Aronia has low preference because of astringent and bitter taste. Appropriate processing is essential for eating aronia. For the processing of aronia, the aim of this study is to provide basic information on the cultivar and ripening stages. Three varieties (Viking, Nero and McKenzie) were studied. We divided the stages of maturity into four levels based on color. The physicochemical properties were analyzed. In the case of hardness, the first stage of maturity was the highest, and there was no difference between varieties. As maturation progressed, brightness and yellowness gradually decreased, and redness was highest at the second stage. The sugar content was the lowest in the Viking and significantly increased with the maturity stage. The acidity was highest in the Viking. Nero showed the highest radical scavenging ability. Total polyphenols and flavonoids were the highest in Nero. The highest level was shown at the first stage by the ripening stage.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pretreatments on quality of frozen peach. Pretreatments including steam blanching, water blanching, high pressure, and osmotic dehydration were applied to two varieties (Daeokgye and Hwangdo). Pretreated peaches were frozen and thawed at -20oC and 5oC, respectively. Steam blanching and osmotic dehydration with ascorbic acid reduced ΔE values without change of pH and acidity. Osmotic dehydration with sucrose decreased drip loss and increased brix. Freezing/thawing resulted in an increase of maximum force, while maximum force decreased with increasing time of steam and water blanching. Furthermore, osmotic dehydration with calcium chloride increased maximum force. High pressure decreased maximum force of Daeokgye and increased that of Hwangdo compared with non-treatment. Total polyphenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and ABTS radical scavenging activity were improved by pretreatment including steam blanching, blanching, and osmotic dehydration with ascorbic acid.

This study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristics of peach jelly following the addition of various gelling agents (locust bean gum, carrageenan, xanthan gum). The various gelling agents were added to peach jelly at five levels (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0%), after which their effects on physicochemical properties, textural properties and sensory qualities were investigated. The total titratable acidity (TTA) of peach jelly was decreased with increases in gelling agent. Additionally, the sweetness and pH of peach jelly increased significantly as the amount of various gelling agents increased. Moreover, the lightness (L-value), redness (a-value) and yellowness (b-value) of peach jelly was decreased as the amount of gelling agent. Furthermore, the hardness, gumminess and chewiness of the peach jelly increased as the amount of gelling agent increased. Finally, the overall acceptance was higher for jelly containing 2.0% added gelling agent than for other samples. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that mixed gelling agents be added to peach jelly at 2.0%.

This study analyzed the Gichuk years JagyeongjeonJeongilJinchan Misu. The banquet, Misu is offered to the king by the crown prince, crown princess, and vassal, according to procedure. JagyeongjeonJeongil Misu are offered as 49 dishes spanning seven courses, so seven dishes in each misu are offered. Various types of food, such as Gawjeong, fruit, soups and side dishes, are placed. Misu involves only the king, crown prince, and crown princess in the banquet. The number of misu dishes are different for the King and prince. The table used is called the Joochil Sowonban and the tableware used is brassware and pottery. Sangwha used Peonies, Chinese rose, Red peach blossom-samjihwa, and Red peach blossombyulgeonhwa in each misu.

This study investigated the effect of various freezing and thawing conditions on the quality characteristics of radish. White radish was blanched and cooled down to corresponding freezing temperatures of -20℃, -40℃ and -60℃ and, thereafter, the radish was finally frozen in a -20℃ refrigerator for 24 h. The frozen radish was thawed at 4℃, 25℃ and with running water, radio-frequency thawing machine. As quality parameters, pH, drip loss, hardness, color, and sensory evaluation were evaluated. No effect of freezing and thawing conditions on color, pH, and total bacterial count was observed for the samples. Samples that underwent immersion freezing (-60℃) had lower drip loss and higher hardness than samples in other freezing conditions. Sensory evaluation showed that color, hardness, and overall acceptability increased with a decrease in freezing temperature. These results indicate that the temperature of freezing affects the quality of radish.

The conditions of blanching, freezing, and thawing for Shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris [L.]) were studied to improve its quality attributes during frozen storage. The washed samples were blanched with water at 100oC for 10, 20, 30, and 40 s. They were then soaked in cold water. The quality characteristics of the samples such as pH, texture, hardness, color value, and total viable cell were analyzed. The samples blanched for 30 s were frozen and thawed under several conditions and their physicochemical characteristics were analyzed. The pH value of raw samples was higher than that of the blanched sample. The values of brightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) decreased after blanching except the L* value of root at the condition of blanching for 40 s. Upon considering the bacterial cell counts, the proper condition was determined to be 30 s of blanching time. Blanching for 30 s was the optimal pre-treatment for minimizing the quality deterioration of the shepherd’s purse for freezing. Regarding its color change and microbial safety, faster freezing and thawing methods made less changes on the quality of frozen samples. Consequently, immersion freezing and radio-frequency thawing were the most effective in minimizing the quality change.

In the food industry, freezing storage has been an important process for maintaining the properties of food materials. In order to maintain the quality of blanched Colocasia esculenta (L.), Schott stem, packaging, freezing, and thawing methods were optimized by determinations of the physicochemical properties. For the comparison of packaging method, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott stem packed by air containment had the lowest significant differences of properties such as hardness and drip loss compared to the control samples. Overall, the drip loss of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott stem had lower value at fast freezing rate (immersion freezing). Considering the result of the drip loss, high frequency thawing was more effective than other thawing methods. Therefore, it was supposed that samples treated by air-containing packaging, immersion freezing, and high frequency thawing used the optimal method to maintain the original quality of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott stem.

Food freezing preservation is an important process due to its high quality and long shelf-life. In order to improve the quality of frozen sweet potato stem, the freezing rate, thawing, and packaging method was optimized by the determination of physical properties. There was no significant difference among the treatment of freezing rate. Further, the drip loss of sweet potato stem was higher at a relatively fast freezing rate (immersion freezing) than at slow freezing rate (natural convection freezing at -20 or -40oC). For the comparison of packaging methods, the aircontaining packaged sweet potato stem had the lowest significant differences from the result of color, pH, and hardness. From the result of the drip loss, the high frequency and microwave using thawing samples were more effective than room temperature and water thawing. Therefore, fast freezing and thawing rate with air-containing package were recommended to obtain the better quality of sweet potato stem.

GichukJinchanEuigwe is a celebration of King Soonjo’s 40th birthday and 30th accession to the throne. The Royal banquet was carried out on February 9th MunggunggunJinchan and JagyeongjeonJeongilJinchan 3 days later. JagyeongjeonJeongilJinbyulhangua is located beside JagyeongjeonJinchanan. The banquet table setting, table, dish level, and table type are different according to royal hierarchy class. Jinbulhangua is served to only the king, queen, crown prince, crown princess, and Myongon princess. The number of JagyeongjeonJinchanan served was as follows: king 30 plates, crown prince 20 plates, and Myongon princess 15 plates. Tableware used were brassware and pottery.

본 연구에서는 열처리가 야콘의 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위하여 열처리 온도(100 및 121℃)와 시간 (15, 30 및 60분)에 따른 항산화 성분 및 항산화 활성 변화를 조사하였다. 열처리 후 야콘의 갈변도, 유리형 및 결합형 폴리페놀 함량, 유리형 및 결합형 플라보노이드 함량, DPPH radical 소거 활성 및 ABTS radical 소거 활성을 측정하였 다. 열처리 후 야콘의 갈변도, 유리형 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량과 항산화 활성은 열처리 온도와 시간에 따라 유의적(p<0.05)으로 증가하였고, 결합형 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 감소하였다. 야콘의 유리형 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 121℃, 60분 열처리 시 생야콘에 비해 각각 1.2배 및 1.1배로 유의적(p<0.05)으로 증가하였다. 또한, 야콘의 DPPH radical 소거 활성 및 ABTS Radical 소거 활성도 121℃, 60분 열처리 시 생야콘에 비해 각각 1.7배 및 2.0배로 유의적(p<0.05)으로 증가였다. 야콘의 갈변도, 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량과 DPPH radical 및 ABTS radical 소거 활성 간의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 높은 상관관계(p<0.01)가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과, 열처리 방법을 통해 야콘의 항산화 성분과 항산화 활성을 강화시킬 수 있으며, 이를 활용한 기능성 식품 소재 개발이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

국내산 녹두전분과 도토리전분을 이용하여 초산 녹두 및 초산 도토리전분을 제조하고, 이화학적 특성 및 겔의 조직감을 비교하였다. 무수 초산 6%를 반응시켜 제조한 초산 녹두와 초산 도토리전분의 %acetyl 함량은 1.88%과 1.53% 였고, 치환도는 0.07과 0.06이었다. 전분의 색도를 측정한 결과, L값과 a값은 증가하였고, b값은 감소하여 초산 처리가 전분의 색에도 영향을 주었음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 초 산전분은 전분 chain 내부에 초산기가 도입되어 원료 전분 에 비해 blue value, 팽윤력 및 용해도가 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 신속호화점도계(RVA)를 이용하여 측정한 호화 특성은 녹두전분과 도토리전분의 호화온도가 각각 70.4oC, 75.7oC로 나타났고, 초산 녹두 및 초산 도토리전분은 각각64.4oC, 74.8oC로 나타나 초산 처리 시 호화온도가 감소하는 것을 알 수 있었으나, 도토리전분의 경우 초산 도토리 전분과의 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 초산전분은 원료 전분과 최고점도, setback, breakdown에도 차이를 보였는데, 초산 녹두전분은 최고점도 164.9 RVU, setback 70.9 및 breakdown 53.4로 녹두전분의 최고점도 195.0 RVU, setback 110.6 및 breakdown 69.0에 비해 감소하였고, 초산 도토리전분은 최고점도 212.1 RVU, setback 128.7, 및 breakdown 50.3으로 도토리전분의 최고점도 198.3 RVU, setback 87.0 및 breakdown 38.2보다 증가하는 특성을 나타내었다. 초산전분으로 겔을 제조하여 조직감을 측정한 결과 초산 녹두전분은 겔을 형성하지 못하였고, 초산 도토리전분은 원료 전분 겔에 비해 경도와 탄성이 감소하였으며, 응집성, 검성, 씹힘성이 증가하여 겔이 무른 특성을 나타내었다.

Isomaltooligosaccharides were prepared from puffed rice flour by a One-step processing method under different conditions, and their physicochemical properties were evaluated. Sample was prepared by allowing puffed rice flour to pass through a 50 mesh standard sieve and segregated into experimental groups (PR15-60, PR20-60, PR15-65, and PR20-65) according to the substrate concentrations (15%, 20% w/v) and reaction temperatures (60 , 65 ). Enzyme reaction of puffed rice flour and water mixture was performed for 0, 1, 6, 24, and 48 h using commercial enzymes (Maltogenic amylase, Promozyme D2 and Transglucosidase; amount: 0.5% (w/v) to obtain the corresponding isomaltooligosaccharides. The reducing sugar content, dextrose equivalent, and total soluble solids of the reactants increased with increasing reaction time. The carbohydrate composition and amount of isomaltooligosaccharides with degree of polymerization (DP) 2 to DP 7 in the rice flour were examined by HPLC with an evaporative light scattering detector. Because of the high carbohydrate composition, the PR20-65 group showed the highest isomaltooligosaccharide content after 6 h of reation (138.47 mg/mL). After 24 h of reaction, the amount of isomaltooligosaccharides (DP2-DP7) and the isomaltooligosaccharides/total carbohydrate ratio in this group were 135.00 mg/mL and 68.04%, respectively.

약호박을 페이스트로 소재로 활용하기 위한 가열조건을 확인하기 위하여 증숙 후 고압가열 처리 시간을 달리한 약호박 페이스트를 제조하여 색도, 가용성 고형분, 유리당, 유기산 및 관능적 특성을 확인하였다. 그 결과, 색도는 증숙처리 후 L, b 값이 유의적으로 증가하였으나, a 값은 증숙과 고압가열 시간이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 감소하였으며 페이스트의 고압가열 시간이 증가함에 따라 L, a 및 b value 모두 유의적으로 감소하였다. 가용성 고형분은 증숙 처리 페이스트가 4.13 °Brix으로 생약호박 대비 유의적으로 증가하였으나, 고압가열 처리 시간이 증가함에 따라 3.97-3.80 °Brix으로 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 유리당은 증숙 처리 후 sucrose가 추가적으로 검출되었으며, HHP0 실험군의 fructose, glucose 및 sucrose 함량이 가열조건별 약호박 페이스트 중 유의적으로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었고(p<0.05), 고압가열시간이 증가함에 따라 fructose의 값은 유의적으로 감소하였고, glucose는 HHP40 실험군이 유의적으로 가장 낮은 값을 보였으며, sucrose는 HHP60 실험군이 유의적으로 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. 총 유리당 함량은 HHP0 실험군이 1,413.36 mg/100 g으로 유의적으로 가장 높았으며, 고압가열처리가 40분 이상 지속 시, 총 유리당 함량이 1,068.89 mg/100 g으로 감소하였다. 비휘발성 유기산은, 증숙 및 고압가열 처리 시 succinic acid가검출되지 않았고, malic acid는 생약호박에 비해 유의적으로 증가하여 405.0-428.9 mg/100 g의 범위를 보인 반면 fumaric aicd는 큰 폭으로 감소했다. 총 유기산 함량은 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 증숙 처리에 의해 그 함량이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 고압가열 처리에 따른 약호박 페이스트의 관능적 특성차이 검사 결과 40분간 고압가열 처리한 HHP40 실험군의 향, 단맛, 감칠맛 특성이 가장 높게 나타났으나 유의적인 차이는 없었고, 관능적 기호도 검사 결과 40분간 고압가열 처리한 HHP40 실험군의 향, 단맛, 감칠맛, 전반적기호도 점수가 가장 높았으나 모두 유의적인 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 위 모든 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 20분간 증숙 처리한 약호박 페이스트의 가용성 고형분, 총 유리당 함량, 총 유기산 함량이 가장 높았고, 고압가열 처리와 그 지속시간에 따른 관능적 특성이 크게 개선되지 않은 것으로 보아 약호박을 이용한 소재를 제조하기 위한 장시간의 고압가열 처리는 불필요할 것으로 사료된다. 또한, 약호박은 단호박과 달리 가용성 고형분이 낮고, 단맛 특성, 단맛 기호도 및 전반적 기호도 점수가 낮은 소재인 것으로 나타나, 기호도를 향상시키기 위해 감미료 등 부재료를 첨가하여 페이스트로 제조 및 이의 품질특성에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

본 연구에서는 부재료를 첨가하지 않는 건 블루베리를 제조기술을 확립하고자 건조 온도를 달리하여 건 블루베리의 품질변화와 항산화 특성을 조사하였다. 즉, 건 블루베리 제조는 건조 온도에 따라 A(40℃, 72시간), B(40℃, 48시간 및 50℃, 24시간), C(50℃, 72시간), D(60℃, 72시간)로 하였다. 건 블루베리의 수율을 측정한 결과 17.73~31.17%의 범위이었으며 건조 온도가 낮을수록 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). pH는 A가 가장 높았으며 가용성 고형분 함량은 건조 온도가 높을수록 유의적으로 높아지는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 수분함량 및 수분활성도는 건조 온도가 높을수록 낮아지는 경향으로 나타났다. 색도를 측정한 결과 L값은 건조 온도가 낮은 A가 높게 나타난 반면 a값 및 b값의 경우는 건조 온도가 높은 D가 높게 나타났다. 건조된 건 블루베리의 색도는 건조 온도가 높을수록 건조는 빨리 되었지만 육안으로 보았을 때 과피의 색이 주황색으로 변하여 상품으로 적절하지 않았다. 조직감 변화는 경도(hardness), 점성(gumminess) 및 씹힘성(chewiness)은 건조 온도가 높을수록 높은 값을 나타내었으며 탄력성(springiness)과 응집성(cohesiveness)은 비슷한 경향으로 건조 온도가 높을수록 약간 증가하는 경향이었지만 유의적인 차이는 없었다(p<0.05). 관능적 특성에서 전반적인 기호도는 B > A > C > D순으로 평가되었다. 항산화 특성으로 총 폴리페놀 함량과 DPPH radical 소거능을 측정한 결과 건조 온도가 낮을수록 항산화 활성이 높게 나타났다. 따라서 건 블루베리 제조에 적당한 처리군은 B로 열풍건조 온도를 40℃로 하여 48시간 건조 후 온도를 50℃로 높여 24시간 동안 건조하는 것이 품질이 우수한 상품과 형성율을 높이는데 좋을 것으로 생각된다.