Quality function deployment (QFD) is a widely adopted customer-oriented product development methodology by translating customer requirements (CRs) into technical attributes (TAs), and subsequently into parts characteristics, process plans, and manufacturing operations. A main activity in QFD planning process is the determination of the target levels of TAs of a product so as to achieve a high level of customer satisfaction using the data or information included in the houses of quality (HoQ). Gathering the information or data for a HoQ may involve various inputs in the form of linguistic data which are inherently vague, or human perception, judgement and evaluation for the information and data. This research focuses on how to deal with this kind of impreciseness in QFD optimization. In this paper, it is assumed as more realistic situation that the values of TAs are taken as discrete, which means each TA has a few alternatives, as well as the customer satisfaction level acquired by each alternative of TAs and related cost are determined based on subjective or imprecise information and/or data. To handle these imprecise information and/or data, an approach using some basic definitions of fuzzy sets and the signed distance method for ranking fuzzy numbers is proposed. An example of a washing machine under two-segment market is provided for illustrating the proposed approach, and in this example, the difference between the optimal solution from the fuzzy model and that from the crisp model is compared as well as the advantage of using the fuzzy model is drawn.

Control chart is representative tools of statistical process control (SPC). It is a graph that plotting the characteristic values from the process . It has two steps (or Phase). First step is a procedure for finding a process parameters. It is called PhaseⅠ. This step is to find the process parameters by using data obtained from in-controlled process. It is a step that the standard value was not determined. Another step is monitoring process by already known process parameters from PhaseⅠ. It is called Phase Ⅱ. These control chart is the process quality characteristic value for management, which is plotted dot whether the existence within the control limit or not. But, this is not given information about the economic loss that occurs when a product characteristic value does not match the target value. In order to meet the customer needs, company not only consider stability of the process variation but also produce the product that is meet the target value. Taguchi’s quadratic loss function is include information about economic loss that occurred by the mismatch the target value. However, Taguchi’s quadratic loss function is very simple quadratic curve. It is difficult to realistically reflect the increased amount of loss that due to a deviation from the target value. Also, it can be well explained by only on condition that the normal process. Spiring proposed an alternative loss function that called reflected normal loss function (RNLF). In this paper, we design a new control chart for overcome these disadvantage by using the Spiring’s RNLF. And we demonstrate effectiveness of new control chart by comparing its average run length (ARL) with x-R control chart and expected loss control chart (ELCC).

This study carried out fiber damage detections of laminated GFRP plate structures using a modified bi-variate Gamma function. The effects of different layup sequences of composites on the fiber damage detection are studied using the finite element commercial package and genetic algorithm. Four unknown parameters are considered to determine the shape of the damage distribution, which is a modified form of the bivariate Gamma density distribution function. The sample studies show the excellence of the proposed method from the standpoints of its computation efficiency as well as its ability to determine the complex shape of an arbitrary stiffness degradation distribution.

목적 : 본 연구는 경도 인지장애 선별을 위한 전산화 인지기능 평가의 체계적 고찰을 통해 임상 및 연구의 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 연구방법: 2015년 11월 한 달 동안 Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO, The Cochrane Library에서 “computerized” OR “computer-based” AND “cognitive assessment” OR “screening test” AND “mild cognitive impairment”의 키워드를 검색하여 최종적으로 12개의 연구에서 9개의 전산화 인지기능 평가를 추출하였다. 연구의 질적 수준, 평가 구성 비율, 대상자 선정기준, 평가 운영체제, 시행방법, 평가영역, 신뢰도, 민감도 및 특이도를 분석하였다. 결과 : 12편의 연구 질적 수준을 분석한 결과 수준Ⅱ의 연구는 11편으로 전체의 91.7%였고 수준Ⅲ 단계의 연구는 1편으로 전체의 8.3%를 차지하여 전반적인 근거수준은 대체로 높았다. 경도 인지장애 대상자 선 정을 위해서 간이정신건강상태검사(Mini-Mental State Examination; MMSE)을 포함해 다양한 평가를 사용하고 있었다. 9개의 전산화 인지기능 평가 중 알츠하이머형 치매 선별도 가능한 것은 3개였다. 대부분의 평가는 컴퓨터 기반으로 3~30분 이내의 시간에 시행되고 있었으며, 키보드 또는 마우스를 이용한 자기시행법이 가장 많았고 터치를 이용한 방법이 다음으로 많았다. 각 평가별로 평가영역에 차이가 있었 으나 기억력 평가는 모든 평가에 포함되어 있었으며 평가의 신뢰도는 대체로 높았다. 평가의 민감도 및 특이도는 지필평가와 유사하거나 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통하여 경도 인지장애 선별을 위한 전산화 인지기능 평가의 특징을 종합적으로 알아보았다. 연구결과는 추후 경도 인지장애 선별을 위한 전산화 인지기능 평가 개발을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Background: Many studies regarding task-oriented training have recently demonstrated functional improvement in patients with post-stroke hemiparesis. The task-oriented approach is very diverse, and chronic stroke patients must have access to a sustained systematic treatment program to enhance their walking ability. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of the task-oriented circuit training and treadmill training on walking function and quality of life in patients with chronic stroke. Methods: Fourteen patients with chronic stroke volunteered for this study. The subjects were randomly divided into a task-oriented circuit training group and a treadmill training group with 7 patients in each. Each training regimen was performed for 30 min a day and 3 days a week for 4 weeks. Assessment tools included the Timed Up-and-Go Test (TUGT), 10-m Walk Test, 6-min Walk Test (6MWT), and the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS). Results: The change in results of the TUGT, 6MWT, and SIS measured prior to and following the training regimens appeared to be significantly different between the two groups (p<.05). In addition, after the intervention, significant differences were found for all parameters in the task-oriented circuit training group and for the TUGT, 6MWT, and SIS in the treadmill training group (p<.05). Conclusion: The findings suggest that task-related circuit training and treadmill training may be helpful to improve walking function and quality of life of patients with post-stroke hemiparesis. Additionally, a task-related circuit training program may achieve more favorable outcomes than a treadmill program.

This study performed an inverse detection of fiber stiffness degradation that occurs due to damages in free vibrating composite structures. Five unknown parameters are considered to determine the fiber stiffness which is a modified form of the bivariate Gaussian distribution function. The proposed approach is more feasible than the conventional element-based damage detection method from the computational efficiency because a finite element analysis coupled with a genetic algorithm using a small number of unknown parameters is performed. The numerical examples show that the proposed technique is a feasible and practical method, which can prove the location of a damaged region as well as inspect the distribution of deteriorated fiber stiffness although there is a small difference in dynamic characteristics between damaged and undamaged structures.

제1차 산지관리기본계획(산림청, 2012)에서는 도시폭염 과 열대와 완화를 위해 산지의 녹색 서비스 기능 중 '산림의 녹색에어컨 기능 확대' 필요성을 강조하였다. 녹색에어컨 기능을 확대하기 위해서는 ‘찬공기 생성원 분석’ 및 생성원 과 유입지역을 연계할 수 있는 ‘찬공기 이동통로 분석’이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 정맥의 녹색에어컨 기능을 확대하 기 위해, 정맥의 찬공기 생성원을 분석하고 지형과 토지이 용에 따른 찬공기 이동 및 생성정도를 파악하였다. 또한 이 를 바탕으로 정맥의 녹색 에어컨 기능 관리체계 구축을 위 한 방안을 제시하였다. 사례지역은 정맥의 특성 및 지역적 특성을 대표하는 3곳 을 선정하였는데, 대도시 인근에 위치해 주거지 개발 등 인 위적 간섭이 심하고, 해발고 및 위도가 타지역에 비해 가장 낮은 지역인 부산 구덕산 일대, 대도시에 인접해 있지만 해 발고도가 높은 울산 고헌산 일대, 포항시, 영천시, 경주시에 인접하여 개발 압력이 심해질 것으로 예상되는 포항 운주산 일대로 선정하였다. 정맥의 찬공기 특성(찬공기 흐름 및 찬 공기 층의 높이)을 분석하기 위해서 독일에서 개발된 찬공 기 분석 모형 KALM(Kaltluftabflussmodell)을 활용하였다. 주요 입력자료로써 지형자료 및 토지이용자료가 사용되었 는데, 본 연구에서는 토지이용자료를 suburb, forest, open land, city center, water, traffic areas, industrial areas의 7개 유형으로 구분하였다. 사례지역의 녹색에어컨 기능의 분석 결과는 다음과 같이 종합할 수 있다. 부산 구덕산 일대는 대도시 도심에 위치한 관계로 정맥의 접경지역까지 개발이 이루어져 있었고, 이로 인해, 생성된 찬공기가 계곡지형에 건설된 건축물로 인해 와류되어 흐름이 약해지고 시가지까지 유입되지 못하였다. 즉, 생성된 찬공기가 충분히 발달될 수 있는 환경이 조성되 어 있지 않아서 분석지역 중 가장 약한 찬공기 흐름과 낮은 찬공기 층 높이를 나타내었다. 울산 고헌산(해발고도 1,033m) 일대는 높은 산으로 둘러싸인 계곡형 지형으로 계곡의 폭이 넓은 것이 특징이다. 이러한 지형적 특징으로 인해, 생성된 찬공기가 넓은 계곡 지형을 따라 흐르면서 점차 발달될 수 있으며, 분석지역 중 가장 양호한 찬공기 흐름을 보여주었 다. 충분히 발달된 찬공기는 계곡 지형에 위치한 개발지(농 공단지, 산업단지)로 유입되며, 계곡 하단부에 위치한 삼남 면까지 원활하게 유입되고 있다. 포항 운주산 일대는 복잡 한 산악 및 계곡지형을 가지는 곳으로써, 생성된 찬공기가 좁고 굴곡진 계곡 지형을 이동하면서 계곡 하단부로 점진적 으로 발달하고 있었다. 이로 인해 하단부에 위치한 영천시 시가지로 찬공기가 유입될 수 있었으며, 특히 영천호 주변 의 분지형 지형으로 찬공기 층이 두껍게 발달하여, 분석 대 상지 중 가장 높은 찬공기 층을 형성하였다. 이를 바탕으로 정맥의 관리방안을 제안하였다. 부산 구덕산 일대는 구덕산, 승학산, 시악산, 엄광산에서 차고 신선한 공기의 생성이 시작되므로, 시가지까지 흐르는 강한 찬공기 흐름을 활용하기 위해서 산지 및 지형훼손을 야기하는 개발로부터 반드시 보전되어야 한다. 특히, 생성 된 찬공기가 충분히 발달하기 위해 계곡지형은 반드시 보전 해야 하며, 기존의 건축물 이외의 추가적인 건설은 지양되 어야 하고, 장기적으로는 도시재생사업 등을 통해 계곡지형 에 위치한 개발지는 기후친화적인 방향으로 재개발되어야 한다. 정맥 접경지역에 고밀도 개발이 이루어지고 있는 구 덕산 일대는 생성된 찬공기가 발달할 수 있는 계곡지역까지 건축물이 건설되어 있어 찬공기 효과가 시가지까지 유입되 지 못하고 있다. 남서쪽 지역(하단동, 당리동, 괴정동) 및 북서쪽 지역(학장동, 엄궁동)에 차고 신선한 공기를 공급하 기 위해 현 상태의 찬공기 흐름이 유지·관리 되어야 하며, 접경지역의 개발계획시 엄격한 허가기준 적용 및 관리계획 을 수립해야 한다. 울산 고헌산 및 대상지 서쪽외곽에 위치한 정맥은 차고 신선한 공기의 생성이 시작되는 곳이므로, 산지 및 지형 훼 손을 야기하는 개발로부터 보전되어야 한다. 또한, 경부고 속철도역세권 도시개발구역 및 송대도시개발구역의 서쪽 에 위치한 산지는 현재 개발예정지역의 원활하지 못한 찬공 기 흐름을 악화시키지 않기 위해 개발로부터 반드시 보전되 어야 한다. 상북면 서쪽의 능선을 따라 흐르는 차고 신선한 공기는 대상지 전체의 온도조절 기능에 중요한 역할을 하므 로 현 상태의 찬공기 흐름이 유지·관리되어야 해야 한다. 특히, 삼남면 및 언양읍의 원활한 찬공기 흐름을 유지하기 위해 길천 일반산업단지 남쪽지역 및 언양읍 북서쪽지역은 현재의 개발상태를 유지하도록 하며, 또한, 동쪽에 위치한 두 곳의 도시개발구역(울산송대, 고속철도 역세권)은 향후 개발을 진행하는 과정에서 현재의 원활하지 못한 찬공기 흐름을 악화시키지 않는 개발계획을 수립해야 한다. 포항 운주산 및 도덕산 일대 정맥은 차고 신선한 공기의 생성이 시작되는 곳으로, 산지 및 지형 훼손을 야기하는 개 발로부터 보전되어야 한다. 운주산 및 도덕산 일대에 생성 된 차고 신선한 공기가 서쪽(영천시가지) 및 동쪽(포항시 기계면 및 경주시 안강읍)의 찬공기 흐름에 중요한 역할을 하므로, 찬공기 생성지 인근의 계곡 지형에 대한 개발계획 시 현 상태의 찬공기 흐름이 유지·관리될 수 있도록 계획해 야 한다. 영천호 주변은 분지형 지형으로 인해 생성된 두꺼 운 찬공기 층이 주변으로 이동하지 않고 정체해 있는데, 정 체되어 있는 찬공기 층은 서리에 약한 농작물에 피해를 끼 치며, 대기오염이 발생했을 경우 확산되지 않아 호흡기 계 통이 약한 환자 및 노약자의 건강에 영향을 미칠 수 있으므 로, 이 지역에서는 새로운 농공단지 및 주거단지의 입지를 지양해야 한다. 본 연구의 결고는 향후 녹색에어컨 기능 산지의 양적 확 대 및 보전을 위한 정맥관리 강화 등 ‘녹색에어컨 기능을 확대하는 정책 마련’에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

The purpose of this study was to identify correlations among the continence function, cognitive function, and activities of daily living(ADL) in elderly male patients with dementia in geriatric hospitals. The subjects were 64 patients aged 65 or above who were diagnosed with dementia among the hospitalized male patients in a geriatric hospital. For the subjects' cognitive function, a questionnaire developed for the Korean Mini Mental Status Examination(K-MMSE) was used. For the continence function and ADL, data were collected using a patient evaluation table. As a result, a lower level of cognitive function resulted in corresponding higher levels of dependence in all items of ADL except bathing(p<.05), and a lower level of cognitive function led to corresponding declines in the continence function(bowel control, bladder control)(p<.01). In addition, a higher level of dependence in ADL resulted in corresponding higher levels of difficulty in bowel and bladder control(p<.01). This study showed correlations among the cognitive function, ADL, and continence function of elderly men with dementia. The results of this study may be used as basic data for the management and treatment of hospitalized elderly male patients with dementia in geriatric hospitals.

In the manufacturing industry fields, thousands of quality characteristics are measured in a day because the systems of process have been automated through the development of computer and improvement of techniques. Also, the process has been monitored in database in real time. Particularly, the data in the design step of the process have contributed to the product that customers have required through getting useful information from the data and reflecting them to the design of product. In this study, first, characteristics and variables affecting to them in the data of the design step of the process were analyzed by decision tree to find out the relation between explanatory and target variables. Second, the tolerance of continuous variables influencing on the target variable primarily was shown by the application of algorithm of decision tree, C4.5. Finally, the target variable, loss, was calculated by a loss function of Taguchi and analyzed. In this paper, the general method that the value of continuous explanatory variables has been used intactly not to be transformed to the discrete value and new method that the value of continuous explanatory variables was divided into 3 categories were compared. As a result, first, the tolerance obtained from the new method was more effective in decreasing the target variable, loss, than general method. In addition, the tolerance levels for the continuous explanatory variables to be chosen of the major variables were calculated. In further research, a systematic method using decision tree of data mining needs to be developed in order to categorize continuous variables under various scenarios of loss function.

목 적: 노인의 시각과 청각 기능을 검사하여 시력저하와 청력손실이 노인의 전반적인 삶의 질에 미치는 영향을 파악하여 노인을 대상으로 한 안보건 정책과 시·청각 재활프로그램의 기초 자료를 마련하고자 한다. 방 법: 65세 이상 노인 50명(남: 19명, 여: 31명)을 대상으로 평가하였다. 시각과 청각 기능검사는 원거 리 시력검사, 굴절이상도, 순음청력검사를 시행하였고, 삶의 질 검사는 WHOQOL-BREF(World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF), SGDS(Short form of Geriatric Depression Scale), MMSE-K (Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination)를 통하여 측정하였다. 결 과: 원거리시력이 저하됨에 따라 심리적인 건강과 전반적인 삶의 질이 감소되는 유의미한 결과를 보 였다(p ＜.05). 경도 원시와 경도 근시안에서 WHOQOL-BREF와 SGDS는 정상에 비해 부정적인 결과를 보 였으나 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보이지는 않았다(p > .05). 청력손실이 심할수록 WHOQOL-BREF, SGDS, MMSE-K의 평가 결과가 부정적으로 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p > .05). 원거리시력은 신체적 건강과 전반적인 삶의 질에서 상관계수 .36(p < .05)과 .38(p < .01)로 낮은 상관 관계를 보였고, 청력도 인지기능 점수와 상관계수 -.30(p < .05)로 낮은 상관관계를 나타냈다. 결 론: 노인의 시각과 청각의 기능저하는 삶의 질, 우울, 인지기능에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나 타났다.

Lee Jee-won. 2015. “The interactional function of the first-person plural pronouns women and zanmen in naturally occurring conversation”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(3). 239~266. This study examines the use of first-person plural pronouns in spoken Chinese from a conversational-analytic perspective. Focusing on the pronouns, women and zanmen, this study shows that the use of first person plural pronouns systematically functions to create a membership category between participants. In particular, we investigate the exact categories that are enacted and how the participants in a conversation recognize and use them in the course of an interaction. We argue that participants produce and recognize categories in their talk and that these categories index aspects of a speaker's relationship with the other participants, such as social difference or intimacy. This study offers a new understanding of what motivates speakers' choice of discourse forms and patterns in the evolving sequence of talk.(123 words)

This paper introduces the function of database in language research.the database of Hanja dictionary in ancient Korean is a multi - functional query software. Its contents include three representative Hanja dictionaries in ancient Korean. According to the characteristics of different Hanja dictionaries, The author design index query way of the prefix, number, categories, radical and full-text. This paper also introduces the application of database in language research.

The country has been to industrialization, urbanization, centralization due to rapid economic growth and industrial facilities are aging by focusing on economic growth. These industrial facilities are often due to an unexpected accident occurred. This study was performed for suggesting the plan to promote the function of safety management for national infrastructures. In order to achieve the goal of study, safety association laws were analyzed, and safety-related organizations were investigated by business fields.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of underwater treadmill gait training (UTGT) and overground treadmill gait training (OTGT) on the gait, balance ability and pulmonary function of stroke patients. Twenty subjects were recruited for this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: UTGT (n1=10) and OTGT (n2=10). The 10 m walk test (10 MWT), Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, center of pressure, pulmonary function of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume after 1 sec (FEV1) and FEV1/FVC were measured before and after 4 weeks of training. Both groups undertook the gait training for 30 min a day, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks, and rating of perceived exertion of the groups were measured and compared. All the studied variables were significantly improved in both groups (p<.05) at the end of the study, except in the FEV1 of OTGT (p>.05). There was significant between-group difference in all of the variables, except in the 10 MWT (p>.05). These findings suggest that UTGT is more effective than OTGT in improving the balance and pulmonary functions of stroke patients.

The purpose of this study was to parallel circuit training and circuit training with sonic systemic mechanism was to compare the differences in pulmonary function and chest expansion in adult men. This study was performed on 20 subjects. 20 subjects were divided into two groups; Circuit training group(n=10), Circuit training with sonic systemic mechanism(n=10). Both of the group performed the exercise 3 times a week for 5 weeks. The data was analyzed by the Repeated t-test for comparing before, during and after changes of factors in each group and the Independent t-test for comparing the between groups. The result are as follows. Circuit training group was statistically significant difference FVC, FEV1/FVC(p<.05), Circuit training with sonic systemic mechanism group was statistically significant difference PEF, VC in pulmonary function(p<.05). Circuit training group was statistically significant difference FEV1/FVC of between the two group in pulmonary function(p<.05). Circuit training group and circuit training with sonic systemic mechanism group was statistically significant difference in chest expansion(p<0.05) and there was no statistically significant difference of between the two group in chest expansion(p>.05).

The purpose of this study compared the ability of feedback breathing training (FBT) and balloon blowing training to enhance the breathing of elderly people. The subjects were randomly and evenly divided into a feedback breathing training group (FBTG) and a balloon blowing training group (BBTG). Each group trained 3 times a week for 4 weeks, with the training suspended during the last 2 weeks. Pulmonary function measurements were obtained before the test and 2, 4 and 6 weeks after the test: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow (PEF) and vital capacity (VC). A repeatedmeasures ANOVA was conducted for the significance test. The FBT resulted in a significant increase in the FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEF, and VC of the elderly smokers after 4 weeks and a significant decrease in the FVC, FEV1/FVC, and PEF after 6 weeks. The BBT resulted in a significant increase in the FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF, and VC of the elderly smokers after 4 weeks and a significant decrease in the FVC, FEV1/FVC, and PEF after 6 weeks. In conclusion, An at home breathing rehabilitation program, in addition to balloon blowing, could increase the breathing performance of elderly people.

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of continuous antagonistic muscle strengthening exercise and Evjenth-Hamberg stretching on the pulmonary function of university students with abnormal transformation of forward head posture(FHP). The results of study subject to the continuous antagonistic muscle strengthening(CAS) group(n=10) and Evjenth- Hamberg stretching(EHS) group(n=10) that was conducted 3 times a week for 6 weeks are as follow. FVC, IVC, and MVV all were shown to be significant in the pre·post comparison between the CAS group and EHS group(p<.05), and significant difference was shown for MW between the two groups(p<.05) in which the CAS group showed better effect. Based on the results above, it is considered that combining continuous antagonistic muscle strengthening exercise has better effect on pulmonary function compared to application of only Evjenth-Hamberg stretching.

Control chart is a graph of plotting dot in the process characteristic values. It is a statistical technique that can be known whether or not the in-control state in this step. In many companies have use as a statistical process control(SPC) tool. Control chart is the management process quality characteristic value, which is plotted dot is whether the existence within the control limits. But, this is not given information about the economic loss that occurs when a product is produced characteristic value does not match the target value of the process. In that sence, expected loss control chart(EL control chart) is very effective process control tool. Because it is a process control chart in consideration to economic loss. The EL control chart is using the quadratic loss function of Taguchi. However, Taguchi’s quadratic loss function is simple quadratic curve. It is difficult to realistically reflect the increased amount of loss that due to a deviation from the target value. In this paper, we design a new control chart using the reflected normal loss function(RNLF). And we demonstrate its effectiveness by using the control chart performance comparison of EL control chart.