본 연구는 S시 N구 소재의 T의원에 내원환자 중 경추 단순방사선촬영(X-ray) 후 Cobb’s angle 35°이하 또는 Jochumsen’s depth 3mm이하로 경추후만곡이 나타나고 자세 불균형이 있는 참가자 12명을 대상으로 선정하여 기능교정이 경추 만곡도와 자세균형에 미치는 효과를 분석 하고자 실시하였다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위하여 단일군 전후 실험 설계(one group pre test-post test design)로 연구 참가자에게 주 2회 20분씩 기능교정 치료를 8주간 실시하였다. 사전조사로 치료 전 상담과 경추부 Lateral view X-ray 촬영과 Exbody 720 체형분석기를 이용하여 신체의 우측면을 촬영을 하였다. 사후조사는 기능교정 치료 후 Lateral view X-ray촬영과 Exbody 720 체형분석기 이용하여 신체의 우측면을 동일하게 촬영을 하였다. 각각 수집된 자료는 SPSS 21.0을 이용하여 분석하였다. 실증분석을 통하여 기능교정 치료 후에 경추후만곡 및 자세균형이 개선되는 결과를 얻어, 경추후만곡과 자세균형에 대한 기능교정 치료가 긍정적인 효과가 있는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 기능교정 치료가 병적 장애의 물리치료 및 삶의 질 향상에 기여하여 현대인의 신체적 균형을 이루어 2차적인 질병으로 진행되지 않도록 중재적 역할을 하여 일상생활에 큰 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

Building on insights from institutional theory and dynamic capabilities, this study investigates the relationships of cross-functional capabilities with export marketing strategy implementation and, ultimately, its influence on export performance. This study utilizes multiple-informant and time-lagged primary data from 218 exporting firms in Nigeria to contribute to an understanding of how export marketing capabilities can be implemented to drive export performance. The results suggest contrasting moderating effects of psychic distance and competitive intensity on the cross-functional capabilities to export marketing strategy implementation relationship. This research contributes to the international business and marketing literature by advancing the knowledge on marketing capabilities and strategy implementation, and highlights managerial implications for international business.

This study reviews the SERVQUAL model theoretically and statistically in relation to the nonlinearity of the perceived service quality. Perceived service quality measurement based on the SERVQUAL model assumes that consumers evaluate service quality by comparing their perceptions with their expectations. However, previous studies adopt linear factor analysis to discuss the SERVQUAL model. The present study assumes that consumers evaluate the service quality with a standard to admit the difference between their expectations and perceptions, and that their perceived service quality follows a nonlinear response. A nonlinear SERVQUAL model based on a nonlinear factor analysis model is proposed to understand the characteristics. The proposed model employs a threshold specification that represents the space in which consumers admit their discrepancy. The study extends a nonlinear factor analysis model to a nonparametric model in order to examine the functional aspects that from the perceived service quality. A nonparametric SERVQUAL model is adopted without any assumptions of the functional form. The empirical studies on the retail sector shows that the nonlinear model performs better than the linear model, and that the nonparametric model estimates the nonlinear function for perceived service quality. The results from the proposed model in our study provide insights in a consumer’s perceived service quality recognized as nonlinear and asymmetric. We conclude that the functional form for perceived service quality should be considered when specifying the measurement model for SERVQUAL. In addition, we discuss future work for a nonlinear measurement model and a nonparametric factor analysis.

This paper presents a way of classifying qualitative online consumer reviews (OCRs) in terms of functional and emotional dimensions and measures the direct and indirect impact of both volume and valence of OCRs on product sales. Utilizing four million online postings across 342 mobile games for thirty months, the authors use text analysis and word classification and identify 74 representative words to describe the various levels of functional OCRs consisting of product quality, product innovativeness, price acceptability, and product simplicity, and emotional OCRs including anger, fear, shame, love, contentment, and happiness. They combine the resulting OCR volumes with weekly sales, resulting in 1,835 observations for analysis with hierarchical Bayesian methods. Results suggest that the volume and valence of aggregated functional OCRs and the valence of aggregated emotional OCRs have the positive effects on sales. The volume and valence of functional OCR subcategories have mixed effects on sales and the link is moderated by the share of emotional OCR subcategories. Further, a sales forecasting model which includes 13 variables of OCR subcategories shows the best predictive validity.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of the best available devices that can record the activities of living human brain non-invasively. Its precision and high spatial resolution is matched by none other methodology. The entry barrier to fMRI research is exceptionally high. fMRI has widely been used in medical and scientific research, but its application to marketing research has been limited because of two important reasons. First, the cost problem. The MR scanning devices often cost multi-million dollars and using fMRI for marketing research can be costly. Second, analyzing data from fMRI study is another formidable task. fMRI measures the brain’s hemodynamic activities using voxel as a measuring unit; Voxels are often a cubic with 2 to 3 millimeters on one side. Since a typical adult brain represents over one million voxels in one scan volume, and each scan generally has 2 to 3 seconds of interval time, one experimental block of 40 seconds, for example, will create over 40 million data points. Compared to a typical marketing research data which in general have two dimensions (2d) of rows and columns, fMRI data is inherently 4d with added dimensions of voxel and time. Furthermore, the fMRI signal is sensitive to various sources of noises. In this talk, we offer support for marketing researchers who want to explore fMRI method for their research in the future. First, we discuss issues related to experimental design for fMRI experiments. We explain preprocessing steps that are recommended for fMRI data and show how to apply statistical methods to make inferences that can increase internal validity. Then, we will explicate how to apply big data analytics to fMRI data during this talk to find deep insights into customer’s brains. A real neuromarketing fMRI data will be used to break down the steps for fMRI research and data analytics. Finally, we will open a discussion to discover future research opportunities for marketing research using fMRI. The purpose of this talk is to lower the entry barrier of fMRI method in neuromarketing research so that more people in the marketing field can benefit from the most advanced scientific achievement of our time and discover deepest insights into our customers.

New product entails risk, causing resistance to adoption. The recommendation system may decrease the psychological risk by guiding decision making process to be more efficient (Häubl and Trifts, 2000). AI (Artificial Intelligence) has been getting smarter and smarter and widely applied to the recommendation system. Even while you are browsing on your Facebook, AI recommends you the products that you may like based on the customized analysis of your interest. However, do people always love to adopt the smart recommends from AI? Definitely no! Then when and why people reluctantly accept AI recommendation? We assume that the product or service where the sense and feeling is important, people might be reluctant to accept the recommendation from artificial intelligence. This is because people might feel threatened when the AI challenges against human uniqueness (Gray and Wegner, 2012). Thus, in this study we investigated how the recommendation system types (AI vs. Human) affect brand attitude depending on the brand image (Symbolic vs. Functional). We found consumers are reluctant to accept a recommendation from AI in symbolic brand where human sense and feel are considered to be critical factors (Study1). This effect was further explained by uncanny-feeling toward the AI recommendation system (Study2). This research is meaningful in that it is the first attempt to apply the artificial intelligence recommendation concept to the marketing strategy by incorporating the concept of brand image. We predicted and found AI based recommendation system is reluctantly accepted for symbolic brand. Furthermore, we discovered the underlying process for this phenomenon as uncanny feeling. People seemed to have uncomfortable feelings against AI recommendation when the brand image is related to sense and feel considered as nature of human uniqueness. Thus, marketers should be very cautious when utilizing the AI recommendation system not to threaten human uniqueness area.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the Silver Spike Point (SSP) on functional constipation. The subjects were 14 female students who attended a university located in Gyeonggi province and consent to participate in this study. The inclusion criteria were the fulfillment of two or more diagnostic criteria of Rome III or scoring four or more points in Constipation Assessment Scale (CAS). The CAS score was significantly decreased in the experimental group (from 14.29±1.38 to 6.86±2.91) (p<.05), however, there was no significant change in the control group (from 14.29±1.49 to 14.14±1.21). The present study suggests that SSP intervention is effective in mitigating constipation.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of the application of familycentered training over the 12-week period by the pediatric physiotherapist on functional balance and activities of daily living in children with cerebral palsy. Among the 26 children with cerebral palsy as the subjects were allocated to the experimental and control group. Both groups were subjected to neurodevelopmental treatment by the pediatric physiotherapist. The experimental group, participated in family-centered training program 3 times a week over a period of 12 weeks for the total of 36 sessions, functional balance and activities of daily living were verified through intergroup comparison. There was no significant difference between the outcomes prior to training and after 6 weeks of training, (p>.05) Pediatric Berg's Balance Scale(PBS) and Functional Independence Measure for children(Wee-FIM) increased significantly from those measures after 6 weeks to those after 12 weeks of training (p<.05). Therefore, these results suggest that on family-centered training on children with cerebral palsy has beneficial effects on functional movements and physical activities.

목적: 국내에 유통되고 있는 운전용 기능성 안경렌즈의 종류와 조도변화 따른 대비시력 변화에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 본 연구에 참여한 대상자는 안질환이나 전신질환 및 과거와 현재 병력이 없는 성인 남녀 30명 (25±2세)으로 하였다. 연구에 사용된 렌즈는 굴절률이 1.60인 제작방식이 다른 기능성 운전용 렌즈인 황색 계열(A)렌즈, 코팅방식(B, C)렌즈 3종과 일반렌즈(N)렌즈 1종을 대상으로 하였다. 각 렌즈를 착용 상태에서 대비시력검사, 색각(배열)검사, 시력회복시간 등을 측정하였다. 결과: 실험에 사용된 렌즈를 착용한 상태에서 대비시력은 명소시 50%, 30%, 15% 그리고 암소시 100%, 30%, 15%에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었고(p<0.05), 명소시 100%, 암소시 50%에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 대비시력은 명소시 상태의 50%에서 코팅방식(C)렌즈(logMAR 0.003), 30%에서 코팅방식(B)렌즈 (logMAR 0.014), 15%에서 코팅방식(B)렌즈(logMAR 0.053)에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 암소시 상태의 대비 시력 100%에서 코팅방식(B)렌즈(logMAR 0.003), 50%에서 코팅방식(B)렌즈(logMAR 0.007), 30%에서 코팅방식(C)렌즈(logMAR 0.017), 15%에서 코팅방식(B)렌즈(logMAR 0.050)에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 색각 (배열)검사결과는 황색계열(A)렌즈에서 가로지르는 선의 개수 평균은 6.05±1.75개이었고, 일반렌즈(N)렌즈, 코팅방식(B)렌즈, 코팅방식(C)렌즈에서는 가로지르는 선은 0개 나타났다. 시력회복시간은 명소시에서 일반렌즈(N)렌즈 > 코팅방식(C)렌즈 > 코팅방식(B)렌즈 > 황색계열(A)렌즈, 암소시에서 일반렌즈(N)렌즈 > 코팅방식(C)렌즈 > 황색계열(A)렌즈 > 코팅방식(B)렌즈 순으로 나타났으며 통계적으로 유의하였다(p<0.05). 결론: 운전용 안경렌즈와 일반 안경렌즈를 착용한 상태에서 대비시력의 차이가 있었고 시력회복시간의 감소로 인해 시인성 향상이 나타났다. 색각검사에서 황색계열을 착용한 상태에서는 색의 시인성이 매우 감 소함을 알 수 있었고, 시력회복시간도 렌즈의 종류에 따라 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 운전자의 환경과 렌즈의 특성을 잘 파악하여 상황별 특성에 맞는 적절한 렌즈를 선택한다면 운전시 시기능 저하로 인한 문제들을 보완할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 동결 건조한 krill (Euphausia superba) meal을 함량별 섭취시켰을 때 7주령된 Sprague Dawley계 수컷 흰쥐의 혈청 중 alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aminotransferase (AST, ALT) 및 lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 등 혈청 간 기능 효소활성과 장기 조직의 불소 함량에 미치는 영향을 확인하였다. 기본식이를 급여한 대조군인 CG군을 비롯하여 10%, 20%, 30%의 krill meal을 첨가한 급여군을 각각 KM10군, KM20군, KM30군으로 구분하여 4군의 급여군으로 나누어 5주간 실험 사육한 결과는 다음과 같다. 혈청 중 alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aminotransferase (AST, ALT) 및 lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)의 효소 활성은 대조군인 CG군 보다 krill meal을 함량별 첨가 급여군에서 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 흰쥐의 혈청 및 장기조직(간, 뇌, 심장, 신장)의 불소 함량은 krill meal의 함량에 따라 불소 함량도 증가되는 것으로 나타났다.

We perform density functional theory calculations to study the CO and O2 adsorption chemistry of Pt@X core@shell bimetallic nanoparticles (X = Pd, Rh, Ru, Au, or Ag). To prevent CO-poisoning of Pt nanoparticles, we introduce a Pt@X core-shell nanoparticle model that is composed of exposed surface sites of Pt and facets of X alloying element. We find that Pt@Pd, Pt@Rh, Pt@Ru, and Pt@Ag nanoparticles spatially bind CO and O2, separately, on Pt and X, respectively. Particularly, Pt@Ag nanoparticles show the most well-balanced CO and O2 binding energy values, which are required for facile CO oxidation. On the other hand, the O2 binding energies of Pt@Pd, Pt@Ru, and Pt@Rh nanoparticles are too strong to catalyze further CO oxidation because of the strong oxygen affinity of Pd, Ru, and Rh. The Au shell of Pt@Au nanoparticles preferentially bond CO rather than O2. From a catalysis design perspective, we believe that Pt@Ag is a better-performing Ptbased CO-tolerant CO oxidation catalyst.

Part of speech category is a basic task in the study of grammar, and has been considered to be a long-held challenge in grammatical analyses. For the part of speech category in Chinese, an overall consensus has been reached in the academic circles through long years of researches and discussions that ,with semantic criteria basically discarded earlier on, part of speech category in Chinese should be analyzed with functional criteria instead of morphological criteria which are associated with entanglement. While this application of functional criteria seems to solve the difficult problems with the part of speech category in Chinese, it is still open to question whether this application should be viewed as a logical and reasonable approach. Most words in all the languages have the possibility of syntactic combinations, but it is an undeniable fact that there are definitely certain words used in the pragmatic expressions which are rarely subjected to syntactic restrictions. When these words with pragmatic functions are analyzed by the criteria of syntactic functions, they can have no places in the existing part of speech category in Chinese. For instance, words such as “例如、如、比如” in Chinese, which represent the meaning of exemplification, do not fit into any grammatical function of part of speech category. As a new potential for the functions of these words has been presented in the studies which are associated with discourse marks in the Western linguistics circles, The word “例如” in Chinese should be regarded as a discourse mark of exemplification function, and words like “真的、说句实话” as discourse marks which represent facts. These kinds of words should not be analyzed from the perspective of traditional syntactic functions because they obviously represent pragmatic functions. Therefore, part of speech category should be first divided into two classes based on the criteria of grammatical function of words: words with syntactic functions and words with pragmatic functions. Although words with pragmatic functions are greatly outnumbered by words with syntactic functions, they have their own particular grammatical functions and thus should be exclusively studied in accordance with their pragmatic properties, independently from the existing criteria of part of speech category.

기계 중심의 자동차에 전기/전자 부품의 장착이 증가함에 따라 자동차 내 전기/전자(EE) 시스템에 대한 기능 안전 설계 요구가 대두되고 있다. IEC 61508 국제 표준은 모든 종류의 산업에 적용 가능한 기본적인 기능 안전 표준으로 작성되었다. 자동차 분야에서는 ISO 26262가 특화된 기능 안전 표준으 로 적용되고 있다. ISO 26262는 자동차의 기술적 복잡도 증가, 소프트웨어 내용 및 메카트로닉스 증가 추세와 함께 시스템적 고장(systematic failure)과 하드웨어의 우발 고장(random hardware failure)에 의한 리스크를 방지하기 위한 지침을 포함하고 있다. ISO 26262는 자동차 안전 수명 주기(관리, 개념, 시스템 개발, 하드웨어 개발, 소프트웨어 개발, 생산, 운용, 서비스, 폐기)를 제공하고, 각수명 주기 단계 별 필요한 안전 지침을 제공하고 있다. 최근 자율주행 차량(automatic driving) 및 전기자동차모빌 리티(e-mobility) 등에 대한 전 세계적 관심이 증가하고 이에 따른 기능 안전 설계의 중요성이 더욱 증가하는 시점에서 자동차 기능 안전에 대한 올바른 개념 이해는 자동차의 안전 설계를 넘어 자동차의 사용성 및 사용자 경험을 높이기 위한 기반을 마련하는 데 필수적이라 할 수 있다. 본 발표를 통해 자동차 안전 설계 개념을 이해하고, 안전 설계를 지원하고 보장하기 위한 아이디어를 제공하기를 기대한다.

The objectives of this study were to characterize the physicochemical properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and the optimum extract processing condition to increase the solubilization efficiency of 6-gingerol and polysaccharides disintegration. The physicochemical properties were investigated under high-pressure enzyme (HP) and enzyme (WB) treatment conditions such as reaction time (1, 2, 3 h), pressure (50, 70, 100 MPa) and sample types, and cell wall degradation enzyme (hemicellulase, cellulase, pectinase, glucosidase, etc.) The effect of high-pressure enzyme treatment depending on sample types was significantly highest in the freeze-dried ginger powder. The optimum condition for high-pressure enzyme treatment was with Pectinex Ultra SP-L (Pec) enzymes for 2 h at 50oC and 100 MPa. Water soluble indexes increased 4.6 and 3.8 times more compared to CON (15.35%) while total polyphenol contents increased by 1.8 and 1.7 times compared to CON (1.43%). The total contents of indicator components such as 6, 8, 10-gingerol and shogaol was 1.53%, increasing 2.7 times more compared to CON (0.57%) with a significant difference (p<0.001). The high-pressure and enzymatic approach described in this study would be beneficial to food industries for developing ginger functional product and materials.

This study attempted to establish an ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis method for standard determination of silymarin as a health functional food material in Silybum marianum extraxt (milk thistle). UPLC was performed on a Waters Acquity BEH C18 (50×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column using a gradient elution of distilled water and methanol at a flow rate of 0.21 mL/min and detection wavelength of 288 nm. The UPLC method showed high linearity in the calibration curve at a coefficient of determination (r2) of >0.9999, and limit of detection and quantitation for 6 flavonolignans were 0.0167-0.2469 and 0.1648-1.2931 μg/mL, respectively. The recovery of each flavnolignan was in the range of 99.96-100.81%, and the relative standard deviation for precision of each flavonolignan was less than 1.0%. The UPLC method established in this study was more specific for the quantitative determination of silymarin than the HPLC method. Also, since the UPLC method is shorter in the equipment operation time and smaller in the amount of used solvent than the HPLC method, UPLC is expected to have higher energy efficiency and lower environmental impact compared with HPLC.

As the transportation sector accounts for approx. 30% of energy consumption in Germany, a gradual increase in the number of electric vehicles (1 million should be operating by 2020) can make a significant contribution to road transportation sustainability. We need to plan and construct multi-functional infrastructure corridors to accelerate the introduction of electric vehicles. These not only include the actual transportation infrastructure, but equipment for obtaining energy (solar power units and wind turbines) and the necessary recharging systems (charging points, places and lanes). Zwickau University of Applied Sciences has conducted a feasibility study to mathematically calculate the technical design criteria and energy balance (energy requirements/output) along a section of highway, depending on the electric car quota, the section’s parameters and various energy generation scenarios; this involved driving simulation and real driving experience. The experiment results clearly show that, when designing transportation infrastructure, it makes sense to plan so-called multi-functional infrastructure corridors, which enable independent energy production, parallel energy distribution through cables and directly supplies from the recharging infrastructure. The real transportation infrastructure must develop from a simple to an intelligent roadway. The road standards must take into account the new requirements for alignment and cross-section design. Zwickau University has developed a new methodology for planning and designing multi-functional infrastructure corridors. It generates them with computer support, taking into account points of constraint. Genetic algorithms serve as the mathematical model. Pilot scheme results show that it will be possible to transfer this process to engineering offices in the near future.

An electroless deposition method was used to modify the surface properties of rice husk ceramic particles (RHC) by depositing nano-nickel on the surface of the RHC (Ni-RHC). The dry tribological performances of aluminum matrix composite adobes containing different contents of RHC and Ni-RHC particles have been investigated using a micro-tribometer. Results showed that the Ni–RHC particles substantially improved both the friction and wear properties of the Ni-RHC/aluminum matrix adobes. The optimal concentration was determined to be 15 wt% for both the RHC and Ni–RHC particles. The improvements in the tribological properties of aluminum adobes including the Ni-RHC were ascribed to frictioninduced peeling off of Ni coating and formation of protection layer on the wear zone, both of which led to low friction and wear volume.