Mycelium composites and leathers have versatile material properties based on their composition and manufacturing process. To prepare mycelium mat for the production of mushroom leather, several strains were mutated by gamma rays. Some mutant strains, including Lentinula edodes, Ganoderma lucidium, and Schizophyllum commune showed good hyphae growth rate and density on saw-dust media. Irradiation power (Gy), time, and height from the radiation source to the sample were examined. Based on the preliminary data obtained in this study, comprehensive research should be conducted to explore the optimal strains and culture conditions for mycelium-based leather production.

Purpose: This study aimed to further understand the experience related to emotional labor among the emergency room (ER) nurses Methods: Data for the study were collected via in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 8 nurses working at ER in tertiary-hospital settings. Conventional content analysis method was adopted. Results: Data analysis revealed 3 categories and 8 major topics on the participants’ experience of emotional labor at ER. The first category ‘the nature of nursing at emergency room’ involves three topics: ‘making quick, smooth interactions with people around ER’, ‘heavy, demanding workloads for ER nurses’, and ‘difficulties embedded in working environment’. The second category ‘rules of emotional expression and management’ includes two topics: ‘norms of emotional expression required for ER nurses’ and ‘work-centered emotional management.’ The last category ‘exhaustion, adaptation, and the sense of reward’ has three topics: ‘burn-out’, ‘recharging and withstanding’, and ‘reeling rewarded’ While experiencing ‘burn-out’ due to the negative effect of emotional labor, participating nurses reported that they also felt the sense of rewarding by restoring positive emotions through proper self-management, positive feedback and social support. Conclusion: The findings show that the nature of ER care required intensive emotional labor from nurses. Thus, it is imperative to provide interventions that assist ER nurses to reduce the negative impact of emotional labor and reinforce its positive influence on their lives, with systemic approaches to reduce the intensity of emotional labor and improve working conditions in ER settings.

Purpose: This study aims to understand the experience of health culture nururing activities among small local community health leaders using a qualitative research method. Methods: Data was collected via structured questionnaire from 13 health leaders at the Primary Health Care Post from May 14 to July 20, 2018. The researcher conducted a qualitative analysis computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS), NVivo Pro 12. Results: Health leaders encouraged the residents to participate in various health programs through persuasion and with responsibility. Community health leaders experienced confidence and formed good habits, communicating and harmonizing with their residents. As a result, they became positive health role models. Conclusion: In order to increase health leaders’ competence and encourage the participation of the residents in the community, systematic and continuous education is necessary, taken the characteristics of community into account. Also, qualitative research on the effects of the health village development project on the quality of life for its residents is required.

Sparassis latifolia is a fungus abundant in β-glucan and amino acids and is highly valued as a medicinal mushroom. Among amino acids, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a free amino acid and has biological effects, such as increase/decrease of hypertension, improvement of cerebral blood flow, and prevention of dementia. In this study, biological elicitors were used to increase bioactive substances as a biofortification method. Sodium alginate extracted from seaweed (Sargassum horneri, Sargassum fulvellum, Sargassum fusiforme) were used as the elicitor. The levels of β-glucan and GABA in the mycelium and fruiting body grown by adding the elicitor to the medium were investigated. Addition of sodium alginate positively affected GABA production and negatively affected the β-glucan production in these fungi. Sodium alginates extracted from S. fulvellum induced the highest increase in GABA in the mycelium and fruiting bodies. Moreover, we investigated the effects of the extracts from mycelium and fruiting bodies on dendrite development in primary cortical neurons. We found that the extract from the fruiting bodies of sodium alginate treated fungi with increased levels of GABA inhibited the dendrite outgrowth of excitatory neurons, but not inhibitory neurons.

새로운 가능성의 탐험(Exploration)과 기존 확실성의 활용(Exploitation)간 균형은 조직 학습뿐 아니라 전략, 혁신, 연구개발의 중요한 문제다. 기술의 융복합화 트렌드 속에 기업들은 지속적 경쟁 우위를 위해 기술 지식 자산을 가급적 다양하게 보유하려는 동시에 특정 분야에 깊은 기술 역량을 가지려 한다. 기업들은 기술 포트폴리오 전략 고민하지만, 기술 속성에 대한 고려는 제한적이다. 첨단 기술의 대표인 나노기술은 기존의 제품 및 사업 중심 기술과 달리 다양한 분야에 활용되는 일반목적기술 또는 플랫폼 기술 속성을 가지고 있다. 본 연구는 다국적 기업들이 플랫폼 기술로서 나노기술에 대해 탐험과 활용, 즉 다각 화와 특정 기술 우위 관점의 포트폴리오 전략이 혁신 및 재무 성과에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 패널 데이터 기반으로 다중 회귀 분석을 하였다. 본 연구의 실증 분석결과는 기존의 제품 기술들과 달리, 플랫폼 기술로서의 나노기술은 다각화와 특정 기술 우위가 증가할수록 혁신 성과와 재무 성과에 모두 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 나노기술의 포트폴리오 형태, 즉 다각화와 전문성 기반의 특정 기술 우위 중에, 다각화된 나노기술 포트폴리오가 특정 기술에 우위를 갖는 경우보다 혁신 성과와 재무 성과를 향상시 키는 데 더 많은 기여를 하고 있다는 결과를 얻었다. 이는 기업들이 자원의 제약하에서 일반목적 기술의 경우 포트폴리오 전략에 어떻게 추구하는 것이 효율적인지를 시사한다.

버섯은 우리나라를 비롯한 전 세계적으로 널리 이용되고 있는 식품 중의 하나로 최근 다양한 생리 활성 효과 등 다양한 분야에서 활발하게 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구는 여러 다양한 버섯 중에서 우리나라에서 식용으로 널리 이용되고 있는 새송이 버섯과 팽이버섯 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 세포독성 효과를 살펴보고자 하였다. 실험결과, 새송이버섯과 팽이버섯추출물의 총 페놀 함량은 각각 19.60±0.10 mg/g 과 22.28±1.10 mg/g으로 나타났으며, 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 15.21±1.31, 20.51±4.52였다. 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 mg/mL 농도에서의 DPPH radical 소거능은 새송이버섯과 팽이버섯 각각 2.5 mg/mL의 농도에서 7.98±0.58, 8.71±0.45였고, 10 mg/mL 농도에서 각각 35.35±0.52, 39.39±0.26으로 고농도에서 높은 DPPH 라디컬 소거능을 보여주었다. 환원력은 10 mg/mL의 농도에서 각각 1.417±0.011, 1.171±0.006으로 시료의 농도가 증가할수록 흡광도 값도 증가하여, 높은 환원력을 보여주었다. 새송이버섯 추출물과 팽이버섯 추출물의 인간 정상 신장세포 HEK293으로 본 정상세포에 대한 세포독성을 측정한 결과에서는 새송이버섯, 팽이버섯 추출물 모두 80%의 생존력을 나타내어 독성이 없는 것으로 보여진다. 한편, 위암세포, 유방암세포 및 간암세포에서 암세포 성장억제율이 높게 나타나 항암 효과의 가능성을 보여주었다.

본 연구에서는 Na형 Faujasite 제올라이트 분리막의 프로필렌/프로페인 분리 거동을 예측하기 위하여 제올라이트 13X 입자의 프로필렌 및 프로페인 단일기체에 대한 중량식흡착 거동을 관찰하고자 하였다. 제올라이트 13X 입자의 프로필렌 및 프로페인에 대한 중량식흡착 거동은 자성부유평형저울(MSB)을 이용하여 323, 343, 363 K의 온도와 0.02-1 bar의 압력 범위에서 0.1 bar씩 증가시키면서 측정되었다. 그 결과, 온도가 증가할수록 프로필렌 및 프로페인의 흡착량은 감소하였으며, 프로필렌/프로페인의 흡착 선택도는 증가하였다. 또한 흡착 온도가 증가함에 따라 프로필렌과 프로페인의 확산계수는 증가하여 아레니우스 식을 따랐고, 프로필렌/프로페인 확산 선택도는 323 K에서 0.9753으로 최대값을 가졌다. 흡착 특성을 통해 분리막의 투과선택도를 계산하였고, Na형 Faujasite 제올라이트 분리막의 단일 기체 투과 특성과 비교하였다. 그 결과 계산된 투과선택도와 측정된 투과선택도가 모두 323 K에서 최대값을 갖는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 중량식 흡착법으로 예측된 분리막의 프로필렌/프로페인 분리거동 예측이 합리적이며 또한 표면확산에 기반한 프로필렌/프로페인 분리용 제올라이트 분리막의 분리성능예측에 적용될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

In this study, the seismic performance and behavior characteristics of the upper truss structure of the large stadium are analyzed by nonlinear dynamic analysis. In the nonlinear dynamic analysis, the earthquake records were generated by site response analysis to simulate the nonlinear behavior of the relevant soil condition where the structure is located. Nonlinear dynamic analysis was performed using Perform-3D and the nonlinear properties of the substructure and the superstructure were determined in accordance with KISTEC guideline. According to the analysis results, excessive deformation occurred in the upper truss element, and plastic hinges exceeded the target performance in some members. Buckling-restrained brace is used for seismic retrofit of stadium structures and the analysis results shows the interstory drift satisfies the target performance level with dissipating the seismic energy efficiently.

There always exist nonzero inspection errors whether inspectors are humans or automatic inspection machines. Inspection errors can be categorized by two types, type I error and type II error, and they can be regarded as either a constant or a random variable. Under the assumption that two types of random inspection errors are distributed with the “uniform” distribution on a half-open interval starting from zero, it was proved that inspectors overestimate any given fraction defective with the probability more than 50%, if and only if the given fraction defective is smaller than a critical value, which depends upon only the ratio of a type II error over a type I error. In addition, it was also proved that the probability of overestimation approaches one hundred percent as a given fraction defective approaches zero. If these critical phenomena hold true for any error distribution, then it might have great economic impact on commercial inspection plans due to the unfair overestimation and the recent trend of decreasing fraction defectives in industry. In this paper, we deal with the same overestimation problem, but assume a “symmetrical triangular” distribution expecting better results since our triangular distribution is closer to a normal distribution than the uniform distribution. It turns out that the overestimation phenomenon still holds true even for the triangular error distribution.

Purpose: This study aimed to provide a comprehensive review of illness experience research study using phenomenological approaches. Methods: Data were searched from the database (CINAHL) under the key word '(Phenomeno*) and lived experience' and the publishing period 'Jan. 2006~Dec. 2016'. A total of 62 articles about first hand experience of patients was selected as final samples. Data were analysed in terms of research method and contents. Results: The chronic illness was the most frequently used disease, and 'van Mannen' method was also the most frequently used. The popular philosophical perspectives were Husserl's phenomenology and Heidegger's hermeneutic phenomenology. As the criteria to ensure truthworthiness, Lincoln & Guba's criteria was the one mostly employed. Conclusion: It was found that the researchers employed various qualitative approaches despite of continued discussion on selecting a proper approach. However, the phenomenological approach was found to be the strongest tool for exploring the lived experience of patients. In this respect, the given approach is warranted for future utilization in nursing research.

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have big issue on high aeration energy. In this study, reciprocation of membrane was adapted to mitigate membrane fouling. Inertial force induced by reciprocation removed foulants from membrane surface. Pilot plant with capacity of 1,100 m³/day was operated for 8 months in Singapore. The result showed stable trans membrane pressure (TMP) and low permeate turbidity below 0.1 NTU at 25 LMH. It also showed 60 times less energy consumption than conventional MBR. Low dissolved oxygen in membrane tank resulted in higher nitrogen removal. Long-term reciprocation requires very strong membrane modules. Braid reinforced membrane and its modules were optimized to reciprocation. The evaluation of them after the operation showed there was no change in all their properties.

Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)–copper (Cu) composites are successfully fabricated by a combination of a binder-free wet mixing and spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. The SPS is performed under various conditions to investigate optimized processing conditions for minimizing the structural defects of CNTs and densifying the MWCNT–Cu composites. The electrical conductivities of MWCNT–Cu composites are slightly increased for compositions containing up to 1 vol.% CNT and remain above the value for sintered Cu up to 2 vol.% CNT. Uniformly dispersed CNTs in the Cu matrix with clean interfaces between the treated MWCNT and Cu leading to effective electrical transfer from the treated MWCNT to the Cu is believed to be the origin of the improved electrical conductivity of the treated MWCNT–Cu composites. The results indicate the possibility of exploiting CNTs as a contributing reinforcement phase for improving the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties in the Cu matrix composites.

장수풍뎅이와 흰점박이꽃무지는 국내에서 상업적으로 이용되는 대표적인 부식성 곤충이다. 부식성 곤충을 사육할때 발생하는 응애류는 영양분이 많은 발효톱밥, 곤충의 먹이나 사체 등을 섭식하며 증식한다. 또한 곤충의 몸에부착하기 때문에 질병을 일으키는 매개체가 될 수 있으며, 상품성을 하락시켜 문제가 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는부식성 곤충 사육 중에 발생하는 대표적인 응애류 Sancassania sp.의 초기생활사를 확인하였다. 실험은 온도 25±1℃,상대습도 50±10%, 24시간 암조건 하에 인큐베이터에서 진행되었으며, 물한천배지(water agar, 2%)가 들어있는 36개의페트리디쉬(3.5cm)에 각 1개 씩 응애의 알을 넣고 3시간 간격으로 관찰하였다. 먹이는 곤충전용젤리를 공급하였다.초기생활사는 알(egg), 유충(larvae), 제1약충(protonymph), 제3약충(tritonymph), 성충(adult) 단계가 확인되었으며, 기간은 알 2.2±0.3일, 유충 1.5±0.1일, 제1약충 0.9±0.1일, 제3약충 1.5±0.2일로 성충까지 약 6.2±0.4일이 소요되었다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of ‘becoming a mother’, regarding juvenile unmarried mothers in shelter facilities. Methods: Data were collected by in-depth interviews with seven juvenile, unmarried mothers being under 24 years of age, and raising their children. The data were analyzed by using Qualitative Content Analysis. Results: Five categories resulted from the experiences of ‘becoming a mother’. They were identified as: ‘Pregnancy’, ‘Raising the Child’, ‘Living in a Shelter Facility’, ‘Living as an Unmarried Mother’, and finally ‘Preparing for the Future’. Conclusion: The shelter facility was perceived as a safe place for raising children by juvenile unmarried mothers, who had chosen to give birth and raise children after being abandoned by their families. However, they felt that living in the shelter was a stigma and simultaneously they should think that they ought to leave the place in the near future. In truth, their real life was grimmer than their thought. In this respect, policies should be changed to support them to raise children and be prepared to live with their children. Without any sense of stigma or discrimination as juvenile unmarried mothers, policies should support that they could live together in out community.

본 연구에서는 고순도의 모데나이트(Mordenite) 입자를 합성하기 위하여 천연 제올라이트를 시드로 사용하여 시 드의 농도 및 수열합성 시간에 따른 천연 제올라이트 시드가 합성에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 그 결과 시드가 입자의 형성 에 큰 영향을 끼치는 것을 확인할 수 있었고 시드를 3 g/100 g batch 주입하여 140°C에서 72시간 동안 수열합성을 진행하였 을 때 1-2 μm 사이즈의 고순도 모데나이트 입자를 합성할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 모데나이트 입자의 성장 기구를 규명할 수 있었으며, 모데나이트 입자 형성에 있어 시드는 첫째, 구형 모데나이트 전구체 형성 자리 공급의 역할과, 둘째 모데나이트 원 료 물질 소스 역할을 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 합성된 모데나이트 입자의 가스 흡착량 분석 결과 CO2 기체의 흡착량이 97.19 mg/g로 다른 가스들에 비해 비교적 높은 흡착성능을 보였으며, CO2/H2의 선택도가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 따라 서 이러한 결과들을 바탕으로 용도에 맞는 고순도 상의 모데나이트 입자를 합성할 수 있음을 확인하였고 보다 낮은 가격으로 우수한 분리성능을 갖는 분리막 소재개발에 활용할 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.