정보 매체의 다각화와 함께 사람들이 직면하는 정보의 양과 종류가 과 부하 현상을 보이고 있다. 이러한 배경에서 글자보다 도형이 효율적인 정보 획득 수단으로 자리 잡아 직관적이고 명확한 장점을 제공한다. 관 광지 안내 시스템에서 직관적인 도형 정보는 텍스트 읽기에 따른 피로감 이나 장애감을 줄여 다양한 사람들의 접근성을 높이는 데 기여한다. 본 연구는 다중 자원 관광 경관 지역의 정보 안내도 설계에 관한 연구를 목 적으로 한다. 문헌 연구, 현장 조사, 사례 분석 등의 방법을 통해 다중 자원 관광 및 정보 안내도의 현황과 추세를 분석하고 요약하였다. 관광 지를 다양한 자원 유형에 따라 구분하여 각기 다른 대상의 요구를 충족 시키고, 각 자원 유형에 적합한 정보 안내도 설계 방법을 제시하였다. 첫 째, 유사한 관광지에서 발생하는 안내도의 단순화, 무질서화, 동질화 및 정보 전달력 약화 문제를 개선하였다. 둘째, 다중 자원 관광지의 증가하 는 발전 추세에 따라 새로운 정보 안내도 설계 방법과 그 잠재적 가치를 탐구하였다.

이 연구는 글로벌화의 관점에서 한국의 부산국제영화제와 중국의 상하 이국제영화제 포스터 디자인을 비교 분석한 것이다. 문화 상징과 색채 사용을 중심으로 두 국가 영화제 포스터의 브랜드 이미지 구축과 문화적 표현의 차이를 탐구한다. 본 연구는 이론적 틀로 Schmitt의 전략적 경험 모듈(SEMs)을 활용하고, 정량적 색채 분석을 위해 한국표준색채분석 (KSCA) 프로그램을 도입하여 시각적 상징이 어떻게 문화적 상징성과 감 성적 공감을 전달하는지 살펴본다. 연구 결과, 부산영화제 포스터는 한색 계열을 선호하여 이성적이고 미니멀한 현대 미학을 반영하고 있으며, 상 하이영화제 포스터는 난색 계열과 풍부한 문화적 상징을 통해 강한 국가 정체성과 감성적 매력을 전달하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 이 연구는 글로벌 화의 맥락에서 한국과 중국 영화제의 브랜드 포지셔닝 및 디자인 전략의 차별성을 강조하며, 국제 영화제 포스터에 문화 상징을 적용하는 것에 대한 이론적 통찰과 실질적인 참고 자료를 제공한다.

이 연구는 중국과 한국 주요 영화제인 베이징 국제영화제와 전주 국제 영화제 포스터의 색채 디자인과 문화적 상징성에서 나타나는 문화 간 차 이를 탐구한다. IMAGE COLOR SUMMARIZER와 한국 표준 색채 분석 (KSCA) 프로그램을 활용하여 색채가 감정 표현과 문화적 상징성에서 차 지하는 역할을 정량적 및 정성적으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 한국 포스 터는 차가운 색조와 미니멀한 디자인을 선호하여 이성적 미학을 강조하 는 반면, 중국 포스터는 따뜻한 색조와 전통적인 요소를 사용하여 문화 적 풍부함과 국제적 매력을 전달하는 것으로 나타났다. Schmitt의 감각 경험 이론을 통해 본 연구는 브랜드 구축과 문화적 커뮤니케이션에서 독 특한 시각적 전략을 강조하며, 문화 간 시각 커뮤니케이션 연구에 기여 하고자 한다.

중국 소수민족의 민속학은 성 역할과 민족 정체성 간의 관계에 대한 귀중한 통찰을 제공한다. 문화 보존과 혁신의 주요 참여자로서, 여성은 사회 변화 속에서도 소수민족 전통의 회복력을 유지하는 데 중요한 역할 을 한다. 본 연구는 소수민족 여성들을 중심으로, 의식, 전통 의복 및 예 술적 표현에서의 상징적 역할을 탐구한다. 역사적 문서 분석과 현장 조 사를 결합하여, 다양한 공동체의 전통 노래, 춤, 구술 역사를 질적 방법 으로 분석한다. 연구 결과에 따르면, 여성은 문화적 관행을 계승할 뿐만 아니라 전통적인 성 역할과 현대적 영향을 통합하여 문화적 적응과 결속 을 이끄는 혁신적인 역할을 수행한다. 이 연구는 소수민족 민속학 형성 에서 여성의 핵심적인 역할을 강조하며, 다양한 사회에서 문화 통합의 역동성에 대한 폭넓은 통찰을 제공한다.

This study investigated the growth dynamics of Lilium miquelianum bulb scales cultured in four different media formulations: Full Murashige-Skoog (FMS), Half Murashige-Skoog (HMS), Anderson Vitamin (AV), and Knudson Vitamin (KV). Bulb scales were collected from native populations on Jeju Island, Korea, and cultured in vitro for 12 weeks. Growth parameters, including bulb area and scale count, were measured at 3-week intervals. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in growth rates across media types and time points. FMS consistently demonstrated the highest growth rates and final bulb area and scale count, while KV exhibited the lowest performance. Heatmap analysis showed that FMS achieved the highest weekly growth rates in most time points, with HMS showing comparable performance during early growth stages. Individual sample growth rates varied within media, highlighting the influence of both external and internal factors on growth. Correlation analysis revealed a positive association between bulb size and scale quantity, with FMS exhibiting the strongest relationship. These findings emphasize the importance of appropriate media selection for optimal L. miquelianum propagation, with FMS being the most suitable for extended cultivation. This research provides valuable insights for improving propagation efficiency and conservation efforts of L. miquelianum.

In response to the escalating demands of global trade and the pressing imperative for environmental preservation, the shipping industry is confronted with the dual challenges of augmenting energy efficiency and significantly curtailing carbon emissions. Ship drag reduction technology emerges as a promising solution to address these critical issues. Over the recent years, a spectrum of diverse drag reduction technologies has been developed, each precisely targeting distinct components of ship resistance and influenced by a multitude of factors. We provide a comprehensive synthesis and critical evaluation of the existing literature on ship drag reduction technologies. It categorizes these technologies into four primary domains: body-attached drag reduction, surface drag reduction, air lubrication drag reduction, and other specialized drag reduction techniques. By presenting detailed and extensive experimental data, coupled with real-world application cases, we underscore the practical implementation and proven efficacy of these technologies in reducing ship drag. We delve into the current limitations and challenges encountered by these technologies. We also offer strategic recommendations for future research endeavors and practical applications, aiming to overcome these limitations and enhance the overall performance of drag reduction technologies. The insights provided in this paper aim to serve as a guide for ongoing efforts in developing innovative and effective utilization of ship drag reduction technologies, ultimately contributing to the sustainability and efficiency of the shipping industry.

Research on teaching of Chinese characters has seen a relatively late start in international Chinese language education. Since there is little experience in teaching handwritten characters in previous Chinese as a foreign language instruction, the theory and practice of Chinese character teaching for non-native speakers have developed gradually. The latest Chinese Proficiency Grading Standards for International Chinese Language Education list the Handwritten Chinese Character List as a separate item, strengthening the guiding position of the separation of character recognition and writing principle in teaching Chinese characters. It also allows us to re-examine the issue of handwritten instruction in teaching Chinese characters to those learning Chinese as a foreign language. This paper examines issues in Chinese character teaching based on the theory of Chinese character formation, focusing on three levels of mastery: whole character, component, and stroke. The component teaching method has gained a high level of attention in recent pedagogical circles, and this method offers both advantages and disadvantages. Stroke instruction, often overlooked, is also essential for mastering handwritten Chinese characters. Stroke instruction goes beyond merely practicing basic strokes and their order and emphasizes understanding of the logic behind stroke writing.

The cost of treating water purification plant water treatment residuals is high, with a low recovery rate and unstable effluent water quality, particularly in plants using lake and reservoir water sources in severe cold regions. Maximizing water resource utilization requires integrating water treatment residuals concentration and treatment effectively. Here, ceramic membrane technology was employed to separate supernatant and substrate after pretreatment. Optimal settling was achieved using 75 μm magnetic powder at 200 and 4 mg/L of nonionic polyacrylamide co-injection. Approximately 65% of the separated supernatant was processed by 0.1–0.2 μm Al2O3 ceramic membranes, yielding a membrane flux of 50 L/m2h and a water recovery rate of 99.8%. This resulted in removal rates of 99.3% for turbidity, 98.2% for color, and 87.7% for color and permanganate index (chemical oxygen demand, COD). Furthermore, 35% of the separated substrate underwent treatment with 0.1–0.2 μm mixed ceramic membranes of Al2O3 and SiC, achieving a membrane flux of 40 L/m2h and a water recovery rate of 73.8%. The removal rates for turbidity, color, and COD were 99.9%, 99.9%, and 82%, respectively. Overall, this process enables comprehensive concentration and treatment integration, achieving a water recovery rate of 90.7% with safe and stable effluent water quality.

A simple and effective method was developed to prepare fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) for the detection of Fe3+ and Cu2+ in aqueous solution. The water-soluble CQDs with the diameter around 2–5 nm were synthesized using anthracite coal as the precursor. In addition, the as-prepared CQDs exhibits sensitive detection properties for Fe3+ and Cu2+ metal cations with a detection limit of 18.4 nM and 15.6 nM, respectively, indicating that the coal-derived CQDs sensor is superior for heavy metal recognition and environmental monitoring.

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials (N-CNMs) were prepared using Ni(NO3)2 as a catalyst in the laminar diffusion flame. Doping the structure of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) with nitrogen can significantly change the characteristics of CNMs. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of adding ammonia ( NH3) on the evolution of CNMs structure in the laminar flame of ethylene. Raman analysis shows that the intensity ratio ( ID/IG) of the D-band and G-band of N-CNMs increases and then decreases after the addition of NH3. The intensity ratio is a maximum of 0.99, which has a good degree of disorder and defect density. The binding distribution of nitrogen was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and a correlation was found between the amount of nitrogen and the morphology of N-CNMs. Nitrogen atoms predominantly present in the forms of pyrrolic-N, pyridinic-N, graphitized-N and oxidized-N, with a doping ratio of nitrogen atoms reaching up to 2.44 at.%. This study found that smaller nickel (Ni) nanoparticles were the main catalysts for carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their synthesis followed the ‘hollow growth mechanism’ and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were synthesized from larger Ni nanoparticles according to the ‘solid growth mechanism’. Furthermore, a growth mechanism for the synthesis of bamboolike CNTs using a specific particle size of the Ni catalyst is proposed. It is noteworthy that the synthesis and modulation of high-performance N-CNMs by flame method represents a simple and efficient approach.

Crystalline heptazine carbon nitride (HCN) is an ideal photocatalyst for photocatalytic ammonia synthesis. However, the limited response to visible light has hindered its further development. As a noble metal, Au nanoparticles (NPs) can enhance the light absorption capability of photocatalysts by the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect. Therefore, a series of Au NPs-loaded crystalline carbon nitride materials (AH) were prepared for photocatalytic nitrogen fixation. The results showed that the AH displayed significantly improved light absorption and decreased recombination rate of photo-generated carriers owing to the introduction of Au NPs. The optimal 2AH (loaded with 2 wt% Au) sample demonstrated the best photocatalytic performance for ammonia production with a yield of 70.3 μmol g− 1 h− 1, which outperformed that of HCN. This can be attributed to the SPR effect of Au NPs and alkali metal of HCN structure. These findings provide a theoretical basis for studying noble metal-enhanced photocatalytic activity for nitrogen fixation and offer new insights into advances in efficient photocatalysts.

Graphitic nitrogen-doped carbon film/nanoparticle composite, in which the films were wrapped and separated by the nanoparticles, was prepared through a simple co-calcination route. Due to its unique porous structure and improved nitrogen content, the as-prepared electrode material could exhibit high specific capacitances of 317.5 F g− 1 at 0.5 A g− 1 and 200.0 F g− 1 at 20 A g− 1, and stable cycling behavior with no capacitance decline after 10,000 cycles in three-electrode system. When assembled in two-electrode capacitor, its specific capacitance could be well kept at 265.5 F g− 1 at 0.5 A g− 1, and thus the supercapacitor with a high energy density of 9.22 Wh kg− 1 was obtained. The superior energy storage properties of the as-prepared material indicate its promising application as high-performance carbon-based electrode for supercapacitors.

Silicon carbide (β-SiC) was synthesized through an improved sol–gel method, then Ni/SiC catalysts were prepared using a hydrothermal method. The catalysts were characterized using TEM, H2- TPR, CO2- TPD and N2- TPD, etc. The results showed that the synthesized β-SiC had a large specific surface area, promoting the dispersion of Ni species and thus exposing more active sites. The interaction between Ni species and β-SiC contributed significantly to catalytic performance. Furthermore, the strong alkalinity of catalyst could adjust the bond energy of the active metal and N (M–N), which were conducive to desorption of the recombinant N2 from the metal surface, promoting to ammonia decomposition. Among the Ni/SiC catalysts, 30Ni/SiC-700 synthesized with the Ni loading of 30 wt% and calcination temperature of 700 °C, exhibited the optimal ammonia conversion rate of 93.4% at 600 °C under the space speed of 30,000 mL∙gcat −1∙h−1, and demonstrated a long-term stability, suggesting a very promising catalyst in ammonia decomposition.

The economical manufacturing of high-quality graphene has been a significant challenge in its large-scale application. Previously, we used molten Sn and Cu as the heat-transfer agent to produce multilayer graphene on the surface of gas bubbles in a bubble column. However, element Sn and Cu have poor catalytic activity toward methane pyrolysis. To further improve the yield of graphene, we have added active Ni into Sn to construct a Sn–Ni alloy in this work. The results show that Sn–Ni alloy is much more active for methane pyrolysis, and thus more graphene is obtained. However, the graphene product is more defective and thicker because of the faster growth rate. By using 300 ml molten Sn–Ni alloy (70 mm height) and 500 sccm source gas ( CH4:Ar = 1:9), this approach produces graphene with a rate of 0.61 g/hr and a conversion rate of methane to carbon of 37.9% at 1250 ℃ and ambient pressure. The resulting graphene has an average atom layer number of 22, a crumpled structure and good electrical conductivity.

With the emergence of the new energy field, the demand for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and green energy storage devices is growing with each passing day. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit tremendous potential in application due to superior electrical and mechanical properties, and the excellent lithium insertion properties make it possible to be LIBs anode materials. Based on the lithium insertion mechanism of CNTs, this paper systematically and categorically reviewed the design strategies of CNTs-based composites as LIBs anode materials, and summarized in detail the enhancement effect of CNTs fillers on various anode materials. More importantly, the superiorities and limitations of various anode materials for LIBs were evaluated. Finally, the research direction and current challenges of the industrial application of CNTs in LIBs were prospected.

We successfully synthesized a porous carbon material with abundant hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) dispersed on a carbon matrix (p-BN-C) as efficient electrocatalysts for two-electron oxygen reduction reaction ( 2e− ORR) to produce hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2). This catalyst was fabricated via ball-milling-assisted h-BN exfoliation and subsequent growth of carbon structure. In alkaline solutions, the h-BN/carbon heterostructure exhibited superior electrocatalytic activity for H2O2 generation measured by a rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE), with a remarkable selectivity of up to 90–97% in the potential range of 0.3–0.6 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), superior to most of the reported carbon-based electrocatalysts. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations indicated that the B atoms at the h-BN heterostructure interface were crucial active sites. These results underscore the remarkable catalytic activity of heterostructure and provide a novel approach for tailoring carbon-based catalysts, enhancing the selectivity and activity in the production of H2O2 through heterostructure engineering.

Chlorine is a crucial radionuclide that must be removed in irradiated nuclear graphite. Understanding the interaction between chlorine and graphene-based materials is essential for studying the removal process of 36Cl from irradiated nuclear graphite. In this study, first-principle density functional theory (DFT) was utilized to investigate the adsorption characteristic of chlorine on the original and reconstructed edges of graphene-based materials. Based on the calculation of adsorption energy of the structures after each step of adsorption, the most energetically favorable adsorption routes at four types of edge were determined: Along the armchair edge and reconstructed zigzag edge, the following adatoms would be adsorbed to compensate the distortion induced by the previously adsorbed atom. Meanwhile at the original zigzag edge, chlorine atoms would be adsorbed alternatively along the edge to minimize the repulsion between two adjacent chlorine atoms. The chemical nature of the bonds formed as a result of adsorption was elucidated through an examination of the density of states (DOS) for the two adsorbed chlorine atoms and the carbon atoms attached. Furthermore, to assess the relative stability of the adsorption structures, formation energy of all energetically favorable structures following adsorption was computed. Consequently, the predominant adsorption structure was identified as the reconstructed armchair edge with two chlorine atoms adsorbed. The desorption process of 36Cl2 from the predominant structure following adsorption was simulated, revealing an energy barrier of 1.14 V for desorption. Comparison with experimental results suggests that the chlorine removed from reconstructed armchair edges significantly contributes to the low-temperature removal stage of 36Cl from irradiated nuclear graphite.

Artificial photosynthesis harnesses clean and sustainable solar power to catalyze the conversion of CO2 and H2O molecules into valuable chemicals and O2. This sustainable approach combines energy conversion with environmental pollution control. Non-oxide photocatalysts with broad visible-light absorption and suitable band structures, hold immense potential for CO2 conversion. Nevertheless, they still face numerous challenges in practical applications, particularly in CO2 conversion with H2O. Surface modification and functionalization play the significant role in improving the activity of non-oxide photocatalysts. Multifarious strategies, such as cocatalyst loading, surface regulation, doping engineering, and heterostructure construction, have been explored to optimize light harvesting, bandgap driving force, electron–hole pairs separation/transfer, CO2 adsorption, activation, and catalysis processes. This review summarizes recent progress in surface modification strategies for non-oxide photocatalysts and discusses their enhancement mechanisms for efficient CO2 conversion. These insights are expected to guide the design of high-performance non-oxide photocatalyst systems.