대면적 정전 접합 장치를 고안 및 제작하여 Si과 glass를 정전 접합시켰다. 여러 온도에서 정전 접합 후 접합 면적을 측정하였으며 접합이 이루어진 경우 그 접합 면적이 90%를 넘었다. 접합시 전류를 측정하여 접합 강도와의 관계를 살펴보였다. 잔류 공공을 생성시키는 원인은 재료의 표면 거칠기 차이나 전극의 모양보다는 불순물 입자에 의한 것임이 밝혀졌고 같은 크기의 불순물 입자에 대한 공공의 크기는 접합 온도가 높을수록 감소하였다. 정전 접합에 미치는 불순물의 영향을 공공의 크기 및 불순물 입자의 크기를 측정하여 살펴보았다.

The distribution of bacteria in kimbab and its ingredients have been investigated. The total bacterial counts were over 3 × l0³/g(n=30) when the kimbabs were delivered to restaurant and it e×ceeded the legal level 1 × 10^5/g defined by the Code of Food Standard in 1991. The gram-negative coliforms were also detected 1.9 × 10^5/g. In order to study the cause of bacterial contamination in kimbabs, the ingredients used in kimbabs were examined. The bacterial counts were found 10⁴-10^5/g for kim (layer), 10⁴-l0^5/g for sausage, 10⁴-l0^6/g for boiled-spinach, 10³-10^7/g for carrot, and 10³-10^6/g for Danmyji, respectively. From these results it could be concluded that the bacterial contamination in Kimbabs was caused mainly by the ingredients such as kim, boiled-spinach, carrot, and sausage. Therefore, this suggested that the sanitary manufacture of kim, the storage at refrigerator temperature of the ingredients for kimbabs, and the proper treatment of equipments should be maintained in order to reduce the bacterial contamination for kimbaba. Furthermore, it should be required to obtain the basal data for establishment of the sanitary standard of kim and kimbab.

Highly lethal Listeria monocytogenes, causing bromatoxism through vegetables, dairy products, meat products and shellfish etc, was examined for possible contamination in market beef. USDA, FDA, Malthus and Modified Cold Enrichment methods were used for the detection of Listeria spp.. Samples of domestic and imported market beef were collected from local meat shops at Seoul, Korea. Total two hundreds and six of Listeria spp. were isolated and identified from beef samples. L. welshimeri was the most abundant Listeria species in market beef. Among 206 isolates, the number of L. welshimeri was one hundred and twenty-one(44.8%). The numbers of isolated L. innocua, L. murrayi, L. monocytogenes, L. grayi, L. seeligeri, and L. ivanovii were 49(18.1%), 14(5.2%), 12 (4.4%), 6(2.2%), 2(0.7%), and 2(0.7%), respectively. Detection rates of Listeria spp. varied among four methods. The highest detection rate of Listeria spp. in market beef was found at USDA method and that of L. monocytogenes was found at Malthus method.

This study was designed to investigate the content of inorganic nitrogen(NH4, NO3) and its change in the 7 different sites; the permanent meadows of alfalfa, orchardgrass, and reed canarygrass, the fields of rye. corn, rice and a mountain region. th

젓갈류 및 젓갈류외 원료(原料)가 되는 어패류(魚貝類), 식염중의 중금속(重金屬) 함량(含量)과 젓갈류의 중금속(重金屬) 함유요인(含有要因)에 대하여 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같았다. 젓갈류중(中) 중금속(重金屬)의 평균함량(平均含量)은 Hg 0.076ppm, Pb 0.677ppm, Cd 0.112ppm, As 1.025ppm, Cu 3.540ppm, Zn 11.23ppm, Mn 2.041ppm이었으며 어패류(魚貝類)는 Hg 0.051ppm, Pb 0.425ppm, Cd 0.071ppm, As 0.632ppm, Cu 2.516ppm, Zn 8.052ppm, Mn 1.178ppm으로서 어패류(魚貝類)가 젓갈류에 비(比)해 낮은 함량(含量)이었다. 식염중의 중금속(重金屬) 함량(含量)은 Hg ND, Pb 0.05ppm, Cd 0.01ppm, As 0.02ppm, Cu 0.087ppm, Zn 0.068ppm으로 매우 낮은 함량(含量)이었다. 용기(容器)에 따른 멸치젓의 숙성시험(熟成試驗) 결과(結果) Hg, Cd는 대조구(對照區)와 차이(差異)를 보이지 않았으나 Pb는 옹기 및 철제용기(鐵製容器), As는 철제용기(鐵製容器) 및 재생(再生)플라스틱 용기(容器)에서 높은 함량(含量)을 보였다. 철제용기(鐵製容器)에서 멸치젓을 숙성(熟成)시킨 결과(結果) Hg, Cd를 제외한 다른 중금속(重金屬)은 함량(含量)이 증가(增加)하였으며, 숙성초기(熟成初期)에 비(比)해 후기(後期)에서 그 증가폭(增加幅)이 크게 나타났다. 용기(容器) 용출시험(溶出試驗) 결과(結果) Hg, Cd는 모든 용기(容器)에서 검출(檢出)되지 않았으나 그 외 중금속(重金屬)은 용출시간(溶出時試)에 따라 증가(增加)하였으며, 식염농도에 따른 중금속(重金屬) 용출(溶出)은 차이(差異)가 없었다.

This study evaluated the contamination levels of inland pollution sources flowing into Taeanhaean National Park. The nutritional status of influents was assessed by analyzing water quality and trophic status index (TRIX) at 52 stations, and the contamination levels of sediments were evaluated by analyzing eutrophication cleanup index (CIET) and heavy metals at 36 stations. The results of the TRIX analysis showed that 26 of the 52 stations had influents with a TRIX value of 6-10 (poor water quality/very high trophic level), indicating atrocious water quality and high eutrophication levels. The results of the CIET analysis showed that 4 out of the 36 stations were highly contaminated with organic matter. Analysis of heavy metals showed that the copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) levels exceeded the threshold effects level (TEL) and probable effects levels (PEL) at several stations. In addition, the arsenic (As) level exceeded the threshold effects level at one station, and the levels of the other heavy metals (Cd, Cr6+, Ni, Pb, and Hg) were lower. Most inland pollution sources have been identified as small-scale, but long-term and continuous exposure can negatively affect the marine ecosystem; therefore, it necessary to prepare inland pollution source management standards and measures suitable for the characteristics of the coastal area.

나노물질에 대한 연구와 산업화가 급격히 진행되면서 수환경으로 유출되는 나노물질의 양도 점차 많아지고 있다. 특히 은나노물질의 경우 은의 항균성으로 인하여 다양한 분야에서 사용되고 있으며 환경으로 유출되어 입자상태와 용해된 상태로 존재할 수 있다. 은나노물질과 은이온은 생태환경에 악영향을 줄 수 있으며 미국에서는 2차 먹는물 규제 항목(secondary drinking water standards)으로 정하고 있으며 규제농도는 0.1 mg/L로 정하여 관리하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 경북지역의 지하수와 소규모 먹는 물 공급시설을 대상으로 은의 농도를 측정하였으며 오염 정도를 미국 EPA 기준과 비교하고 시료를 채취한 지역의 특성, 물의 사용 목적 등을 고려하여 분석하였다. 총 293개의 시료 중 EPA의 secondary drinking water standards를 초과한 시료는 2개이며 비율로 0 .6 7%이다. 검출률은 마을 상수도와 소규모 급수시설에서 상대적으로 높으며 농도 기준으로는 지하수에서 상대적으로 높은 농도를 보여 인위적 오염원과 지질적 기원이 동시에 작용한 것으로 판단되었다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of fine dust PM10 and heavy metals in PM10 in Asian dust flowing into Gwangju from 2013 to 2018. The migration pathways of Asian dust was analyzed by backward trajectory analysis using HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model, and the change of heavy metal concentration and heavy metal content per 1 μg/m3 of fine dust PM10 in Gwangju area were analyzed. Also, the characteristics of the heavy metals were analyzed using the correlation between the heavy metals in PM10. As a result of analyzing Asian dust entering the Gwangju region for 6 years, the average concentration of PM10 measured in Asian dust was 148 μg/m3, which was about 4.5 times higher than in non-Asian dust, 33 μg/m3. A total of 13 Asian dust flowed into the Gwangju during 6 years, and high concentration of PM10 and heavy metals in that were analyzed in the C path flowing through the Gobi/Loess Plateau-Korean Peninsula. As a result of the correlation analysis, in case of Asian dust, there was a high correlation between soil components in heavy metals, so Asian dust seems to have a large external inflow. On the other hand, in case of non-Asian dust, the correlation between find dust PM10 and artificial heavy metal components was high, indicating that the influence of industrial activities in Gwangju area was high.

본 연구는 강원도 도계광업소 수계에 발생한 적갈색침전물을 대상으로 침전환경을 파악하고, 중금속함량, 광물조성 및 그에 따른 분광학적 특성을 분석하였다. 적갈색침전물의 pH 범위는 7.59-7.94로 침전환경은 중성에 해당한다. X선형광분석 결과 철이 평균농도보다 높게 검출되었으며, 니켈, 구리 및 아연의 오염도가 높은 것으로 판명된다. X선회절분석 결과 돌로마이트, 방해석, 침철석, 자철석, 고령토, 엽납석, 석영 및 알루미늄 이소프로폭사이드의 광물이 확인되었다. 중금속 오염에 따른 분광학적 특성을 분석한 결과, 중금속함량이 증가함에 따라 가시광선 영역에서는 반사도가 증가하는 추세를, 적외선 영역에서는 반사도가 감소하는 추세를 보인다. 적갈색침전물의 분광특성은 침철석, 자철석, 고령토, 엽납석 및 알루미늄 이소프로폭사이드에 의해 발현되는 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the main source of contamination of dried red pepper by assessing microbial loads on red peppers, washing water, washing machines, harvesting containers, and worker gloves that had come in contact with the dried red pepper. To estimate microbial loads, indicator bacteria (total bacteria, coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli) and pathogenic bacteria (E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Clostridium perfringens) were enumerated. The results showed that the numbers of indicator bacteria increased significantly after washing red peppers compared with that before washing (p<0.05). Moreover, E. coli and Listeria spp. were recovered from the red peppers after washing and from the ground water used in the washing process. The number of indicator bacteria on red peppers dried in the green house was lower than that on red peppers dried in a dry oven (p<0.05). However, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes, and C. perfringens were not detected. These results suggested that a disinfection technique may be needed during the washing step in order to prevent potential contamination. In addition, hygienic practices during the drying step using the dry oven, such as establishment of an optimal temperature, should be developed to enhance the safety of dried red pepper.

Background:The study was conducted to investigate the distributions of faecal bacteria in commercial oriental medicine herb products.Methods and Results:A survey was conducted on the microbial contamination levels and antimicrobial specificity of Bacillus cereus and other microbes using 106 oriental medicine herb products on sale in Seoul. Pouring and isolation methods such as standard plate counts were used to identify the bacteria. The isolated bacterias included coliforms, Bacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Listeria spp.were identified by using gram staining and an API (analytical profile index) kit. Antimicrobial drugs discs were determined by CLSI (clinical and laboratory standards institute).Conclusions:The bacterial isolates present in the herbal medicines included 98 coliforms, 45 Bacillus spp., 29 Enterococcus spp., and 2 Listeria spp. Among these, there were nine Bacillus cereus strains, one Enterococcus faecium strain, and one Enterococcus faecalis strain present. The 9 Bacillus cereus strains were tested for susceptibility to 36 types of antibiotics products by the disc diffusion method. The strains showed resistance to 13 of these antibiotic products and semi-resistance to 5 antibiotic products. On the basis of these results, any oriental medicine herb product can be assumed to be contain resistant or semi-resistant bacterial strains. Therefore, we suggest prescribing guidelines and special management for the use of antibiotics in farms producing oriental medicine herb products.

본 연구는 백화현상이 극명하게 발생한 미인폭포 내 백색침전물을 대상으로 X선형광분석법, X 선회절분석법 및 휴대용 분광계를 이용하여 광물조성을 확인하고, 분광특성을 고찰하였다. 그 결과 모 든 시료에서 알루미늄이 평균농도보다 높게 검출되었고, 대부분의 시료에서 카드뮴과 니켈의 오염도 가 높았다. X선회절분석 결과 모든 시료에서 석영, 고령토, 롬보클레이스, 알루미노코큠바이트, 깁사 이트의 광물이 검출되었고 중금속은 점토광물에 흡착하여 존재한다고 판단된다. 백색침전물의 분광학 적 특성은 가시광선 대역에서 반사도가 증가하는 추세를 보이나, 근적외선, 단파적외선으로 파장이 길 어짐에 따라 반사도가 서서히 감소한다. 백색침전물의 흡광특성을 바탕으로 볼 때 분광학적 특성은 고령토, 롬보클레이스, 알루미노코큠바이트, 깁사이트에 의해 발생하는 것으로 판단된다. 퇴적물 내 중금속 종류 및 함량에 따른 영역별 흡광깊이 변이양상을 분석한 결과, Al-OH의 흡광특성인 2202 nm 에서 알루미늄함량과 흡광깊이 사이에 높은 양의 상관관계가 성립하는 것이 확인되었다. 이는 분광학 적 특성 중 흡광깊이가 중금속 함량의 유추에 유용할 수 있음을 지시한다.

For areas with the diverse contamination sources, the change of 4-nitrophenol contamination and impact of potential contamination sources have been evaluated using monitoring data and a numerical model (HydroGeoSphere). The model considered several parameters including land cover, precipitation, and flow rate. And, the model has been performed to investigate the effect of decay rate of 4-nitrophenol. The results of the simulations showed that the influence on 4-nitrophenol in downstream was mainly greater than that in upstream, and the tributaries did not significantly affect the mainstream because of their low flow rates. In addition, the effect of contamination sources was simulated for each section, then the measured data were higher than the corresponding simulated data in most sections of the Geumho river. In particular, the impact of the potential contamination sources in the upstream area was much higher than that in the other area, thus more monitoring data for the upstream area is required.

The chemical leak accidents cause a large number of casualties in the short term and secondary environmental pollution in the long term. In the case of the hydrogen fluoride (HF) leak accident in Gumi City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, the fluoride ion concentration in crops located near the HF leak accident area was detected to be in the range of 99 ~ 13,029 mg/kg and in woody stems in the range of N.D. ~ 6,789 mg/kg. We also identified the correlation relationship between the range and the contamination degree. The order of degree of fluoride contamination of crops was leaf > stem epidermis > inside the stem. However, in another case of accidental HF leak in Hwasung City, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, because the concentration of fluoride ion in the crops was detected in the range of N.D. ~ 45 mg/kg, it is difficult to make a decision about whether HF affects the crops or not. In this study, with the suggestion of the identification of leak accident impacts by checking the contamination characteristics and condition of HF in terms of diffusion distance from the accident point, we prevent damage from secondary environmental pollution and prepare for similar accidents in the future.

The soil contamination by heavy metals in playgrounds of kindergartens in Vilnius city is analysed in this article. The aim of this research is to investigate and evaluate soil contamination by heavy metals in playgrounds of kindergartens in different territories of Vilnius city. Concentrations of heavy metals were measured using Thermo Fisher Scientific Niton® XL2 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Maximum allowable and background concentrations that are given in Lithuanian hygiene standard and Lithuania geochemical atlas are used to compare and evaluate concentrations of heavy metals. Concentrations of heavy metals and their spatial distribution were analysed in order to exclude the most contaminated areas relating with different functional areas of the city. Geo-statistical analysis and maps of spatial distribution were developed using IDW interpolator in ArcMap software. Detail soil surveys helps to assess the extent of anthropogenic impact in different parts of the city which can be harmful to the soil ecosystem and human health. Such researches can help to change or select different function for city areas in territorial planning process.

Bottom sediment pollution with heavy metals of the Sventoji River in Ukmerge, Lithuania using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is analyzed in this article. During the research, qualitative and quantitative parameters of heavy metal concentrations and their distribution were investigated. This article presents obtained results of study, where bottom sediment samples were examined from both shores of the river of Sventoji. During this research, received data was treated using GIS software, which helped to interpolate the data of concentrations into the research polygon of the river. GIS software also helped to evaluate the urban runoff influence to the bottom sediment quality and exclude sources of pollution. The runoff dischargers which transport surface wastewater to the river were registered before sampling. At the mouth of streams, flowing into the river of Sventoji, additional samples were taken. After comprehensive river bottom sediment research there is a possibility to assess the extent of anthropogenic activity and its impact on the river ecosystem and human health.