 연안 국이 동의를 부당하게 거부하거나 지연할 수 없도록 하여, 과학 연구의 자유와 연안국의 자원 주권 간의 균형을 지향하고 있다. 그러나 최근 무인 수중 장비, 운용해양학에 사용되는 플로트, 위성 기반 원 격탐사 등 신기술의 등장으로 기존 동의제도의 전제가 흔들리고 있다. 본 논문 은 이러한 기술 변화가 ‘통상적 상황’ 개념의 해석과 적용에 어떠한 긴장을 야 기 하는지 분석하고, 대한민국의 「해양과학조사법」이 국제규범과 정합성을 갖추고 있는지를 비교법적으로 검토하였다. 그 결과, 우리나라 법제는 ‘통상적 상황’ 개념의 미수용, 묵시적 동의제도의 부재, 신기술에 대한 절차적 대응력 부족 등 여러 제도적 한계를 내포하고 있음을 확인하였다. 이에 따라 본 논문은 ‘통상적 상황’ 개념의 국내법적 명문화, 기술 유형에 따 른 조사 절차의 차등화, 국제 공동 조사에 대한 유연한 대응체계 구축 등 제도 개선 방향을 제안한다. 이를 통해 대한민국이 해양과학조사의 자유와 연안국 권익 보호라는 이중의 목표를 균형 있게 달성할 수 있도록 하는 규범적 기반을 확립할 필요가 있음을 강조한다.

본 연구는 부산광역시 만 65세 이상 평생교육 참여 노인을 대상으로, 참여동기가 성공적 노화에 미치는 영향과 사회적 지지 및 행복감의 매개 효과를 검증하였다. 분석 결과, 참여동기가 높을수록 사회적 지지, 행복 감, 성공적 노화 수준이 모두 유의하게 높았다. 특히 사회적 지지의 매개 효과는 있었으며, 노인의 정서적 안정과 자존감을 강화하였고, 행복감은 부분 매개효과로 자아존중감 향상과 삶의 의미 추구에 기여하였다. 이상 의 결과는 평생교육이 단순 학습을 넘어 심리·사회·정서적 자원을 강화하 여 성공적 노화를 촉진함을 시사하며, 현장에서는 내재적 동기 촉진, 사 회적 지지체계 강화, 정서적 안녕 증진을 위한 통합적 프로그램 설계가 필요하다.