미세먼지 등 대기오염이 일상화되고 국민 건강을 위협하면서 육상뿐만 아니라 해상 선박에서 발생하는 대기오염물질에 대한 관리 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 선박 배출량 현황을 바탕으로 해양경찰 업무 중심의 선박 대기오염물질 점검 실태를 진단 하고 배출 저감을 위한 국가 관리 대책을 제안한다. 최근 국립환경과학원(NIER, 2018)에 따르면 선박에서 배출된 총량(CO, NOx, SOx, TSP, PM10, PM2.5, VOCs, NH3, BC)은 국내 전체 발생량의 6.4 %로 나타났고, 이 중 NOx는 13.1 %, SOx는 10.9 %, 미세먼지(PM10/PM2.5)는 9.6 %를 차지하고 있다. 선박 발생량 중에서는 국내외 입출항 화물선이 50.6 %로 가장 많은 배출을 보였고, 어선의 배출 비율도 42.6 %로 적지 않 음을 알 수 있었다. 지역적으로 해양경찰 관할 5개 권역을 기준으로는 부산항, 울산항을 포함한 남해권 44.1 %와 광양항, 여수항을 포함한 서해권 24.8 % 순으로 배출이 많았다. 해양경찰은 대기오염물질 관리를 위해 승선 점검을 통한 선박 배출 상황을 관리하고 있지만, 각종 배출 장치의 가동이나 연료유 기준 등의 실측에는 많은 시간과 노력이 필요하고, 또한 선박의 바쁜 운항스케줄에 따른 제약으로 대부분 서류상의 점검으로 진행됨으로써 관리에 한계가 있다. 따라서 선박 대기오염물질 관리를 위해서는 대기오염물질 발생을 실측 점검으로 바꾸도록 규제를 강화하고 해경 함정 등을 활용한 해역별 모니터링 시스템을 구축하여 실질적 현장 데이터에 기초한 관리가 이뤄지도록 하는 한편, 장단기적으로 환경친화적 선박 도입을 위한 기술 개발과 법·제도적 지원이 필요하다.

The purpose of this study is to provision the standard method for ensuring the reliability of measuring indoor air quality in public transportation. The objective is to determine the difference in the measured concentration values according to various conditions. These variables include measurement conditions, measurement equipment, measurement points, and measurement time. The value differences are determined by measuring the PM10 and CO2 concentration of subways, and express buses and trains, which are targets of indoor air quality management. The concentration of CO2 was measured by the NDIR method and that of PM10 was measured by the gravimetric method and light-scattering method. Statistically, the results of the concentration comparison according to the measurement points of the public transportation modes were not significantly different (p > 0.05), and it is deemed that the concentration is not affected by the measurement points. In terms of the concentration analysis results according to the measurement method, there was a difference of the concentration between the gravimetric and light scattering method. In the case of the light scattering method, the concentration differed depending on whether it was corrected with standard particles in the laboratory environment.

The concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odor-inducing substances were measured using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometers (SIFT-MS) and a drone equipped with an air quality monitoring system. SIFT-MS can continuously measure the concentration of VOCs and odor-inducing substances in realtime without any pre-treating steps for the sample. The vehicle with SIFT-MS was used for real-time measurement of VOC concentration at the site boundaries of pollution sources. It is possible to directly analyze VOCs concentration generated at the outlets by capturing air from the pollution sources with a drone. VOCs concentrations of nine spots from Banwol National Industrial Complex were measured by a vehicle equipped with SIFT-MS and were compared with the background concentration measured inside the Metropolitan Air Quality Management Office. In three out of the nine spots, the concentration of toluene, xylene, hydrogen sulfide, and methyl ethyl ketone was shown to be much higher than the background concentration. The VOCs concentrations obtained using drones for high-concentration suspected areas showed similar tendencies as those measured using the vehicle with SIFTMS at the site boundary. We showed that if both the drone and real-time air quality monitoring equipment are used to measure VOCs concentration, it is possible to identify the pollutant sources at the industrial complex quickly and efficiently check sites with high concentrations of VOCs.

겨울철 벤로형 유리온실(W59×L68×H5.9m) 보온스크린 높이의 차이에 따른 실내온도 변화를 파악하기 위하여 00시부터 04시까지 30분 간격으로 열유동해석을 하였다. 초기에는 상대적으로 난방 외부접촉면적이 큰 보온스크린 설치높이 5.9m에서 보온스크린 설치높이 4.1m에 비해 온도감소가 빨라 낮은 온도를 나타냈으나 해석 2시간 이후부터는 상대적으로 온도감소가 느렸고 04시에는 0.6°C 높았다. 그러나 해석시작 1시간 후 실내온도가 약 13°C까지 내려가고, 그 이전에 난방기가 작동해야 된다고 볼 때, 해석 2시간 동안 온도감소가 상대적으로 느렸던 보온스크린 설치높이 4.1m에서 5.1m에 비해 난방에너지 절감에 유리할 것으로 판단되었다. 토마토가 자라는 지면 2m 높이에서의 유동은 보온스크린 설치높이 5.9m에서 4.1m에 비해 상대적으로 넓고 빨랐으며 유동해석 1시간 후인 01시의 평균차이는 0.034m·s-1였다. 여름철 차광스크린 설치높이를 5.7m와 3.9m로 달리하되 70%닫힘 조건에서 12시부터 13시까지는 온실하부덕트 외부 공기유입량 0.67m3·s-1 상태 그 후부터는 외부 유입공기를 3배로 증가하여 냉방효과를 비교하였다. 초기 12시부터 13시까지는 차광스크린 70%닫힘 상태에서 무차광에 비해 오히려 평균 약 0.9°C 높았지만 외부공기유입량이 증가하는 13시 이후 부터는 차광스크린 70%닫힘 조건에서 온도가 감소하였고 14시 30분에는 무차광에 비해 0.5°C 낮았다. 차광스크린 70% 닫힘 조건에서 바닥면의 온도분포는 스크린 설치높이와 개방 정도에 비례하여 낮았으며 무차광에 비해 8°C이상 낮았다. 온실 내 상대습도는 차광스크린을 30% 개방하는 조건에서는 차광스크린의 높이나 개방정도에 따른 차이가 미미하였다.

The present study examined changes in surface shape and pore size observed in carbon black particles isothermally oxidized in an air atmosphere according to their burn-off ratio. Carbon black materials were fed into a horizontal tubular furnace in an air atmosphere when the inside temperature reached 600 °C. Subsequently, while changing the isothermal oxidation time, carbon black samples with different burn-off ratios were obtained, i.e., 10.5, 20.0, 30.4, 41.0, 49.9, 59.8, 71.1, and 81.0%. The scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that the observed carbon black particles were in the form of aggregated primary particles, and that there was no change in the particle size of these primary particles as the burn-off process proceeded. The latter observation supported the observation that pores were formed in the carbon black samples during the burn-off process. Notably, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis exhibited hysteresis curves, indicating that the corresponding adsorption isotherms were of IV-type. It was also found that the area of the hysteresis curves increased as the burn-off process proceeded. The specific surface area of the raw carbon black sample was 58.00 m2/g, while that of the 81.0% sample was about 4.1 times the figure at 240.27 m2/g. The total pore volume VT was 0.17 cm3/g for the raw sample, and it was much higher for the 81.0% sample at 0.58 cm3/g. The transmission electron microscope analysis showed that the raw carbon black particles had a spherical shape with a smooth surface, but inner pores were not observed. In the 49.9% sample, pores with a size of about 5 nm were observed inside carbon black particles. Notably, the size of the pores observed in the 81.0% sample was about 20 nm and the large pores were created by the collapsing and merging of the smaller pores by oxidation.

After harvest, Dolcetto cut roses were immediately exposed to air for 0 (E-0), 1 (E-1), 2 (E-2), and 3 h (E-3) and then placed under tap water for recovery. We determined the effect of air exposure time on vase life, water relations, and gene expression of cut flowers. The results revealed that E-0 treatment exhibits a higher postharvest quality of cut flowers than others. E-3 treatment significantly decreased the vase l ife of c ut r oses d ue t o an early f ailure o f water relations, such as larger stomatal size, higher transpiration, shorter time maintaining positive water balance, and the bacterial proliferation. E-0 treatment significantly decreased water stress, maintained leaf chlorophyll fluorescence ratios, and extended the vase life of cut roses. The decrease in water stress of E-0 treated flowers may increase the expression of Rh-PIP2;1 and Rh-TIP in rose petals, resulting in maintained cell turgor and increased flower diameter of cut flowers. These results recommend that a non-exposed harvest can be used for the harvest s tage to improve the postharvest quality of cut flowers. Understanding the relationship between air exposure time and water relations of cut flowers will significantly help in developing distribution systems for assuring cut roses quality.

In this study, the uniformity of the horizontal velocity and the temperature of each zone were investigated by computerized analysis method to divide the drying room into three multi - rooms to ensure the uniformity of flow inside the forced convection hot air dryer. The internal structure of the drying room of the dryer was modeled using Solidworks. In order to control the flow of hot air circulating in the drying chamber, the possibility of controlling the horizontal flow inside the drying room was verified by using a perforated plate, a guide vane, and a vertical plate. From the results of the flow visualization in the drying room, it was understood that the internal flows of the dryer models 1, 2 and 3 change from ununiform flow to uniform flow. From the analysis of velocity and temperature fluctuation, the results of the analysis of the dryer model 3 satisfied the design conditions.

In this experiment, the engine (i30 FD) was fabricated and installed in front of the intake manifold of the gasoline engine of the 2010 1,600cc MPI(Multi Point Injection) 4-cylinder 16-valve DOHC(Double Over Head Camshaft) electronic control fuel injection system, and the plenum chamber was 150cc, 300cc, 4. The engine rotation speed was increased from 1000rpm to 3000rpm by 500rpm, and the pressure change and engine volume efficiency change of the air intake manifold runner were analyzed. In this study, the volume of air flowing into the cylinder was maximized through the stabilization of pressure vibration in the intake manifold runner part due to the engine operation condition and the volume change of the intake manifold plenum chamber, and the uniform distribution rate of the intake air was confirmed by minimizing the interference between the cylinders. It has in the purpose to analyze the flow characteristic at the intake manifold inside. It can apply to obtain the optimal design factor.

In this study, heat exchangers used in data center and building air-conditioners were tested according to the type of heat exchangers to select them for commercial use. The experiment was performed three samples, one micro channel heat exchanger, the same volume oval coil and the same performance oval coil. The experiment conducted under actual operation conditions in the data center and building. Micro-channel heat exchanger has lower air side pressure drop and higher capacity per volume than oval coil. It may be advantageous when the installation small space or the little design static pressure in the fan, such as in-row systems or CRAC installed in data center.

A zinc-air battery is one of most promising advanced batteries due to its high specific energy density, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, zinc anodes in zinc-air batteries lead to several issues including self-discharge, corrosion reaction, and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this paper, viscosity of electrolyte has been controlled to suppress the corrosion reaction, HER, and self-discharge behavior. Various viscosity average molecular weights of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) are adopted to prepare the electrolyte. The evaporation of electrolytes is proportional to the increase in molecular weight. In addition, enhanced self-discharge behavior is obtained when the gelling agent with high molecular weight is used. In addition, the zinc-air cell assembled with lower viscosity average molecular weight of PAA (Mv ~ 450,000) delivers 510.85 mAh/g and 489.30 mAh/g of discharge capacity without storage and with 6 hr storage, respectively. Also, highest capacity retention (95.78 %) is obtained among studied materials.

The self-discharge behavior of zinc-air batteries is a critical issue induced by corrosion and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of zinc anode. The corrosion reaction and HER can be controlled by a gelling agent and concentration of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. Various concentrations of KOH solution and polyacrylic acid have been used for gel electrolyte. The electrolyte solution is prepared with different concentrations of KOH (6 M, 7 M, 8 M, 9 M). Among studied materials, the cell assembled with 6 M KOH gel electrolyte exhibits the highest specific discharge capacity and poor capacity retention. Whereas, 9 M KOH gel electrolyte shows high capacity retention. However, a large amount of hydrogen gas is evolved with 9 M KOH solution. In general, the increase in concentration is related to ionic conductivity. At concentrations above 7 M, the viscosity increases and the conductivity decreases. As a result, compared to other studied materials, 7 M KOH gel electrolyte is suitable for Zn-air batteries because of its higher capacity retention (92.00 %) and specific discharge capacity (351.80 mAh/g) after 6 hr storage.

본 연구에서는 지역 기상-해양 접합모델을 이용하여 2018년 8월 28일부터 30일까지 한반도 서울-경기지역에 내린 강수에 대해 대기-해양 상호작용의 효과를 분석하였다. 지역 기상-해양 접합모델에서 기상모델은 WRF (Weather Research Forecasts)가 사용되었으며, 해양모델은 ROMS (Regional Oceanic Modeling System)가 사용되었다. 단일 기상 모델은 WRF모델만 이용되었으며, ECMWF Re-Analysis Interim 의 해수면온도자료가 바닥경계자료로 사용되었다. 관측자료와 비교하여, 대기-해양 상호작용의 효과가 고려된 접합모델은 서울-경기지역의 강수 및 황해 해수면온도에 대해 공간상관계수가 각각 0.6과 0.84로 이는 지역 기상모델보다 높게 나타났다. 또한, 평균편향오차(MBE, Mean Bias Error)은 각각 −2.32와 −0.62로 지역 기상모델 보다 낮은 오차율을 보였다. 상당온위와 해수면온도 및 역학적 수렴장으로 분석한 대기-해양 상호작용의 효과는 황해 해수면온도의 변화를 유도하였고, 그 변화는 하층대기에서 열적 불안정과 운동학적 수렴대의 차이를 발생시켰다. 열적 불안정과 수렴대는 결과적으로 서울-경기 지역에서 상승운동을 유도하였고, 결과적으로 기상-해양 접합모델에서 모의된 강수가 관측과 더 유사한 공간분포를 나타냈다. 그러나 복잡한 관계에 있는 대기-해양 상호작용의 효과를 더 명확히 파악하기 위해서는 다양한 사례연구와 장기적인 분석이 필요하지만, 본 연구는 기상-해양 상호작용이 강수 예보에 중요성에 대한 또 다른 증거를 제시한다.

본 연구는 화력발전소 배출로 인한 지표면 오염물질 농도의 시·공간적 영향을 실측 자료를 바탕으로 정량적으로 분석하려는 목적으로 수행되었다. 배출과 농도 관계의 정량적 분석을 위해 우선 기상 조건과 주변 배출원의 영향을 고려하였다. 이를 위해 자료의 선택과 관측지점 선정 과정을 제안하였고, 선정된 지표면 시·공간 자료에 K-Z 필터와 경험직교함수(EOF) 분석 기법을 적용하였다. 사용된 자료는 2014-2017년 4년의 기간 동안 당진과 태안 화력발전소 굴뚝 자동측정기기의 농도값을 이용하여 산출한 한 시간 평균 배출량 자료와 지표면 대기오염농도 측정망 자료이다. 기상 자료로는 최근 배포 중인 ERA5 재분석자료와 기상청 종관기상관측소 한 시간 평균 자료가 사용되었다. 발전소만의 영향이 최대한 보이도록 기상 효과와 지리적인 요인을 고려하여 선택한 시간대의 선정된 관측소 자료만을 이용하여 분석한 결과, 지표면 대기오염물질의 EOF 첫 번째 모드는 SO2, NO2, PM10 모두에 대해 97% 이상의 변동성을 설명하였다. 또한 지표면 농도장의 EOF 첫 번째 모드의 시계열은 화력발전소 배출과 유의미한 상관성을 보였다. 결과적으로 당진 화력발전소 SO2, NO2, TSP 시간 당 배출량이 각각 10%가 감소하면, 남서풍 계열의 바람에 의해 직접 영향을 받는 서울 수도권 지표면 평균 SO2 농도는 0.468 ppb (R=0.384), NO2는 1.050 ppb (R=0.572), PM10은 2.045 μg m−3 (R=0.343) 정도가 감소한다고 판단할 수 있다. 태안화력발전소의 경우, SO2, NO2, TSP 배출량을 각각 시간당 10% 씩 감축하면, SO2는 0.284 ppb (R=0.648), NO2는 0.842 ppb (R=0.683), PM10은 1.230 μg m−3 (R=0.575) 정도가 감소될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 태안화력발전소는 당진화력발전소에 비해 수도권지역 농도에 미치는 영향은 작았으나, 상관관계는 더 높았다.

Smoking is a disservice to not only for smokers who smoke, but also for nonsmokers due to smoke or smell. In particular, smoking harms health by increasing the discomfort associated with the smell generated by burning the cigarette, and giving rise to lung injury or cancer caused by smoke inhalation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of various concentrations of nicotine, PM2.5, and heavy metals (As, Cr, Cd, Pb) generated by smoking according to the smoking intensity. When smokers smoked continuously, the amount of nicotine, PM2.5, Cr, and Cd produced by smoking increased proportionally and became statistically significant. However, As and Pb showed a different pattern from other materials, and the concentration increased by 2~3 times when 10 cigarettes were smoked. As for the change in PM2.5 for 12 hours immediately after smoking, about 70% of the particles were deposited on the floor or wall even in a sealed room where no ventilation was available, and the concentration naturally decreased. However, the remaining particles were found to remain in the air even though the time passed exceeded 12 hours.

In this study, real-time monitoring of air quality using a real-time mobile monitoring system was conducted to identify the emission characteristics and current status of air pollutants and odorous substances that are mainly generated in domestic dyeing industrial areas and to trace the pollutant sources. The concentration of toluene in the industrial area was detected up to 926.4 ppb, which was 3 to 4 times higher than that of other industrial areas. The concentration of methylethylketone was 124.7 ppb and the concentration of dichloromethane was 129.5 ppb. Acrolein concentration was highest at E point at 521.6 ppb, methanol concentration was highest at D point at 208.8 ppb, and acetone concentration was highest at M and N points at 549.3 ppb. The most frequently detected concentration of pollutants in the air quality monitoring results in the industrial area was, in descending order, toluene > methanol > acrolein > dichloromethane > acetone, which was similar to the chemical emissions used in the industrial area by the Pollutant Release and Transfer Register data. The concentration of odorous substances measured in real time was compared with the concentration of minimum detection, and the concentration of hydrogen sulfide was about 10 times higher than the concentration of minimum detection at A point, which was judged to be the main odorous cause of A point. In the future, if the real-time mobile measurement system is constructed to automatically connect wind direction/wind speed, PRTR (Pollutant Release and Transfer Register) data and SEMS (Stack Emission Management System) data, etc., it was judged that more accurate monitoring could be performed.

Asthma is a chronic diseases that restricts the air passage ways and which is thought to be caused by several factors such as genetics, obesity, mVOC, air pollution, allergens, and fungi. Domestic information on fungi in the indoor air in the houses of asthma patients in the spring and fall is rarely available. Thus, this study was carried out to investigate fungal concentration and diversity. Air samples were collected from the houses of 6 asthma patient in April and October of 2017 located in Seoul and Gyeonggi Provinces using an impaction method. The average concentrations of suspended fungi in the indoor air at the houses of adult asthma patient in October exceeded the 500 CFU/m3 level recommended by the Enforcement Managements of the Indoor Air Quality Control Act. A total of 70 fungi were isolated and identified. Four genera and 11 species were from the April sampling and 10 genera and 27 species were from the October sampling. Among the identified fungi, five species, Arthrinium marii, Penicillium austrosinicum, Penicillium concavorugulosum, Penicillium exsudans and Penicillium johnkrugii were found to be unrecorded species in Korea. The known properties of all identified fungi and the morphological and molecular characteristics of the five unrecorded species were described.

The goal of this study was to measure the indoor and outdoor fine and ultrafine particulate matter concentrations (PM10, PM1.0) of some houses in Yeosu and in S university in Asan from March to September 2018. PM10 concentration in indoor air in Yeosu area was 18.25 μg/m3, while for outdoor air it was 14.53 μg/m3. PM1.0 concentration in indoor air in the Asan area was 1.70 μg/m3, while for outdoor air it was 1.76 μg/m3, showing a similar trend. Heavy metal concentrations in the Yeosu region were the highest, at Mn 2.81 μg/m3, Cr 1.30 μg/ m3, and Ni 1.11 μg/m3 indoors. Outside, similar concentrations were found, at Cr 3.44 μg/m3, Mn, 2.60 μg/m3, and Ni 1.71 μg/m3. Our analysis of indoor and outdoor PM concentrations in the Asan region, which was carried out using the MOUDI (Micro-orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor) technique, found that PM concentration is related to each particle size concentration, as the concentration of 18 μm and 18-10 μm inside tends to increase by 3.2- 1.8 μm and 0.56-0.32 μm.

A survey on the indoor air quality of schools was conducted on a total of 10 schools in each location, such as industrial zones, roadside zones and clean zones of the Jeonbuk Province. Regardless of their location, 75% of the schools were not suitable to the environmental standard, and five schools were inadequate in both the first and the second half measurement results. Compared to the public facilities survey conducted by the Jeollabukdo Institute Health and Environment Research from 2008 to 2016, the concentration of CO2, total airborne bacteria (TAB), and PM10, with the exception of HCHO, was higher in school classrooms than in any other public facilities. The correlations between pollutants and test items demonstrated that total airborne bacteria (TAB) were significantly correlated with the degree of ventilation, and the PM10 was correlated with the cleaning status, respectively. Although the other test items of indoor air quality in the school were measured in the same way as the public facilities measurement methods, the PM10 is applied in accordance with the simplified method. In order to investigate the difference between the measurement methods, the results were compared at the same point at the same time. When comparing the concentrations of PM10, the gravimetric method, which is a public facilities measurement method, showed a significant difference from the light scattering method, which is a method of measuring PM10 in schools. By comparison, it was confirmed that the light scattering method was measured lower than the gravimetric method. The light scattering method is useful for confirming the change of the particulate matter, but it is considered difficult to judge the concentration of the particulate matter in the classroom by the instantaneous measurement because of the potential error caused by high humidity, etc. Secondary pollution ions were measured at 17.1% ~ 40.5% in the industrial zone schools, 7.4%~27.4% in the roadside zone schools and 8.1%~21.8% in the clean zone schools, The percentage of pollution ions were not clearly distinguished by location.

Since the political and legal systems are different between mainland China and Taiwan, conflict of laws issues arose in both public and private air transport laws after the launch of direct routes. Three models can be used as solutions to these issues: uniform substantive law, conflict of laws, and agreements by private institutions. The uniform substantive law model is ideal but not feasible; the conflict of laws model is possible but not realistic. The agreements by private institutions model respects private autonomy, which seems to be a supplementary yet feasible option with fragmented and conservative characteristics. Based on the characteristics of each model, the ideal way to solve this issue is to prioritise the model of agreements by carriers at this early stage and, finally, to consider uniform conflict of laws rules or substantive law when the opportunity is mature or the ultimate reunification is realised.