지구온난화로 인한 물 부족에 대응하고, 작물 생산의 극대화를 위한 효율적인 방법의 하나로 지중점적 관비 시스템이 주목받고 있다. 하지만, 우리나라에서 식량작물에 적용된 지중점적 관비 효과에 대한 이해 및 이와 관련 시스템 개발은 아직 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구는 지중점적 시스템을 이용한 관수 및 관비처리(SF)가 감자(Solanum tuberosum L.)의 생장 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 수행되었다. 지중점적 처리를 위해, 경상국립대학교 시험포장(600 m2)에서 점적관(Ø 14.1 ㎜, 1.6 L h-1)을 80 ㎝ 간격으로 40 ㎝ 깊이에 매설하였다. 감자의 표준시비량(N-P-K: 100-88-130 ㎏ ha-1) 중의 일정량을 기비로 시용한 후, 잔여 시비량인 N-P-K: 50-40-40 kg ha-1을 절반씩 괴경형성기(4월 29일)와 괴경비대기(5월 17일)에 각각 나누어 관비하였다. 대조구(CF)는 전량 기비로 시용하였다. 지중점적 관비 처리시 토양 20㎝ 깊이의 수분함량은 대조구 9.6%, 지중점적 처리구 55.1%로 지중점적처리구의 수분함량이 45.5% 더 높았기 때문에, 관비처리가 잘 수행되었다고 판단되었다. 관비 후 생육특성 조사에서 지중점적처리구와 대조구 간 차이가 없었지만, 수량특성 조사에서는 지중점적처리구가 괴경 직경이 56.0 ㎜로 가장 굵었고, 괴경수 또한 11.6개로 가장 많게 나타나 대조구와 약 12~18%의 차이를 보였다. 상서용 수량 또한, 지중점적처리구가 3,402 kg 10a-1로 대조구 대비 약 10% 더 많았다. 따라서, 봄 감자 재배시 지중점적시스템을 이용한 관비처리가 수량 향상에 도움을 주는 것으로 판단되나, 토성에 따른 투수성 등의 차이로 인한 여러 문제점이 존재할 수 있어, 국내의 노지재배 작물에 지중점적시스템을 적용하여 다양한 토성에서의 체계적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

Rehmannia glutinosa root and Saururus chinensis plant have been widely used in natural traditional medicines. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the content of the main components of R. glutinosa root and S. chinensis plant by extraction method. The results of comparative analysis of extraction yield, total flavonoid, and polyphenol content by extraction method indicated that extraction yield had the best performance with hot water extraction for R. glutinosa and ultrasound-assisted extraction for S. chinensis. The total flavonoid and polyphenol content had the best performance with maceration extraction for R. glutinosa and ultrasound-assisted extraction for S. chinensis. ABTS and DPPH activity was excellent with maceration extraction for both R. glutinosa and S. chinensis. The analysis of the main components showed that maceration extraction was most effective for both S. chinensis and R. glutinosa. Specifically, maceration extraction of R. glutinosa yielded 1.5 times more than conventional ultrasound-assisted extraction.

Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), commonly known as Holy Basil is a revered herb with a rich history in traditional medicine systems, particularly in Southeast Asia. For its medicinal properties, Tulsi has been regarded as an “Elixir of Life” and has been used to treat various ailments. However, the comprehensive investigation of Tulsi extracts and their potential pharmacological benefits, specifically in relation to antioxidant activity remains limited. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Tulsi leaf and stem extract using various screening methods. We investigate the antioxidant activity exhibited by the extract using three different methods involved the utilization of the total polyphenol content assay, the ferric reducing power assay and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-14 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. The results revealed that the Tulsi leaf extract (TLE) exhibited significantly higher antioxidant activity when compared to the Tulsi stem extract (TSE) in all the performed assays. The higher content of phenolics in TLE may have contributed to its superior antioxidant activity. The HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) analysis of TLE revealed the presence of eugenol, active compound for several therapeutic properties. These findings provide an understanding of the bioactive compounds present in Tulsi extracts and their potential antioxidant benefits.

A new strawberry cultivar ‘Misohyang’ was originated from the cross between ‘Darselect’ and ‘Wongyo 3111’ in 2009. Among hybrids, ‘Misohyang’, a superior individual possessing vigorous growth, capacity to early differentiate flower buds, and excellent physiological characteristics, was selected. Several tests conducted from 2012 to 2014 revealed that this cultivar was suitable for forcing culture due to its faster flowering and harvest time than ‘Seolhyang’. Fruits of ‘Misohyang’ were conical in shape with a red color, which turned dark red color when fruits were fully ripened. Although sugar contents in ‘Misohyang’ fruits were lower than those in ‘Seolhyang’, their aromatic properties were excellent in terms of synergy effect on perception of sweet flavor. In addition, ‘Misohyang’ fruits could maintain high hardness despite a warm temperature during spring. These physiological characteristics of fruits contribute to its high yields in spring, with an average fruit weight of 20 g. Regarding disease resistance, ‘Misohyang’ showed sensitivity to powdery mildew during nursery period and fruit ripening stage. Since the cultivar ‘Misohyang’ has an excellent flavor with attractive red color, sustainable hardness, and high yields in spring, it is expected to be popularly consumed not only for its fresh fruits, but also for its processed fruits.

Soybeans are used for various purposes as a major source of protein, carbohydrates, and fat. This study was conducted to investigate the component changes in protein, amino acid, and antioxidant substances with different sowing periods by soybean varieties, as climate warming accelerates in recent years. The content of isoflavone according to early sowing did not differ by sowing period. However, it was confirmed that the content of isoflavone was higher in functional soybean cultivars such as Cheongja-5 having blue color at seed inside, Pungsan and Sowon used soybean sprouts, and Jinyang without fishy smell. There was no significant difference in the changes in protein and amino acid content according to the sowing time by soybean cultivars. The protein and amino acid content by early sowing tended to be lower than that of timely sowing. In most varieties except for some varieties, the content of proline was the highest by early sowing, confirming the presence of stress due to early sowing.

본 연구는 붉나무와 참죽나무 추출물을 이용하여 딸기 흰가루병에 대한 천연 방제제의 방제 효과를 규명하기 위해 수행하였다. 딸기 흰가루병 친환경 방제제 개발을 위해 총 30종의 약용작물 추출물로 흰가루병 방제 효과를 시험한 결과 최종적으로 붉나무와 참죽나무 추출물을 선발하였다. 붉나무와 참죽나무 추출물을 단용 처리 시 방제가는 50~70% 범위로 일반 살균제보다 낮았다. 따라서 흰가루병 방제에 효과가 있다고 보고되고 있는 규산칼륨과 추출물을 혼용 처리하여 실험한 결과 방제 효과가 살균제와 비슷한 수준의 86%로 증대되었다. 규산칼륨과 추출물의 농도에 따른 방제 효과를 확인한 결과, 0.5%의 규산칼륨과 1,000배의 추출물이 적정 농도였다. 살포 횟수에 따른 방제 효과를 규명하기 위해 1회와 2회 처리를 실시한 결과 1회 처리 시 방제 효과가 13~14일로 나타났고, 3~4일 간격으로 2회 살포할 경우 30일 가량의 방제 기간을 가져 1회 처리보다 방제 효과가 더 우수하여 딸기 수확기 살균제 처리를 할 수 없는 기간에 방제가 가능한 것으로 나타났다.

The leaves of Allium victorialis (AV) are known an edible perennial herb, which has been used in Korean traditional medicine. However, the beneficial pharmacological effects of AV extracts (AVE) on the antioxidant activity and atopic dermatitis (AD) have not been thoroughly examined. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate both antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effect of AVE on AD in vitro and in vivo. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by total polyphenol content and ferric reducing ability. AVE showed a level of polyphenol content and reducing power activity. The five-week-old BALB/c mice were used as an AD-like mouse model by treating them with 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB). Topical administration of AVE for 3 weeks to DNCB-treated mice significantly alleviated clinical skin lesion dermatitis severity and epidermal thickness. Histopathological analysis also demonstrated that AVE decreased eosinophil and mast cell infiltration into skin and ear tissue. These results suggest that topical application of AVE inhibits the development of AD-like skin lesion in mice by their antioxidant activity. Thus, AVE may be a potential therapeutic agent for AD.

Water dropwort(Oenanthe javanica) is grown usually in submerged paddy field and is widely used as additive in foods like Kimchi, fish soup. However, its cultivation in the under submerged cultivation has been known to cause the reduction in quality of water dropwort plants mainly due to the presence of dirt and some parasites like leeches and water animals. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate a wetland cultivation(WLC) of water dropwort plants compared to the conventional submerged cultivation(SBC) in the greenhouse paddy field conditions. WLC and SBC treatments maintained water levels to the depth of less than 5cm and about 20cm, respectively. Vegetative stem sections were planted in September and plants were harvested in early April. The results showed that height and yield of water dropwort plants were higher in SBC than in WLC. Total yield per 10a in WLC was 12.3% lower than in SBC (2.34 vs 2.63 tons). However, the useful quality factors such as vitamin C, inorganic nutrients, chlorophyll, and anthocyanin contents were found to be considerably higher in WLC. That is Ca, K, Mg, and anthocyanin contents in the stem were increased 235%, 6%, 143% and 290%, respectively, compared to those of SBC plants. The length of underground internodes from WLC elongated about 2 times more than that of SBC, resulting in an increase in plant length and advance in harvest time. On the other hand, water dropwort plants with wetland cultivation can be produced with good cleanliness and quality, but the cultivation system should be optimized and developed to get more yield the same as SBC.

딸기의 내저온성 품종육성을 위한 우수 교배친 선발을 위해‘다홍’,‘감홍’,‘매향’,‘설향’을 자방친 으로 이용하고‘다홍’,‘감홍’,‘매향’,‘설향’,‘수경’,‘선홍’,‘원교3111호’등을 화분친으로 하여 24 조합을 작성하고 조합능력 검정을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 자방친을‘다홍’으로 하였을 경우에는 전체조 합에서 과중이 작아지는 경향이 있었고,‘감홍’은 생존율이 낮아 두 품종은 자방친으로 적합하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 화분친에 있어서도‘선홍’을 화분친으로 이용한 경우 경도가 낮아지는 경향이 있었 고,‘수경’은 기형과가 다소 발생하는 경향이 있어 화분친으로 적합하지 않았다. 그러나‘매향’과‘설 향’을 자방친으로 이용할 경우 발아율과 생존율이 상대적으로 높았고, 과실품질이 우수하고 수량성도 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서‘매향’과‘설향’이 자방친으로 우수하였고, 화분친으로는‘매향’,‘설 향’,‘원교3111호’등이 우수하였다. 특히,‘매향’ב설향’,‘설향’ב매향’,‘설향’ב원교3111호’조합 은 당도, 과실크기, 경도, 수량성 측면에서 우수성이 인정되기 때문에 내저온성 교배조합으로 적합하다 고 판단된다.

작물재배에 있어서 관행 스프레이 처리에 의한 병해충방제는 노동집약적, 농약중독 그리고 작업 기피성 등으로 문제가 되어 왔다. 이러한 작업 개선을 위하여 수도작 방제용으로 도입된 농업용 무인헬기의 활용도가 낮아 경제성 확보를 위해 방제 대상 작물의 다양화와 더불어 다양한 농작업에 그 활용성을 확대할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 무인헬기의 활용성에 대한 다양화를 위하여 무인헬기를 이용한 콩재배포장에서의 해충방제 연구를 통하여 해충방제용으로 농업용 무인헬기의 활용가능성에 대한 효과를 검증하고자 수행하였다. 담배거세미나방의 방제를 위하여 에토펜프록스를 두 시기에 걸쳐 고농도저약량(8배 희석)으로 농업용 무인헬기로 방제하였고, 관행방제는 경운기 부착용 동력분무기로 약제를 1,000배로 희석하여 처리하였다. 그 결과 농업용 무인헬기방제는 관행방제와 같은 방제효과를 보였고 고농도 저약량처리의 무인헬기방제에서도 약해의 증상은 나타나지 않았으며 방제비용을 37% 절감하고 노동시간도 90%를 줄일 수 있었다.

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fertilization with the application of mixed organic matter after cultivating green manure crops on the growth and saponin content of Codonopsis lanceolata Trautv. Methods and Results: Five type of cultivation of green manure crops were done: hairy vetch as a single seedling crop (HV), hairy vetch and rye as a mixture of seedling (HV/R), additional fertilization with mixed organic matter after cultivation of a seedling mixture (HV/R/MO), chemical fertilizer (CF), and a non-treated control (NT). The total nitrogen content was the highest in the HV/R/ MO treatment, followed by the HV, CF, HV/R and NT treatments, respectively. Nitrogen fixation was higher in the single seedling treatment with hairy vetch (HV) than in the treatment with a mixture of hairy vetch and rye seedling (HV/R). Moreover, the growth of C. lanceolata was greatly increased by the application of additional fertilizer after treatment with the mixture of hairy vetch and rye seedlings. The HV/R/MO treatment produced the highest total lancemaside content among the treatments, followed by HV, HV/ R, CF, and NT, respectively. Conclusions: It was verified that C. lanceolata experienced superior growth with the application of mixed organic matter as additional fertilizer after the cultivation of green manure crops, and the content of its major saponins, lancemasides were also increased by this treatment.

Background : Codonopsis lanceolata has been used in traditional medicines, as its roots contain several kinds of triterpenoid saponin with high medicinal values. This study was conducted to select an advanced extraction method in C. lanceolata root. Methods and Results : Four extraction methods including 70% MeOH reflux and solvent fraction (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, water), water saturated butanol reflux, boiling water, and ultrasonication (70% MeOH) were investigated for the determination of major lancemasides. The total contents of lancemasides were the highest of 2.80 ㎎/g in ultrasonication, followed by boiling water, MeOH reflux, and water saturated butanol reflux extraction, in that order. Lancemaseide A was the most abundant saponin in all treatments, followed by lancemaside G, aster saponin, lancemaside B, in that order. The content of lancemaside B was very low compared to lancemaside A. Although four types of saponins were confirmed in this study, the others saponin such as foetidissimoside A could not be quantified due to very low content. Ultrasonication was evaluated as optimal extraction method and further studies were conducted to determine the optimal condition. The result compared to dry methods of sample [freeze-drying and shade dry (< 60℃)] before ultrasonication was superior shade dry to freeze-drying. The extract time and temperature were the best in 2 hr, 64℃ treatment, respectively, although there was no significant statically. Conclusion : The ultrasonication method was evaluated as relatively simpler and more efficient method due to short extraction time, small solvent consumption relative to conventional reflux method.

Background : Recently, there have been dynamic researches conducted on stevia as natural sweetener subtitute for sugar, However, Researches related to harvest period and parts of plant in stevia are few. Therefore, this study was conducted to select optimum harvest time and parts by measuring the natural sweeteners contents and analyzing antioxidant materials and activity according to harvest times, parts of plant. Methods and Results : Stevia was cultivated in plastic house, The leaves were harvested from April to October and the stem were only harvest in July and September. Stevia leaves and stems were extracted using high temperature and pressure extraction: Dried stevia leaves of 5g were added by 100ml of distilled water equivalent to 20 times of dry weight, and the mixture were extracted by autoclave at 121℃ for 15min. The contents of Rebaudioside A and Stevioside of stevia leaves harvested from April to October showed a tendency to increase gradually from July to October as the temperature increased, but the contents of rebaudioside A and stevioside decreased slightly in August due to excessively high temperature. The extraction yield of stevia leaves were highest in October and September, and there was no significant difference in the other period. In the stevia stems, the extraction yield was lower than that of stevia leaves in general regardless of harvest time. Total phenolic contents and flavonoid contents according to harvest time showed little difference among treatment. Conclution : stevia leaves were better than stevia stems regarding the use of rebaudioside A and stevioside as natural sweeteners. Also, it was confirmed that the stevia leaves of July, September and October, except for the high temperature period of August, had superior in quality and quantity.

Background : Stevia extracts were reported to contain steviol glycosides like stevioside and rebaudioside A, as well as various polyphenol compounds. However, there are many difference in researchers with extract methods, considering components and antioxidant activity. This study was conducted to select optimum extraction method based on reported methods by measuring the natural sweeteners contents, analyzing antioxidant materials and activity according to extraction methods. Method and Results : Stevia leaves were extracted through vacuum extraction, hot water extraction, soxhlet extraction, high temperature and pressure extraction and ultrasonic extraction to identify the high extraction efficiency. Extraction yield was high in order of hot water extraction, soxhlet extraction, high temperature and pressure extraction and ultrasonic extraction except for vacuum extraction and contents of rebauduoside A and stevioside in stevia leaves was highest in high temperature and pressure extraction followed by vacuum extraction, soxhlet extraction, hot water extraction and ultrasonic extraction. Also, total phenolic contents and flavonoid contents were highest in high pressure extraction and vacuum extraction according to extraction methods. But DPPH radical scavenging activity was highest in ultrasonic extraction and tended to be rather low in high temperature and pressure extraction (ultrasonic extraction > hot water extraction > high pressure extraction > soxlet extraction > vacuum extraction) and there wa no difference in ABTS radical scavenging activity among extraction methods. Conclusion : The high temperature and pressure extraction is considered to be a suitable method for extracting stevia leaves because it showed high extraction yield and had high contents of rebaudioside A, stevioside, total phenolic contents and flavonoid contents.

Background : Currently, obesity and adult diseases as a result of sugar intake have been a consistent problem in Korea. Natural sweeteners as sugar substitutes have many advantages over sugar as a small quantity. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate possibility of industrialization as food additives by using the nature sweetness components of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). Method and Results : Stevia was cultivated in a plastic house. The leaves and stems were harvested at October. They were ground into fine powder using a mill, and were extracted by high temperature and pression extraction method. The extracts were evaporated under vacuum and lyophilized. Three strawberry cultivars of ‘Seolhyang’, ‘Maehyang’, and ‘F22-196’ were cultivated in a plastic house and were harvested from March to May. The fruits harvested were stored at 50℃ until processing. In order to test the processing suitability of stevia extract, the characteristics of the three strawberry varieties (line) were investigated. As a result, the ‘F22-196’ line, which was bred as a processing strawberry, generally contained more antioxidant materials and activity than those of ‘Maehyang’ and ‘Seolhyang’ varieties. Comparing the sugar contents which affects the quality of strawberry jam, the average sugar contents of ‘F22-196’ line was higher than 'Maehyang' and 'Seolhyang' varieties. In the preparation of strawberry jam using ‘F22-196’, strawberry jam was prepared by adding only sugar or stevia extract powder, which was 1/100 of the amount of the sugar in only sugar strawberry jam, to the sensory test. As a result, we identified that sugar jam and stevia jam added stevia extract showed 50 : 50 at the sensory test and stevia jam does not make a difference to the marketing jam at the point of view of general consumers. Conclusion : ‘F22-196’ line represented the best quality for strawberry jam in test caltivars. Stevia powder is judged to be used as a sweetener of sugar substitutes in the production of strawberry jam and processing food.

Background : Codonopsis lanceolata is currently used as vegetable, as well as materials for traditional medicines. However, consumers have nagative views on using pesticides and chemical fertilizer in C. lanceolata cultivation. Therefore, this research was conducted to select the appropriate organic fertilizer to improve the growth and saponin components of C. lanceolata by some organic fertilizers application. Methods and Results : Organic fertilizers were applied as 4 types: mixed organic matter, fermentation cake, bacterial culture and rice husks, excluding conventional chemical fertilizer and non-treatment used as control. The result analyzed in soil after fertilizer application showed that soil pH was acidified in fermentation cake and chemical fertilizer treatment, especially, chemical fertilizer treatment showed very high phosphoric-acid content than other treatments, and total N content was higher in fermentation cake, mixed organic matter and chemical fertilizer. Growth of C. lanceolata showed superior tendency in the treatment of mixed organic matter and fermentation cake. Lancemacides could be identified as foetidissimoside A, lancemaside A, lancemaside B, and lancemaside D. However, among them, quantitative analysis could not be conducted on foetidissimoside A due to its very low content, and lancemaside A was the most abundant saponin in the root from all the treatments. The content of lancemaisde A according to organic fertilizer application showed the highest value in the treatment of mixed organic matter, followed by the fermentation cake, bacterial culture, non-treatment, rice husks and chemical fertilizer, in that order. The content of lancemaside B and D was very low compared to lancemaside A, and there was no difference among treatments. Conclusion : The growth of C. lanceolata was superior in application of mixed organic matter and fermentation cake, and the major saponin, lancemaside A, was also increased.

Background : This study was carried out to select the medicinal crop having the superior antimicrobial activity against 5 microorganisms among 20 medicinal crops. Methods and Results : Dried plants were extracted by methanol. The extracts of each plant were evaporated under vacuum. The extracts were absorbed into 50㎕ of each extracts on paper disk and diameter of clear zone was confirmed around the colony. The results showed that diameter of the clear zone against Escherichia coli was the widest in Rhus javanica(R. javanica, 16mm), followed by Evening primrose(14.5mm), Chinaberry(13mm) and Giant knotweed(11mm). Also, diameter of the clear zone against Vibrio parahaemolyticu was the widest in R. javanica(26mm), followed by Evening primrose(21mm), chrysanthemum flower(19mm), Chinese pepper(16.5mm), Chidii rhizoma(11.5mm), Curly dock(11.5mm), Comfrey(11mm), Black nightshade(11mm) and Mustard(10mm). Likewise, diameter of the clear zone aginast Proteus mirabilis was the widest in R. javanica(11.5mm), followed by Chinaberry(11mm). Specially, diameter of the clear zone against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus was identified only in R. javanica(12mm and 11mm, respectively). Therefore, R. javanica showed the best excellent antimicrobial activity among 20 medicinal crops. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of R. javanica were 2,725mg/100g and 30.2mg/100g respectively. DPPH and ABTS activity of R. javanica were 92.6% and 98.4%, respectively. Conclusion : These results suggest that R. javanica can be utilized as natural food additives and antioxidant materials because of its powerful antimicrobial action and the high antioxidant activity.

Background: This study determined the effects of mulching, an environment friendly organic cultivation method, on antioxidant compound contents and growth in Codonopsis lanceolata, commonly known as Deodeok. Methods and Results: C. lanceolata was treated by mulching with several different methods (a non-woven fabric, biodegradable film, or rice husks) and also treated with hand weeding. A non-treatment plot was used as a control. The growth and levels of weed control in C. lanceolata were better in plants cultivated under mulching treatments (non-woven fabric, biodegradable film, and rice husks) than in those under non-mulching treatments (hand weeding and non-treatment). The contents of antioxidant compounds, such as total flavonoids, phenolics, and anthocyanins, were highest under the biodegradable film treatment, followed by the nonwoven fabric treatment, rice husks treatment hand weeding, and non-treatment. There were identifiable differences in DPPH and ABTS activity in comparison to antioxidant compound content by solvent fractions. Mulching treatments resulted in higher DPPH scavenging activity in water and ethyl ether fractions and ABTS scavenging activity in n-butanol fractions than in other fractions, as opposed to hand weeding and non-treatment groups, although total activity of DPPH and ABTS did not increase with mulching treatments. Conclusions: Mulching C. lanceolata with biodegradable film and non-woven fabric is an effective method for improving plant growth and inhibiting the occurrence of weeds as well as for increasing antioxidant compound content and altering antioxidant activity.