The quadriceps angle (Q angle) has been used to reflect the quadriceps muscle's force on the patella in the frontal plane. Previous investigations of the Q angle and it's relationship to knee disorders have yield equivocal results. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors related to the Q angle and it's relation to other variables such as leg length, body weight, CTA (calcaneus to tibia angle), TOA (toe out angle), and pelvic width in normal subjects. The participants were 60 students (30 men and 30 women) who had no orthopedic and neurological impairments, aged from 20 to 29 years of age, with an average age of 22.1 years. Prior to participation, each subject was informed of the procedures of the experiment from a researcher and assistant researchers. The equipment used in this study were modified standard goniometer, ruler, marking pen, and Martin apparatus for pelvic width. In order to determine the statistical significance of the experiment, regression analysis, independent t-test, and Pearson correlation were used at the 0.05 level. The results were as follows: 1) It was found that the Q angle of women is greater than that of men's from both knees. 2) There was no significant difference between right and left quadriceps angle. 3) The Q angle decreased as the body weight (leg length) shifted from low to high. 4) It seems that factors related to the Q angle were body weight, CTA, and pelvic width, but there was no significant difference at the 0.05 level.

울릉도 성인봉지역(해발 984m)에 대해 해발고별 식생변화를 살펴보기 위하여 해발고 l00m단위마다 l0m×10m(l00m2) 조사구 4개씩을 설치 총 40개 조사구를 조사하였다. 군집의 분리를 위하여 TWINSPAN과 DCA를 이용하였으며, TWINSPAN분석 결과 해발 300m이하의 저지대, 해발 400~700m사이의 중지대, 그리고 해발 800m이상의 고지대로 구분되었고, DCA분석 결과 저지대와 중지대사이에 식생의 비연속성이 뚜렷하였고, 유사도지수도 같은 경향을 나타내었다. 해발고별 종다양성분석에서는 해발고간에 차이가 없었으나, 다만 최대종다양도는 저지대로 갈수록 높았다. 밀도분석에서는 중지대가 교목층과 아교목층에서 개체수가 높게 나타났으며, 흉고단면적은 저지대가 높았다.

A Survey was carried out to investigate relation between depressive trends, stress and attitudes of food intake in adults. In the assessing of Body Mass Index (BMI), the normal weight was 80.1%, overweight was 19.1%, obese was 0.7% in men, but normal weight was 90.3%, overweight was 9.4%, obese was 0.3% in women (p<0.001). It was represented increasing trends of obesity by the increasing of ages. Women thought their health condition was worse than men (p<0.001) 15.1% of all women tried to weight control. In changes of food intake by stress, 37.8% was increased to eat, 33.7% was reduced in women. It seems that women was significantly influenced by stress than men (p<0.01). In changes of food intake by stress in ages, 39.7% was increased of 20 years but over the 30 years was decreased or no changes of food intake (p<0.0001). All subjects wanted hot and sweet taste when stress-induced eating. 56.1% of men preferred to alcohol and beverages but 33.5% of women preferred to chocolate, cookies and breads of carbohydrate foods at the stressful conditions. But stress-induced eating dose not seems to be helpful for coping with stress in adults. In the distribution of depressive trends, the level of depression was higher in women (50.7%), whereas 34.3% in men (p<0.001). The most of 3li subjects represented attitudes of food intake below 60 scores that was needed improve and counseling of professional nutritionist. It was represented inferior to attitudes of food intake by the increasing of depressive trends and stress in women. It was higher level of overweight and obese in the below 60 scores of attitudes of food intake and higher depressive groups.

Recently the researches to enhance the hand function of brain injured clients are increased. One of those aspects is related to in-hand manipluation. In-hand manipulation is divided to four types: that is finger-to-palm translation. palm-to-finger translation, shift, and rotation. The purpose of this study was to find type of in-hand manipulation in normal adults in six activities and to differentiate the pattern of in-hand manipulation between normal adults and children with cerebral palsy. The participants were consist of twenty normal adults and twenty cerebral palsy. children. As a results, cerebral palsy children significantly used at lower frequence than normal adults in 3 activities. Also, in the other items, there are some pattern to differenciate between normal adults and cerebral palsy children but that was not significant statistically. The development of in-hand manipulation skills involves improvement in the dimension of activities of daily living skills training and more detailed evaluation method will be needed.

Trunk holding test (Sorensen test) appear to have more value than strength test in prediction the occurrence of low back pain. Electromyographic activity of trunk extensor muscles during these test may provide clues to the etiology of neuromuscular-based low back pain. This study investigated the difference in back muscle endurance between healthy adult men and women using surface electromyographic (EMG) power spectral analysis. Thirty hea1thy subjects (15 men and 15 women) performed an unsupported trunk holding test for 60 seconds. Recording surface electrodes were placed over the erector spinae medially and laterally at vertebral levels of and . Slope of total frequency was evaluated using the MP100WSW Fast Fourier Transform spectrum analysis program. The slopes of all indices of back muscle fatigue, except right , were significantly steeper in men than in women (p<0.05). Our results indicated that the trunk holding test using EMG power spectral analysis of erector spinae muscles is useful for the evaluation of fatigue rate of these muscles. Our results also showed a higher muscle endurance in healthy adult women than in men.

울릉도 성인봉 원시림의 식생구조를 밝히기 위해 400m2(20m×20m)의 조사구 10개를 설치하였다. 성인봉원시림은 우산고로쇠, 너도밤나무가 우점종이었으며 너도밤나무군집. 우산고로쇠-너도밤나무군집. 우산고로쇠군집으로 나누어졌다. 울릉도의 지리적 입지와 식생 특성상 각 군집의 Shannon 종다양도는 0.5150~0.8437로 낮은 편이었다. 상대우점치 분석, 흉고직경급별 분포 분석 등 군집구조 분석 결과, 성인봉 원시림은 성숙한 산림으로 현 상태를 오랜 기간 동안 지속적으로 유지할 것으로 판단되었다. 수목 생장유형 분석 결과, 과거 너도 밤나무림이 우점하던 성인봉 원시림에서 교란에 의해 우산고로쇠의 세력이 확대된 것으로 추정되었다.

옥천대의 남서대와 영남육괴의 북서 경계부에 대략 평행한 2열로 분포되어 있는 전주 및 순창 엽리상화강암류의 근원마그마의 분화과정 및 성인을 규명하기 위하여 양 암체의 암석학적 및 지화학적 특성을 비교, 고찰하였다. 주성분 원소의 분석결과는 전주 및 순창엽리상화강암이 암석화학적으로 퍼알루미나 또는 칼크알칼리 계열에 속함을 보였으며, 기존의 화강암류 성인에 대한 I/S형 및 자철석/티탄철석 계열의 분류기준을 적용할 경우 비록 원소화학적으로는 I-형과 자철석 계열이 우세한 경향을 보이지만 일관성있게 분류되지 않는 특성을 보였다. 주성부 원소의 분석결과에 의한 CIPW norm 조성에서, 전주암체는 분화가 진행됨에 따라 화강섬록암에서 화강암으로 진화되는 반면, 순창암체는 화강섬록암에서 석영몬조섬록암으로 진화되는 특성을 보였다. 이는 양 암체가 지각물질과의 동화 혹은 결정분별과정 등을 포함하는 마그마 진화의 후기 과정에서 서로 상이했음을 시사한다. 전주 및 순창암체의 희토류원소 분포형태는 양 암체 모두에서 Eu(-) 이상이 거의 나타나지 않고 LREE가 HREE에 비해 극도로 부화된 경향을 보여 서로 매우 유사했다. 이러한 희토류 원소의 분포형태는 우리나라의 선불국사 화강암류에서 보여지는 공통적인 희토류원소의 분포형태와 유사한 것이다. 이상의 결과들은 전주 및 순창엽리상화강암이 그 조성에 있어 서로 유사한 근원암 즉, 화성암질 조성을 갖는 대륙지각의 부분용융에 의해서 형성된 마그마를 기원으로 하고 있으며, 서로 유사한 마그마 분화정치과정을 거쳤음을 시사한다.

Twenty normal female subjects participated in a study designed to motion on the time required to complete manual tasks from the Jebsen Hand Function Test. The Jebsen Hand Function Test consists of seven subtests: writing; turning cards; picking up small objects; simulating feeding; stacking checkers; picking up large and light objects; picking up large and heavy objects. At this study, writing was excluded. Activities were performed with the wrist free and with the wrist immobilized by the volar splints that were flexed 40" and 80" . Data were analyzed using the MANOVA(Mu1tiple analysis of variance) and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. The results showed that the time for performing the subtasks(turning cards, picking up small objects, stacking checkers) statistically significantly decreased during a wrist 40" flexion rather than a wrist free. Especially when a wrist was flexed 80" , the performing time of all subtasks statistically significantly decreased rather than a wrist free. Only one subtask(simu1ating feeding), 20-29 years old female statistically significantly decreased in performing time rather than 30-39 years old female with a wrist free. This study presents that a hand function is affected by a variable wrist position.

The purpose of this study was to asses and compare the effects of superficial heating on the pain threshold at limbs in healthy adult and adult hemiplegia. We used hot pack for superficial heat and applied to healthy adult(n=12) and adult hemiplegia(n=12) on lumbar region. Pain treshold was quantatively measured by an electrical stimulator and measured before hot pack application, immediatly and post 30 minutes after hot pack application on the distal parts of limbs(styloid process of radius, medial malleoulus of tibia). The results were as follows 1) A statically significant defference in pain treshold were not found at limbs of healthy adult and adult hemiplegia that have an affected side and a non-affected side before hot pack application, immediatly and post 30 minutes after hot pack apllication(p>0.05). 2) In comparance of pain threshold of upper and lower limbs in the all subjects, pain threshold was significantly increase at lower limbs(p<0.01). 3) In comparance of pain threshold of limbs between healthy adult and adult hemiplegia, pain threshold was showed a significant defferance at the upper and lower limbs of affected side before hot pack application(p<0.05, p<0.01).

Two standard methods of cane length measurements were compared to find which methods really achieve the elbow flexion of 20 degrees to 30 degrees Twenty-four patients with hemiplegia who were ambulatory participated in this study. Method I : Length of the cane measured from the floor to the top of the greater trochanter. Method II : Length of the cane measured from the floor to the distal wrist crease with the arm at the side. Using an adjustable cane, each individual was fitted according to the two methods, and elbow angle was measured after each adjustment. The elbow angle according to Method I and Method II was , , respectively. No significant difference was found in the elbow angle or the cane length between the two methods. Of the 24 participants, 5(20.8%) measured according to method I and 3(12.5%) measured according to method II showed the elbow angle between 20 degrees and 30 degrees. These low predictive rates of agreement between ideal cane length and actually achieved elbow angle showed that these two methods which have conventionally been accepted as a standard to measure ideal cane length need to be revised through further research.

The purpose of this study was to investigate several aspects of eating out behavior especially in relation to Korean food. Self-administered questionnairs were completed by 700 adults living Seoul and Kyunggi-do area from June to July 1994. The results were as follows: 1. The 68.4% of subjects ate outside home either frequently or occasionally. Lunch-eat-out was the most frequent and breakfast-eat-out, the least. Male subjects, adults under the age of 50, and students ate out more frequently. 2. The 70.3% of subjects spent less than 5000 won for the expense of eating out. Those under the age of 25 and students considered reasonable the expenditure of less than 3000 won for lunch and less than 5000 won for supper. But older adults and workers and housewives prefered 3000~5000 won for lunch and 5000~15000 won for supper. 3. Nayngmyun, bibimbap, jajangmyun, pizza, Broiled galbi, and pork cutlet were favorite eat-out dishes. Among Korean foods, bibimbap, Broiled galbi, nayngmyun, bulgogi and galbitang were frequently selected menues. While Korean dishes had a tendency to be selected as a first choice, noodle type dishes and western style fast food were prefered as a second and third choices. 4. Korean food restaurants received highest score in the food taste and familiarity evaluations. They also received good grade in such points as the nutritive value of food, amount of serving portion and the variety of menu. But as for the sanitation and food price, Korean restaurant scored the lower mark in comparison to noodle restaurant and fast food restaurant.

This study examined 'traditional' and 'modern' food use in Korean adults. Using a 24 hour recall method, trained interviewers assessed dietary intakes of 240 subjects aged 20's to 50's living in Seoul. Depending on the cultural characteristics of foods, 495 different kinds of foods eaten by the subjects were classified into 6 (Korean, Western, Eastern, modified Korean, modofied Western, modified Eeatern) types. The foods were also divided into 3 ('main dish', 'side dish', 'others') categories. Based on these categories, the dietary intakes of the subjects were analyzed in terms of proportionate frequencies of individual food items. The most frequenctly eaten food was the Korean food (67.68%), followed by the Western (22.61%), modified Eatern (2.31%), modified Western (1.65%), and modified Korean (1.36%) foods. Regarding the main dish category, the Korean food received the highest proportion due to the Korean's frequent intake of rice. Korean style foods were the most frequenctly consumed side dish (43.97% of total food consumption). In particular, kimchi consisted of 27.4% of the foods consumed as a side dish. In the 'others' category, Western style foods obtained the highest proportion owing to coffee consumption. The results of the study indicates some methodological problems and suggests a need for further studies.

This study was designed to develop an objective method of strength measurement of muscles controlling the wrist joint in normal subjects. Forty subjects (20 male, 20 female) with a mean age of 22 years, were tested isokinetically at and . Results were as follows, 1) Peak torque for wrist flexors, extensors were significantly different for both speeds, but wrist ulnar deviator, radial deviator peak torques were not, 2) Mean values for all muscle groups controlling the wrist were not significantly different for both speeds in the female group, 3) All mean values at both and were significantly different between males and females, 4) Means and standard deviations of wrist joint angle of movement at peak torque were determined.

This study was carried out to estimate the daily intake of lead and the relationship among dietary intake, serum level, and urinary excretion of calcium in 30 healthy adults living in rural area of Korea(12 males and 18 females). Analyses for the nutritional status of the subjects were performed by 3-day dietary intake record, duplicated diet collection, 24-hour urine collection, and venous blood sampling. The results were as follows : The mean daily intake of energy was 2, 176.3㎉ and l, 613.9㎉ in males and females of 20∼49years, and l, 914.8㎉ and l, 517.9㎉ in males and females of 50∼59years, respectively. The ratio of carbohydrate: fat: protein was 73.4:13.6:13.0 in males and 76.4:10.3:13.3 in females. The mean daily intake of lead was 277.2㎍ in males and 192.0㎍ in females. The mean daily intake, serum level, and urinary excretion of calcium were 491.1㎎, 8.9㎎/㎗, and 80.7㎎ in males and 426.7㎎, 8.8㎎/㎗, and 80.3㎎ in females, respectively. No significant correlation was found between the daily lead intake and the dietary intake, serum level, and urinary excretion of calcium. It was concluded that the daily lead intake was lower than the acceptable daily lead intake of FAO/WHO but a little higher than that of other investigations. And the daily lead intake was not level that relate to calcium status seriously.

본 연구는 식생활 태도와 비만·빈혈과의 관계를 알고자 김천시에 거주하는 40대 및 50대 중년 154명를 대상으로 1991년 1월에서 2월까지 조사하였고 자료의 분석은 빈도, 백분율, 평균 및 표준편차, Pearson Correlation에 의해 처리하였다. 조사대상자의 식생활 태도는 평균 31.3이고, 전체의 32.5%가 양호한 식생활 태도를 보유하였다. 각 항목별 평균은 채소류의 매일 섭취가 가장 높았고, 인스턴트식품의 이용율 평균이 가장 낮은 실행율을 나타내었다. 전체 조사자의 34.4%가 비만으로 평가되었고 유의한 상관을 보인 항목은 규칙적인 아침식사, 일정량의 식사섭취, 식품배합에 대한 관심, 편식을 고치기 위한 노력, 간식의 有無, 식욕, 건강을 고려한 식사, 인스턴트 식품의 이용, 녹황색 채소 및 단백질 식품과 해조류의 매일섭취이며 이중 간식의 有無만이 不의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 전체 조사자의 9.1%가 빈혈로 판명되었고 유의한 상관관계를 보인 식생활 태도 항목은 편식을 고치기 위한 노력, 즐거운 식사, 식욕, 식품첨가물에 대한 주의, 건강을 고려한 식사, 인스턴트 식품의 이용, 녹황색 채소나 채소류·해조류의 매일 섭취, 규칙적인 3食이다. 이중 즐거운 식사, 식욕, 식품첨가물에 대한 관심, 채소류나 유지류의 매일 섭취, 규칙적인 3食 항목은 不의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 비만·빈혈은 식품의 섭취뿐만 아니라 식생활을 영위하는 태도에 의해서 좌우되어질 수 있으므로 영향을 미칠 수 있는 식생활 태도에 관해서는 더욱 세밀한 조사를 하여 바른 식생활 습관을 유도하기 위한 지침 마련과 식생활에 대한 가치관 조성에 보다 관심을 가지도록 노력하여야 할 것으로 생각된다.