This study was conducted to investigate the vertical distribution and vascular plants in the Gakho mountain. Form the results of three field surveys from May 2022 to September 2022, a total of 478 total taxa, representing 426 species, 11 subspecies, 35 varieties, four forms, and two hybrids were identified, which were categorized in 282 genera and 94 families. We identified the elevational distribution ranges of 398 taxa of vascular plants. Among them, 19 taxa were endemic to Korea, one taxon was identified as a rare plant. The floristic target plants amounted to 72 taxa, specifically two taxa of grade V, two taxa of grade IV, 16 taxa of grade III, 27 taxa of grade II, and 25 taxa of grade I. Further, 71 taxa were identified as northern lineage plants. A total of 19 taxa of alien plants were identified, with a Naturalized Index of 4.0%, an Urbanization Index of 6.6%, and three plants that disturbed the ecosystem. The result of analyzing the pattern of species richness showed a reversed hump shape with minimum richness at midhigh elevation. A cluster analysis showed a high degree of similarity between adjacent elevation sections that are geographically adjacent with similar habitat environments. Warmth index in the Gakho mountain ranged from 57.2°C · month to 84.2°C · month. Our results provide basic data on vascular plants and valuable information on elevational distribution ranges of current plant species in the Gakho mountain, which could serve as a baseline for comparison of the shifts in elevation under future climate change.

In modern society, the delivery service market has grown explosively due to rapid changes in social structure and the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, various problems such as injury to workers and an increase in human accidents are occurring due to the loading and unloading of parcels. In order to solve this problem, domestic company n is developing a “robot-based cargo loading and unloading system”. In developing a new technology system, quantitative reliability targets should be set for efficient operation and development. In this paper, reliability analysis was conducted through field data for the pneumatic gripper of the “robot-based cargo loading system”. The reliability of the failure data was analyzed to estimate the distribution parameters and MTTF. Random data was derived for the probability of occurrence of a failure with the estimated value. By repeating the simulation to predict the number and year of failures according to the estimated parameters of the probability distribution, it was proposed as a method that reflects realistic probabilities rather than calculating with simple arithmetic using the average MTTF previously used in the field.

A bending experiment was conducted to verify the structural performance of the U-flange truss hybrid bean using rebars or steel pipes to reinforce the upper compression zone. As a result of evaluating the bending strength of the truss hybrid beam according to the Structural Design Standard (KDS 14 2020: 2022) by introducing the lattice member as a tensile resistance element, the following conclusions were obtained. Considering the lattice element as a tensile resistance element, the nominal bending strength was increased by 38.57 to 47.90 kN.m. As a result of reviewing the experiment as to whether the flexural member has proper ductility, it was found that it is desirable to place appropriate rebars, steel quality plans, and lateral restraints on the upper and lower parts of the hybrid beam to have sufficient ductility ratio.

Along with the development of the automobile industry, the materials and processing technology of parts have also developed. In particular, various materials have been developed and applied to automobile bumpers, which are directly related to crash safety. In particular, the application of composite materials is expanding for weight reduction. In this study, a new composite material made of a mixture of carbon fiber and aramid fiber was developed and the possibility of application to an automobile bumper was reviewed, and significant results were obtained.

지진은 예상하지 못한 위치와 규모로 지반을 흔들어서 막대한 물적 및 인적 피해를 발생시킨다. 따라서 지진으로 인 한 진동을 최소화하고 피해를 방지하기 위하여 다양한 내진 기술 개발 연구가 수행되고 있다. 최근에는 우수한 성능을 나타내 는 다양한 신소재가 개발되고 있으며 이를 접목된 내진 기술 개발 연구가 하나의 트렌드가 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 반영구적 이고 자동복원이 가능한 신소재를 적용한 새로운 개념의 영구마찰 자동복원 댐퍼를 제안하고 핵심 부재에 대한 물리적 특성 검 증 연구를 수행한다. 영구마찰 자동복원 댐퍼의 핵심은 복원 특성을 나타내는 초탄성 형상기억합금과 폴리우레탄을 부재로 장 착시키고 추가적인 마찰 특성을 나타내는 네오디뮴 영구자석을 사용하였다. 이러한 핵심 부재는 재료실험을 통해 특성을 검증 하였고 도출된 거동 응답 결과를 통해 영구마찰 자동복원 댐퍼의 구조실험 예측 거동을 도출하였다. 우수한 복원 성능을 나타 내는 영구마찰 자동복원 댐퍼는 최대 하중 성능과 에너지 소산 능력이 우수하여 구조물에 적용 시 강한 지진에도 버티면서 발 생된 손상도 회복 시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The image and emotions associated with Korean food were investigated in 24 food workers (12 Koreans and 12 foreigners) living in Korea. There are a total of 22 terms for the image of Korean food of Koreans and foreigners, including 7 common words, and a total of 33 terms for emotion, including 10 common words. Differences in the images and emotions associated with the perception of Korean food according to the characteristics of the country and region and Korean food experience were established in foreign food workers. In the images of Korean food, Koreans mentioned ‘jeong, sharing, balanced, Korean table setting, seasonal (seasonality), yearning, trust’, whereas foreigners mentioned ‘red, spicy, distinctive flavor, repulsion, sweet, non-salty, tradition and history, and unfamiliarity’. In Korean food emotions, Koreans were “relaxing, friendly, maternal, hospitable, nostalgic, exotic, clean, trust, delicious, touching, and free”, whereas foreigners were “happy, appealing, enthusiastic, excited, uncomfortable, worried, adventurous, nervous, joyful, fusion, food-cultural, and amazing”.

강진은 적절한 내진 설계 기술이 적용되지 않으면 건물 붕괴로 인하여 극심한 피해가 발생할 수 있다. 이를 해결할 수 있는 면진 기술은 구조물과 지반 사이에 베어링 장치를 적용하여 지진 에너지를 흡수하고 건물에 전달되는 진동을 감쇠한 다. 본 연구는 고무 마찰 베어링 장치의 구조물 적용성을 검증하고 지진으로부터 안전성을 확보하기 위하여 고무 마찰 베어링 프레임 구조물에 대한 수치해석을 수행하였다. 수치해석 결과로써 최대 지붕 가속도와 총 밑면 전단력이 감소되어 내진 성능을 확인하였다. 또한, 최대 층간 변위 및 최대 잔류 층간 변위에 대한 분석 결과로 프레임 구조물을 경제적 복구 수준의 결과를 도 출하여 고무 마찰 베어링 장치의 우수한 내진 성능을 확인하였다.

Bongsu(Beacon Fire Station) is a facility that sends signals with fire and smoke and has been used in Korea since the Three Kingdoms period. This facility was installed to know the north and south crises. This trend continues until the Joseon Dynasty, and it has been somewhat completed in the 17th century. In previous studies, beacon fire was identified mainly from the border area to Hanyang. Based on this, it was classified into Gyeongbongsu, Yeonbyeonbongsu, and Naejibongsu. However, it is difficult to define the characteristics of beacon fire in coastal areas only with this classification. In the case of beacon fire in island areas, there was a tendency to value communication connection within the region rather than connection with the capital. As a case analysis for this, an academic review was conducted with the cases of Ganghwa Island and Jeju Island. As a result, it was confirmed that the role and character of the beacon vary depending on the defense system and the physical distance from the land, even if it has the topographical commonality of the same island.

The global demand for raw lithium materials is rapidly increasing, accompanied by the demand for lithiumion batteries for next-generation mobility. The batch-type method, which selectively separates and concentrates lithium from seawater rich in reserves, could be an alternative to mining, which is limited owing to low extraction rates. Therefore, research on selectively separating and concentrating lithium using an electrodialysis technique, which is reported to have a recovery rate 100 times faster than the conventional methods, is actively being conducted. In this study, a lithium ion selective membrane is prepared using lithium lanthanum titanate, an oxide-based solid electrolyte material, to extract lithium from seawater, and a large-area membrane manufacturing process is conducted to extract a large amount of lithium per unit time. Through the developed manufacturing process, a large-area membrane with a diameter of approximately 20 mm and relative density of 96% or more is manufactured. The lithium extraction behavior from seawater is predicted by measuring the ionic conductivity of the membrane through electrochemical analysis.

Gallbladder cancer is the most common cause of hilar biliary obstruction; however, it rarely causes combined biliary, duodenal, and colon triple obstruction. In this case, the quality of life for a patient with recurrent gallbladder cancer with combined duodenal, colonic, and biliary obstruction was improved by endoscopic and endosonographic palliation, despite its technical difficulty and complexity. Seven metal stents were implanted one by one using only endoscopic methods. Successful stent-in-stent placement and endoscopic ultrasound-guided stenting after failed ERCP improved the patient’s quality of life to the extent that there was no need for any external drainage.

선박용 엔진에서 배출되는 배기가스에는 다량의 수분과 미세먼지를 포함하고 있다. 미세먼지에는 여과성 미세먼지와 배기 배 출 후 액상으로 변화하는 응축성 미세먼지가 포함되어 있으며 배출 전에 걸러지는 고체상 미세먼지보다 응축성 미세먼지가 더 많은 것으 로 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 배기가스의 배기열과 수분을 회수하고 응축성 미세먼지를 제거하기 위한 실험장치를 실험실 내의 가스 보일러 배기가스를 이용하여 테스트 하였다. 배기가스는 1차적으로 냉각방식으로 수분과 응축성 미세먼지가 제거되고 2차적으로 흡수제 방식에 의해 추가적으로 수분이 제거되었다. 상대습도 측정에 의한 배기가스 수분 제거율을 계산하면 1단계 배기냉각 방식으로 73%, 2단 계 흡수제 방식으로 90% 제거되는 것으로 측정되었다. 이 과정에서 응축성 미세먼지는 80~90% 제거되는 것으로 측정되었다. 개발 시스템 에 의해 회수된 열은 공정열로 활용할 수 있으며, 회수된 물은 수처리 과정을 통해 공정수로 활용할 수 있다. 또한 현재 관리 규제가 되고 있지 않지만 미세먼지의 주요 원인인 응축성 미세먼지를 효과적으로 제거할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

In the automobile manufacturing industry, lightweight design is one of the essential challenges to be solved fundamentally. The vehicle wheels are classified as safety related components as the main substructure of the vehicle. In this study, we illustrate a technique for selecting the appropriate number of spokes. Based on the basic model of the selected number of spokes, we propose a method to maintain stiffness and design lightweight using topology optimization software. Based on the basic model of the selected number of spokes, it was redesigned to be lightweight while maintaining stiffness by utilizing topology optimization software. By comparing and reviewing the structural analysis results of the basic model and the redesigned model, a design technique that can maintain structural safety and reduce wheel mass was proposed.

테프라연대학은 광역테프라를 연대측정과 층서대비에 이용하는 연구이다. 광역 테프라층은 층서적 건층으로 사 용될 수 있기 때문에 제4기지질학과 고고학 분야에서 매우 중요하다. 이 논평에서는 테프라의 동정 방법과 연대측정 방법에 대해 정리하였다. 또한 한반도의 육상퇴적층에서 발견되는 광역테프라층의 종류와 산출 특성에 대해 정리하였고, 광역테프라층의 지질학적 활용 방법과 한계점에 대해서도 토의하였다. 지금까지 한반도 육상의 고토양층, 해안단구 퇴 적층, 호수퇴적층에서는 일본 큐슈 기원의 AT와 Ata, Kb-Ks 테프라가 발견되었다. 또한 공식적으로 발견되지는 않았지 만 Aso-4 테프라도 발견될 가능성이 높은 것으로 판단된다. 광역테프라층은 제4기 퇴적층, 특히 방사성탄소연대측정의 범위를 넘는 5만년 이상 퇴적층의 연대측정과 층서대비에 유용하며, 활성단층의 연대측정과 화산재해에 대한 대응책 마 련에도 유용한 정보를 제공한다. 하지만 테프라층을 지질학적으로 이용하기 위해서는 퇴적학적 연구를 통해 일차퇴적 여부에 대한 확인이 필요하다.

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of cereal bars containing various concentrations (0, 10, 20, or 30%) of apple pomace (AP). Highest vitamin B1 and C contents were observed in 30% AP-containing bars, but vitamin B2 and B3 contents were highest in the control (0.347 and 3.566 mg/100 g, respectively). Cutting strength decreased significantly in an AP concentration-dependent manner. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in 10% AP bars were 2.949±0.157 mg of GAE/g and 1.001±0.009 mg of CE/g, respectively. Antioxidant activities were assessed by measuring free radical scavenging activities, and 10% AP bars had the highest activities, as determined by ABTS (2,2'azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and DPPH (α-α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) assays (0.412±0.008 and 0.492±0.021 mg GAE/g, respectively). These results suggested that apple pomace should be regarded a potential nutritional and antioxidant source.

There has been increased interest in lignans due to their potential effect in reducing the risk of developing several diseases. To evaluate lignan contents, sensitive and accurate methods should be developed for their quantification in food. The present study aimed to validate a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of 5 lignans: lariciresinol (Lar), matairesinol (Mat), pinoresinol (Pin), secoisolariciresinol (Seco), and syringaresinol (Syr). The validation included selectivity, linearity, recovery, accuracy, and precision. The method was proved to be specific, with a linear response (R2≥0.99). The limits of detection were 0.040~0.765 μg/100 g and the limits of quantification were 0.114~1.532 μg/100 g. Recoveries were 90.588~109.053% for black sesame powder. Relative standard deviations of repeatability and reproducibility were below 5%. Total lignan contents of roasted coffee bean, oat, and blacksoy bean were 105.702 μg/100 g, 78.965 μg/100 g, and 165.521 μg/100 g, respectively. These results showed that LC-MS/MS analysis would be effective in producing acceptable sensitivity, accuracy, and precision in five lignan analyses.

This study was conducted to identify the distribution characteristics of the impervious area in urban watersheds and to reduce the deviation of the impervious area ratio that occurs depending on the degree of construction of land surface condition data. The average impervious area ratio by land use that can be applied to the calculation of the urban impervious area ratio was derived by statistically analyzing the distribution characteristics of the impervious area ratio by land use according to the urban watershed conditions. In urban watersheds, the change in impervious area ratio over the past 20 years has continuously increased in watersheds with an impervious area ratio of less than 60%, and decreased in watersheds with a high impervious area ratio of 60% or more. The average impervious area ratio by land use applicable to the land use technique is “Residential area” 84.0%, “Residential and commercial mix” 93.6%, “Commercial and business facilities” 89.8%, “Industrial land” 84.8%, “Public land” 47.3%, “Transportation facility” 93.3%, “Urban revitalization facility” 61.1%, “Bare land” 17.6%, “Special area” 11.4%, “Forest and open space” 3.5%, “Rivers and lakes” 9.2%. As a result of examining the adequacy of the average impervious area ratio by land use, the difference between the calculated value of the impervious area ratio using land use techniques and the actual impervious area ratio of the biotope map ranged from -3.0%p to 2.6%p at the significance level of 95%. In addition, when the watershed condition is applied, the difference ranged from -2.3%p to 1.7%p. By applying the average impervious area ratio by land use derived in this study, it was found that the impervious area ratio of the target urban watershed could be calculated within a deviation of ±3%p.

본고는 국내 대학 중국 관련 학과의 교육 목표와 교육 현황을 이해하고 향후 발전 방향을 예측하고자 각 학과의 교과 과정 및 학과명에 관한 분석을 진행하였다. 편성 교과목 비율에 있어서 중국어 언어 교육이 가장 많은 비중을 차지하였고, 그 뒤로 ‘문화’, ‘문학’, ‘중국학’, ‘어학’의 순으로 높은 비중을 나타냈다. 다양한 융합교과목이 편성되어 있으며 대학 소재 지역에 따른 교과목 편성 차이도 존재했다. 2000년에 조 사된 교과목 현황과 비교해 볼 때, ‘중국어실습’, ‘문화’, ‘중국학’ 관련 교과목은 양적 증가를 보인 반면 ‘문학’, ‘어학’ 교과목은 감소한 경향을 보였다. 교과목 성격을 보면 개론성 교과목의 수가 줄어들고 특성화, 전문화된 교과목이 늘어났다. 학과명에 있어 서는 현재까지도 ‘중어중문학과’라는 명칭이 가장 많이 사용되고 있지만, 이전에 비 해 학과명 사용의 편중성이 줄어들고 다양화가 실현되었다. 학과명은 지역에 따른 경향성이 뚜렷하며 교과 과정과도 긴밀한 관련성을 보였다. 이전에 비해 학과명의 균형성, 다양화, 복합화, 특성화의 특징이 두드러졌는데, 이는 학과의 교육 목표와 발 전 방향이 다양해지고 특성화를 추구하는 변화의 추세가 반영된 것으로 보인다.

시몽동의 기술철학의 “개체화”(individualization)의 기초모델은 “결정화”(crystalization)라는 물리화학적 현상에서 시작된다. 결정화 과정은 결정종(결정씨앗: germe/seed)과 모액(母液: mother liquid)이라는 주위환경(milieu) 사이에서 일어난다. 결정씨앗은 주위환경(milieu) 안에서 자신의 현실적 구조를 형성하며 확장해나간다. 한편 결정씨앗이 자라기 이전에는 잠재력(potential)으로만 남아 있던 주위환경은 결정씨앗이 자라기 시작하면서부터 발동하여, 그 잠재력이 에너지로 전환되고 역동성으로 가득 찬 주위환경이 되어 씨앗의 숙성과 구조화를 가능하게 하여 씨앗의 잠재성을 현실화한다. 시몽동의 결정화와 변환의 시각에서 세이머스 히니(Seamus Heaney)의 전 시집과 시론의 핵심적인 내용을 파악한 조감도를 그려보는 작업은 성장과정에 있는 젊은 시인의 “개체이전의 존재”와 “앞선 미래”를 내다보는 비전을 선험적(apriori)으로 제시해준다. 시몽동의 변환과정은 이질적인 힘을 임시적으로 집결하여 통합을 생성할 뿐 아니라, 존재나 실체를 둘러싸고 있는 것을 구조화하는 것을 설명하여, 개체이전의 존재의 과거와 현재로부터 미지의 미래로 창의적인 도약을 생성한다. 또한 주위환경 내에서 그리고 주위환경으로서 존재를 에워싸고 또 존재를 가능하게 하는 영역을 생성한다. 시몽동의 변환의 시학의 문맥에서 보면 히니의 시론과 시를 새로이 자리매김할 수 있다.