The objective of this study was to compare the feeding effects of imported timothy hay, domestic Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) and IRG dried by hot-air dry system (IRGHDS) under basic total mixed ration (bTMR) on rumination activity, milk production, and milk composition in lactating dairy cows. Eighteen Holstein dairy cows were divided into three groups: control (bTMR + imported timothy hay), treatment 1 (bTMR + IRGS) and treatment 2 (TMR + IRGHDS) groups. The study was conducted over a total period of 24 days, including a 10 days adaptation period and a 14 days main experimental period. The results indicate body weight was not significantly different between the three groups (p>0.05), and rumination time was significantly higher in the treatment 1 group compared with the control group (p<0.001). Milk fat, protein, and lactose were not significantly different between the three groups (p>0.05), however, somatic cell counts were significantly lower in the treatment 1 group compared with the control group (p<0.001). As a result of the economic feasibility analysis, it is expected that feeding TMR using IRGS and IRGHDS will increase profit by 402.8 won/day and 331.4 won/day per cow compared to imported timothy hay. Therefore, IRGS and IRGHDS can be used as substitutes for imported timothy hay in feeding lactating dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to investigate the comparison of feeding a total mixed ration (TMR) containing imported alfalfa hay and TMR containing hot-air dried domestic alfalfa on rumination activity, milk production, and composition in lactating dairy cows. Ten Holstein dairy cows were divided into two groups: control (imported alfalfa hay + TMR) and treatment (hot-air dried domestic alfalfa + TMR) groups. The study was conducted over a total period of 18 days, including a 13-days adaptation period and a 5-days main experimental period. The results indicated no differences in total digestible nutrient and net energy intake between the imported and hot-air dried alfalfa. Body weight was not significantly different between the two groups (p>0.05), however, total feed intake and rumination time were significantly and tendentially higher in the treatment group compared with control group, respectively (p<0.001; p=0.075). Milk yield was not significantly different between the two groups (p>0.05), however, milk fat (kg) and lactose (%) concentration were significantly higher in the treatment group compared with control group (p=0.016; p=0.02). This study confirms that feeding TMR with hot-air dried domestic alfalfa results in no differences of feed intake, rumination activity, and milk productivity. Therefore, it is considered that hot-air dried domestic alfalfa can be used as a substitute for imported alfalfa on lactating dairy cows.

This study was performed to investigate immune changes by comparing the proportion and function of immune cells in the blood under high-temperature period and convalescence temperature period in Holstein dairy cows. The experiment was conducted using Holstein dairy cows of five animals per group (60 ± 20 months old, 175 ± 78 non-day) from the National Institute of Animal Science at high-temperature period (THI: 76 ± 1.2) and convalescence temperature period (THI: 66 ± 1.3). Complete blood count results showed no change in the number of immune cells between groups. In the analysis using Flow Cytometry of PBMCs, no significant differences were observed among B cells, Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and γδ T cells between groups. However, there was an increase in Th17 cells producing IL-17a, while Th1 cells decreased during the convalescence temperature period. The results of gene expression analysis using qRT-PCR in PBMCs revealed an increase in IL-10 during the convalescence temperature period, while a decrease in HSP70 and HSP90 was observed. In conclusion, the increased expression of IL-10 and the decrease in HSP expression suggest the possibility of a weak recovery from heat stress. However, the lack of observed changes in B cells, T cells, and other immune cells indicates incomplete recovery from heat stress during the convalescence temperature period.

The slaughter of livestock is inevitably required to obtain meat products from livestock. Since slaughter means pain and death for animals, reducing the pain and distress of animals during slaughter is very important from a perspective of animal welfare based on the principle of respect for life. Generally, two stunning methods, CO2 stunning and electrical stunning, are used for slaughter. When the carotid arteries of the lungs are cut off for bleeding, the bronchial tubes are also severed. To determine the degree of blood inflow into the lungs through the severed bronchial tubes, the prevalence rates of pulmonary diseases and pulmonary congestion in slaughtered pigs were analyzed. In this study, the prevalence of pneumonia was 24.9% in Slaughterhouse A using the gas method, but it was decreased by about 10% to 15.7% and 12.6%, respectively, in Slaughterhouses B and C using the electric method. On the other hand, the prevalence of pulmonary congestion in Slaughterhouses A, B, and C was 4.24%, 14.10% and 16.40%, respectively. In other words, the prevalence of pulmonary congestion was higher by about 10% in the groups of pigs slaughtered by the electric method (Slaughterhouses B and C) than in the group of pigs slaughtered by the gas method (Slaughterhouse A). These results indicate that blood inflow into the pulmonary alveoli led to a diagnosis of pulmonary congestion instead of pneumonia in some pigs with pneumonia. In short, it was found that about 10% of pigs stunned by the electric method were not in a state of complete unconsciousness but in a partially conscious state during slaughter. It is suggested that slaughterhouses should be equipped with gas stunning equipment instead of applying the electric method due to lower costs.

This study was performed to investigate the effect of heat-stressed environment on rumen microbial diversity in Holstein cows. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were measured and rumen fluid was collected under normal environment (NE; Temperature humidity index (THI)=64.6) and heat-stressed environment (HE; THI=87.2) from 10 Holstein cows (60±17.7 months, 717±64.4 kg) fed on the basis of dairy feeding management in National Institute of Animal Science. The rumen bacteria diversity was analyzed by using the Illumina HiSeq™ 4000 platform. The rectal temperature and respiratory rate were increased by 1.5ﾟC and 53 breaths/min in HE compared to that in NE, respectively. In this study, HE exposure induced significant changes of ruminal microbe. At phylum level, Fibrobacteres were increased in HE. At genus level, Ruminococcaceae bacterium P7 and YAD3003, Butyrivibrio sp. AE2032, Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium NK3D112, Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Lachnospiraceae bacterium FE2018, XBB2008, and AC2029, Eubacterium celulosolvens, Clostridium hathewayi, and Butyrivibrio hungatei were decreased in HE, while Choristoneura murinana nucleopolyhedrovirus, Calothrix parasitica, Nostoc sp. KVJ20, Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047, Fibrobacter sp. UWB13 and sp. UWB5, Lachnospiraceae bacterium G41, and Xanthomonas arboricola were increased in HE. In conclusion, HE might have an effect to change the rumen microbial community in Holstein cows.

본 연구는 효과적인 사면복원을 위해 친환경 식생자루의 특성을 분석하였다. 경북대학교에서 개발한 친환경 식생자루와 기존에 국내에서 사용하던 론생백과 황마씨자루를 대상으로 인장강도시험, 내후성시험, 전단강도시험을 통해 식생자루별 특성을 비교분석 하였으며, 친환경 식생자루의 현장적용가능성을 파악하기 위해 상주시 목재문화체험관 뒷 사면에 시공하여 실외발아실험을 진행하였다. 그 결과, 친환 경식생자루가 기존의 식생자루에 비해 200 N 높은 인장강도를 보였으며, 내후성시험에서는 근소한 차이로 기존의 식생자루가 높은 저항성을 보였으나, 강도의 분포가 고르지 않은 경향을 나타냈다. 전단강 도시험에서는 친환경식생자루가 높은 토양응집력과 접촉효율을 나타내어, 현장시공 시 높은 토양안정 효과를 가져 올 것으로 판단된다. 마지막으로 실외발아실험결과, 초본, 관목, 교목 모두 70%의 높은 피복율을 나타냈다. 따라서 친환경 식생자루가 기존의 식생자루에 비해 사면복원 및 녹화사업에 유리한 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구는 친환경 식생자루와 기존의 식생자루의 특성을 비교함으로써 효과적인 사면복원 방법 및 친환경 재료의 활성화에 대한 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 판단된다.

This study was aimed to determine the effects of hybrid and inoculant on in vitro rumen digestibility and rumen fermentation indices of corn silage. Two corn hybrids(Kwangpyeongok (KW) vs. Pioneer 1543(PI)) were ensiled for 100 days with two inoculants(L. plantarum(LP) vs. L. buchneri(LB)) applied at 1.2 × 105 cfu/g of fresh forage. Silages were incubated in rumen fluid medium at 39℃ for 72 hours. Both of KW and PI had no difference(p>0.05) on in vitro digestibility of dry matter(IVDMD) and neutral detergent fiber(IVNDFD), while application of LB produced higher(p<0.05) IVDMD and IVNDFD than LP. Hybrid and inoculant applications did not affect(p>0.05) total gas volume, ammonia-N, total VFA, and acetate concentrations in the rumen. Applied LB was higher(p<0.05) propionate concentration than LP, while hybrids had no effect(p>0.05). Furthermore, the interaction effect(p<0.05) was occurred in propionate concentration. Butyrate concentration did not affected(p>0.05) by hybrid and inoculant applications, but there was an interaction effect between hybrid and inoculant(p<0.05). Applications of hybrid and inoculant had effects(p<0.05) on iso-butyrate and valerate, without any interaction effects(p>0.05). This study concluded that application of KW and PI has no effects on in vitro rumen digestibility and rumen fermentation indices of corn silage, while application of LB increase the rumen digestibility in both of corn hybrids.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of new inoculants on in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics of high moisture rye silage. Rye was harvested at heading stage and divided into 5 treatments, following: No additives(CON); L. plantarum R48-27(NI1); L. buchneri R4-26(NI2); mixture of NI1 and NI2 at 1:1 ratio(MIX); and L. buchneri(LB). The rye forage was ensiled into 10 L bucket silo for 100 days. In vitro digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber were highest(p<0.05) in NI2 silage. The pH in NI2 and LB silages were lower(p<0.05) than CON silage. Lactate concentration was highest(p<0.05) in NI1 silage. While concentrations of acetate and propionate were highest(p<0.05) in MIX silage. Lactates : acetate ratio was highest(p<0.05) in NI1 silage, but lowest in LB silage. Butyrate concentrations of NI2 and LB silages were lower(p<0.05) than that in CON and NI1 silages. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in all inoculated silages was higher(p<0.05) than that in CON silage, while yeast count in LB silage was lower than in CON, NI1, and MIX silages. In conclusion, application of NI2 inoculant could improve potentially fermentation quality and digestibility of high moisture rye silage.

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have attracted particular interest as alternative and enviromentally friendly energy source for both mobile and stationary application. The perfluorosulfonic acid membranes, such as Nafion® are most used PEMs because of their good chemical and electrochemical stability. However they have drawbacks such as high cost, low application temperature, insufficient durability. Sulfonated poly (arylene ether)s, poly (phenylene ether)s, poly (arylene ether ketone)s have beem developed. This work is an attempt to synthesize sulfonated poly (arylene ether)s contained phosphinate moiety which is pendant phenyl structure. Sulfonated poly (arylene ether)s membranes were prepared from DOPO-BPA, 4,4’-sulfonyl diphenol(SFDPS), 1,4-bis(4-fluoro benzoyl)benzene(1,4-FBB).

This study was conducted to estimate the effect of home or hetero fermentative lactic acid bacteria(LAB) on chemical composition, fermentation quality, and aerobic stability of rye silage. Rye forage was harvested at dough stage(28.9% of dry matter), chopped to 3-5 cm length, and divided into 4 piles for different inoculations as treatment, following 1) No additives(CON); 2) Lactobacillus plantarum at rate of 1.5 x 105 cfu/g of fresh forage(LP); 3) L. buchneri at rate of 1.2 x 105 cfu/g of fresh forage(LB); and 4) Mixture of LP and LB at 1:1 ratio(MIX). Rye silage was ensiled into 20 L bucket silo in quadruplicate for 0, 1, 4, 7, and 100 day periods. After 100 days of ensiling, the silage treated with LB had lower acid detergent fiber content(p<0.05), but higher in vitro dry matter digestibility(p<0.05). The LB and MIX reduced (p<0.05) pH more rapidly than CON and LP across the ensiling days, but had no difference on 100 days. Silage treated LP had lowest(p<0.05) acetic acid, but highest(p<0.05) propionic acid. In contrast, LB treated silage had highest(p<0.05) acetic acid, but lowest(p<0.05) propionic acid with the absence of butyric acid. On microbial count, LP treated silage had lowest(p<0.05) LAB, yeast, and aerobic stability, whereas LB and MIX treated silages had highest(p<0.05). Mold was not detected across all silages. Therefore, it could be concluded that heterofermentative LAB solely or combo with homofermentative LAB might improve in vitro dry matter digestibility, fermentation characteristics, and aerobic stability of rye silage harvested at dough stage.

최근 빈번하게 발생하고 있는 이상기후에 의한 기상재해로 온실의 피해가 크게 발생하고 있다. 이에 자연재해가 발생하는 근본적인 요인인 기상과 이상기후 현상에 대한 정량적인 분석을 통해 시설재배에 취약한 지역을 검토하여 피해를 사전에 최소화할 수 있는 대책수립 및 관리가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 전라도 지역을 대상으 로 시설재배의 기상재해와 관련된 대리변수를 산정하여 기상재해에 의한 시설재배의 취약지역을 분석하였으며, GIS를 이용하여 공간적인 분포분석을 통해 기상재해에 취약한 시설재배지역을 지도로 나타내었다. 그리고 본 연구에서 작성된 시설재배의 취약지도와 대상지역에서 발생된 온실의 실제 재해기록과 비교 검토하였다. 본 연구에서 최종적으로 작성된 기상재해에 대한 시설재배 취 약지도와 실제 온실의 피해기록을 비교해보면, 광주광역시, 나주시, 영암군, 장성군, 함평군 그리고 해남군 등 대상지역의 약 50% 정도가 본 연구의 취약지도와 실제 재해기록과 일치하는 경향이 나타났다. 이에 반해 군산시, 김제시, 목포시 그리고 무안군 등은 기상조건이 취약등급에 포함이 됨에도 불구하고 재해피해가 낮게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 지역에 따라 다른 온실의 구조적인 설계 및 관리측면이 변수로 작용한 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 온실의 자연재해의 주요 원인인 기상자료를 분석하여 기상재해에 대한 시설재배의 취약지도를 작성 하였고, 과거 재해기록과 비교하여 대상지역 내에서 취약한 지점을 확인하였다. 이 연구는 온실의 설계 및 관리측면에서 기상재해에 의한 피해를 경감 및 예방하기 위한 기초자료를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구에서는 건천화된 농촌 소하천의 환경을 개선하기 위해 농업용 저수지의 방류 능력을 평가하고 하천환경용수 방류에 따른 하류하천의 수질변화를 모의하였다. 대상유역은 경상남도 고성군 하이면에 위치한 봉현저수지 및 봉현천을 선정하였으며, 2011년부터 2013년까지 현장조사를 실시하였다. 유량측 정이 용이한 총 5개 지점을 선정하여 수질과 유량자료를 수집하였고, 기상자료는 지리적으로 인접한 진 주 기상관측소의 2000년부터 2013년까지 일 자료를 수집하였다. 저수지 방류조건 전후의 하천수질 (BOD, SS, TN, TP)을 비교, 분석하기 위한 수질모형으로 QUAL2K 모델을 선정하였다. 대상유역에 대 한 기상자료, 하천자료, 수질자료 등의 입력자료를 구축한 후 QUAL2K 모형을 적용하여 실측값과 비교 한 결과, BOD, SS, TN, 그리고 TP 항목에 대한 모형의 평가지표는 다음과 같이 나타났다. R2는 0.8508~0.9913, RMSE 0.005~0.52mg/L, NSE 0.949~0.998로 나타나 비교적 높은 일치도를 나타냈 다. 저수지 물수지 모형을 이용하여 다양한 저수지 방류 시나리오에 대해 분석한 결과, 적정 방류량은 3,000ton/day로 나타났다. 방류 전후의 수질을 비교한 결과 BOD와 SS의 경우 각각 9.2%, 21.0% 증가 하여 오히려 수질이 오염되는 것으로 나타났으며, TN과 TP는 각각 -9.0%, -2.4% 감소하여 수질이 개 선되는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 하천환경용수를 공급을 통해 건천화를 완화하더라도 저수지 수질에 따라 하류하천의 수질이 오염될 수도 있음을 나타내었다.

본 연구에서는 농촌 소하천의 적정 하천유지용수 산정을 위한 기초조사로 경상남도 고성군 하이면 와룡리에 위치한 봉현저수지를 수원으로 하는 봉현천과 하이저수지를 수원으로 하는 석지천을 시험유역으로 선정하였다. 2013년 3월에서 10월까지 8회에 걸쳐 저수지를 포함한 총 8개의 지점을 유속 측정 및 유량측정이 용이한 지점으로 선정하여 하천조사와 수문, 수질 모니터링을 실시하였다. 관개기와 비관개기로 구분하여 유량측정을 분석한 결과, 관개기는 선행강수량이 비교적 많은데도 불구하고 일부 측점지점에서 유속을 측정할 수 없어 유량을 계측하지 못하였고, 비관개기에는 선행강수량이 적거나 없어 대부분의 측점지점에서 계측이 불가능했다. 유량의 차이가 수질의 변화에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 확인하기 위해 수질 관측 지점별로 수질항목인 pH, BOD, COD, TOC, SS, Turbidity, T-N, T-P 등 총 8항목의 수질분석과 Spearman 상관분석을 실시하였다. 농촌 소하천의 건천화 현상으로 하천유지용수의 부족 및 하천생태계가 유지되기 어려움을 나타내며 향후 지속적이고 장기적인 현장 모니터링을 통해 농어촌 하천유지용수 공급을 위한 적정 유지유량 산정의 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 경사지 밭에서의 토양유실량 저감을 위해 실트펜스와 식생밭두렁의 적용 가능성을 평가하기 위한 현장실험 연구로, 이를 위해 전라북도 익산시 금마면에 시험포장을 설치하고 포장실험을 수행하였다. 시험포장은 표준시험포 크기 (5 m × 22 m), 경사 9%의 시험구 3개소와 정방형 크기(15 m × 15 m), 경사 6%의 시험구 2개소로 구성되어 있으며, 포장에서의 강우량을 측정하기 위해 자기우량계를 설치하였고, 각 시험구의 말단에는 유출량을 측정하기 위한 플륨 및 수위계를 설치하여 모니터링 하였다. 강우시 유출수에 의해 토양이 유실되며 토양 입자에 흡착되어 있는 오염물질도 같이 유출되는데 이러한 유출수의 오염 부하량을 산정하여 토양유실량을 평가하였다. 시간변화에 따라 오염 부하량 저감효과를 분석한 결과 대조구 시험포를 기준으로 실트펜스에서 SS 50.1%가 저감되었고 SS 항목이 저감되었다는 것은 유사가 저감되어 토양유실을 저감시킨 것을 나타낸다. 향후 추가적인 연구를 통해 경사지밭 토양유실량 저감효과를 평가하고 제어대책을 개발하게 되면 밭에서의 토양유실을 최소화시켜 수질개선에 기여할 것으로 사료된다.

비흡연자와 한국형 알코올 선별 검사법 (AUDIT-K)설문지 척도점수에 따라 적정음주군(10점 이하)을 연구대상으로 하여 뇌 백질의 손상 유무를 파악 할 수 있는 확산텐서영상을 검사하고 영상을 획득 한 후 Tract-Based Spatial Statics(TBSS)방법으로 뇌 백질 부위의 신경섬유로의 비등방도 FA(fractional anisotropy)값을 측정 분석한 결과 연령과 체질량지수(BMI)의 변인에 따른 뇌 백질 모든 영역에서 FA값은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았으며 본 연구의 결과 값으로 추측하자면 즉, 연령과 체질량지수(BMI)는 뇌 백질의 미세구조성 변화에 크게 영향을 미치지는 않는다고 할 수 있다.

In the TV manufacturing industry, a demand for chic design of TVs is increasing. As a reult of this trend in TV design, more curved surfaces in a TV cabinet are introduced, which enforces the use of fixers to combine a front cabinet with a TV main body. In this paper, we introduce a robot system for attaching various types of fixers to a TV cabinet. The developed system consists of three main blocks. The first one is the dispensing block, in which transferred cabinet is centered and UV adhesives are dispensed on the cabinet. The second one is the fixer attaching block, in which a cabinet is centered again and fixers are attached to pre-determined places on a cabinet by a robot with several end effectors. The last one is the UV hardening block, in which very strong ultraviolet rays are applied to the cabinet for attaching fixers tightly to the cabinet. The developed system is successfully adopted in a TV manufacturing process.