We present photometric results of the  Sct star V1162 Ori, which is extensively monitored for a total of 49 nights from mid-December 2014 to early-March 2015. The observations are made with three KMTNet (Korea Microlensing Telescope Network) 1.6 m telescopes installed in Chile, South Africa, and Australia. Multiple frequency analysis is applied to the data and resulted in clear detection of seven frequencies without an alias problem: five known frequencies and two new ones with small amplitudes of 1.2-1.7 mmag. The amplitudes of all but one frequency are significantly different from previous results, confirming the existence of long-term amplitude changes. We examine the variations in pulsation timings of V1162 Ori for about 30 years by using the times of maximum light obtained from our data and collected from the literatures. The O − C (Observed minus Calculated) timing diagram shows a combination of a downward parabolic variation with a period decreasing rate of (1/P)dP/dt = −4.22 × 10−6 year−1 and a cyclic change with a period of about 2780 days. The most probable explanation for this cyclic variation is the light-travel-time effect caused by an unknown binary companion, which has a minimum mass of 0.69 M⊙. V1162 Ori is the first  Sct-type pulsating star of which the observed fast period decrease can be interpreted as an evolutionary effect of a pre-main sequence star, considering its membership of the Orion OB 1c association.

국제적 멸종위기종인 산양 암컷(n=6)의 출산시기 행동권 분석을 위해 2007년 3월부터 2014년 5월까지 설악산국립공 원, 월악산국립공원 2지역에서 GPS collar 발신기를 이용하여 연구 수행하였다. 분석결과 출산시기에 따라 행동권의 변화를 확인하였다. MCP 95%에서 봄 1.00±1.00km2 > 가을 0.66±0.30km2 > 여름 0.61±0.40km2 > 겨울 0.50±0.10km2 (F=4.240, p<0.05)로 분석되었으며, 월별분석은 5, 6, 7월에 급격이 행동권이 작아지는 특징을 보였으며, 통계적으로 유의적인 차이를 보였다(F=24.261, p<0.01). 이렇듯 행동권의 급격한 변화를 보인개체들은 새끼를 출산한 개체로 확인 되었고, 행동권이 급격히 작아지는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 평균 이용고도는 615.77±173.508m이며 출산개체와 비출산 개체 모두 큰 차이는 없었다. 이러한 분석을 통하여 출산 시기 등을 고려한 개체관리 및 복원에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

본고에서는 전기~송국리단계의 주거지, 토기, 석촉, 석도 등의 변화상을 검토하고 이들 변화가 의미하는 것이 무엇인지 고찰하였다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 토기, 석촉, 주거지 등은 자체의 성능이 향상되기보다 도구 제작비용이 절감되는 방향으로 변하였고, 석도는 도구 자체의 효율성과 제작의 생산성이 모두 향상되는 방향으로 변하였다. 그리고 이러한 도구제작의 생산성 향상은 전체적인 생산력 향상과 밀접한 관련이 있으며 이렇게 높아진 생산력은 송국리문화가 복합사회로 발전할 수 있는 토대가 된다.

This paper examines the pagodas during the Bagan period, which are thought to be most valuable among those in Myanmar. They have not been sufficiently studied, in spite of their high Buddhist status. It considers the contemplation of Pato, their formal characteristics in the Bagan period and the formal categorizations of pagodas in the same period. Thus, following seven kinds of conclusions are derived: first, researchers provide opinions to the Pato which should be regarded as the Buddhist shrine-type of pagoda with a unique Bagan form, symbolically indicating that Theravada Buddhism incorporated Hinduism; second, the terraces were characteristic components in pagodas, during the Bagan period, which were built after the enthronement of King Anawratha and are thought to symbolically express the wish to widely spread Theravada Buddhism; third, Shwesandaw Zedi seems to affect not only Shwezigon Zedi, a representative standard form of pagoda in Myanmar, but also Ananda Pato; fourth, it is thought to be proper to examine the terraces by classifying them into lower, central(from pedestals to Angryeon and Bokryeon) and upper part, if it intends to divide a pagoda with bell-shaped body on the terraces during the Bagan period, into three parts; fifth, the Pato may be identified as a form of pagoda during the Bagan period, and such a form can be classified as that of Sikhara on the rectangular terrace; sixth, forms of Myanmar’s pagodas can be classified into fourteen kinds of them, and they may be also grouped into transmitted, general and special type; and seventh, on the basis of the findings, it is thought that the pagodas during the Bagan period may be classified into six forms, and they can be largely categorized into transmitted, general and special type.

The purpose of this study was to comprehend the procurement system of iron materials and the production process of ironwork in royal tombs constructions in the later Joseon period. For this purpose, sixteen Sanneung-uigwes were analyzed. The following conclusions have been reached through the study. First, it was procuring five types of iron materials in constructions of royal tombs. Sincheol had been supplied up to the mid- 18th century. On the other hand, the amount of jeongcheol was increased rapidly. Because of the procurement system of initial tools was changed from bokjeong(a kind of tribute) to self-production in the Noyaso. Second, the government stockpiles were utilized as much as possible than bokjeong to manage the limited construction period and sudden construction start. Third, before moving the site of tombs, the melting furnace was installed in the Gungisi(armament factory). The amount of the melting furnace was increased from 5 to 8 since producing the initial tools in the Noyaso. Fourth, six kinds of master artisans were worked in the field of producing ironwork. Metal worker was assigned to one person per melting furnace. Fifth, the quality of final iron materials was controlled by use. Since the 19th century, it had been produced enhanced ironwork.

The purpose of this study was to discuss how ‘milk’ was produced and supplied introduced and spread in the modern Joseon period. Condensed milk and powdered milk were mainly consumed in Joseon during the Japanese colonial period since they could be conveniently preserved for a long time, although raw milk was also produced and consumed. For areas adjacent to farms, milk delivery service was offered while areas with great consumption received an additional supply from different areas by rail. Since no manufacturing plants were operational in Korea, condensed milk and powdered milk consumed in Joseon had to be imported. In the case of condensed milk, when production in Japan increased, extra supply was aggressively sent into their colony, Joseon. The ‘Gyeongseong Milk Association’ founded in 1937 is considered significant in that it led to standardization of the production system and prices as well as pasteurization of milk. In the late Japanese colonial era, milk production and consumption were controlled. As milk was purchased as a war supply, the milk consumption market became distorted and limited

The study presented attempts to analyze and categorize Chosun’s food ingredients and culture through a Western perspective based on 32 representative Western documents pertaining to old Korea. Before modernization, Westerners visited Chosun during their visits to old China or Japan. Westerners were most active in Chosun from the open port period to the annexation of Korea to Japan occupation. They were teachers, missionaries, diplomats, and doctors visiting Chosun with personal goals. In 31 book traveler’s journal, it records Chosen’s mainly produced ingredients, such as grains, spices, fruits, cabbage, chicken, and chestnuts; foods from Chosen include kimchi, soup, and tofu. Foreigners especially liked foods made of eggs and chicken, but they did not enjoy Chosun’s lack of sugar and dairy. Thirty-one book foreigners’ records describe Chosun’s Ondol, kitchen, crock, fermented foods, low dining tables, and chopsticks. Chosun people liked dog meat, unrestrained drinking culture, sungnyung, and tea culture. Foreign documentation on Chosun’s food culture allows modern scholars to learn about Chosun people’s lifestyles, as if their lives were a vivid picture

Interferon tau (IFNT), produced by the mononuclear trophectoderm, signals the process of maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminants, but its expression in vivo is not well characterized. Objectives of this study were to determine IFNT gene isoforms expressed in the bovine uterus, and to identify differences in promoter sequences of IFNT genes that differ in their expression. Through the RNA-seq analysis of bovine conceptuses on days 17, 20 and 22 (day 0 = day of estrus), the expression of only two IFNT transcripts, IFNT1 and IFNTc1, were found, which were indeed classified into the IFNT gene clade. IFNT mRNAs were highest on day 17, and then decreased on days 20, and 22, which were also supported by the results of quantitative RT-PCR. Bovine ear-derived fibroblast (EF) cells were then cotransfected with luciferase reporter constructs carrying 5‘-upstream (positions -1000 to +51) regions of IFNT1 or IFNTc1 and various transcription factor expression plasmids. CDX2, either alone or with other Ap-1, ETS2 and/or CREBBP transcription factors, was found to increase luciferase activity approximately 10 and 18 fold more than twice of those cotransfected with bIFNT1, c1-Luc construct. Furthermore, The degree of transcriptional activation by a combination of the AP1, ETS2, CREBBP and/or CDX2 expression vectors was similar to that of CDX2 along plasmid. However, expression patterns of these Luc activity differented. Whereas bIFNTc1-Luc showed lowest antivity had than bIFNT1-Luc reports. Although, lowest antivity had of the bIFNTc1 –Luc report, cotransfected with the bIFNTc1-Luc construct and AP1(JUN) or/and ETS2 expression plasmid, Luc activity was enhanced approximately 2 and 4-fold more than the bIFNT1-Luc. Furthermore, along CDX2 expression factor had high effect on activity of bIFNT1-Luc reporter than the c1 gene in EF cells. These results suggest that two forms of IFNT genes are expressed in utero and their transcriptional regulations differ.

We investigated pollination and foraging activities of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L.) during flowering season of the asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia N.) under different weather conditions. There was no significant statistical difference about the pollination activities of two species. However, the pollination activities of bumblebee were more active than those of honeybee under low temperature and rainfall period. The activities of honeybee and bumblebee were more influenced by temperature than other factors (i.e. illumination and wind velocity). Honeybee was more sensitive to temperature and illumination than bumblebee. At low temperatures (<20℃) on cloudy days (<30,000 lux) with a certain wind velocity (>4.0 m/s), the pollination activity of the honeybee was lower twice than that of bumblebee.

Quality changes of carrots thermally processed in a large size (5 kg) retort pouch during 52 weeks of storage period were investigated upon different packaging methods and package shapes. To improve the efficiency of thermal processing (121.1°C, 0.15 MPa), the carrot (i.e., solid) and the broth (i.e., liquid) of carrot soup were separately packed and sterilized. The quality changes of carrot packed without liquid were compared with those with liquid. Two different package shapes such as rectangular parallelepiped and cube were also evaluate to figure out the efficiency of the heat penetration rate for the large size of pouch. The location of cold points and the total thermal processing time (TTT) were different upon the treatment. Fo-values, satisfying the TTT to at least 6 min, were 27, 54, and 114 min from the rectangular parallelepiped, cube and solid/liquid mixed group, respectively. In the mixed groups, the hardness and chewiness of solids (carrot) was significantly smaller than that measured in the other groups as TTT increased. Carrots treated in the rectangular parallelepiped shape showed a significantly higher texture than the cube shape for both immediately after the thermal treatment and during the storage period. Coefficient of variation (CV), which indicates the quality variation within the same treatment, of texture properties obtained from the outside and the center of the sample were compared to evaluate the quality variation within the same treatment. The CV of hardness and chewiness of the rectangular parallelepiped and the cube shape were calculated 7.56 and 47.19, and 29.16 and 65.28, respectively. This demonstrated that more uniform quality could be expected from the thermal treatment in the rectangular parallelepiped shape

Determined according to urban parks and green urban planning, urban planning facilities are established in accordance with the “National Land Planning and Utilization Act.” The designation of land use is accompanied by certain restrictions, and urban planning facilities are provided for cases that are based on the expropriation or use of land property rights, such as the result of enforcement. The property rights and time of certain individuals may even be sacrificed to ensure the enforcement of a project, but it is uncertain whether the Constitutional Court ruling on the Constitution was administrative or opportunistic with regard to the practice bar. This study is based on case studies, and consideration is given to working out a long-term solution to the problem of urban parks owned by local governments, and the budget reality. In terms of presenting evidence, 248 response measures will be provided among the as-yet non-constructed parks in the city of Daejeon, where a park is likely to lose its qualification analysis and assessment system to cope with the indicators elicited for the sake of prioritization. According to these new evaluation criteria, the priority order of long-term unexecuted urban parks in the city of Daejeon is as follows. Gayang Birae, Guam, Daesa, Sajeong, Hodong, and Hoedeok neighborhood park were evaluated in the order.

본 시험은 청과용 그린 파파야 무가온 생산시 육묘기간이 생육 및 수량특성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 ‘Red lady’ 품종을 이용하여 수행하였다. 육묘기간은 3 개월부터 13개월 까지 6처리로 하였으며 2015년 4월 15 일 무가온 하우스내에 정식하였다. 육묘기간에 따른 정식 전 파파야 묘의 초장, 마디수, 생체중 등은 육묘기간이 긴 묘일수록 높았으며, 13개월 육묘에서 가장 생육이 좋았다. 첫 수확일수는 육묘기간이 짧아질수록 길어졌으며 13개월 육묘에서 137일(8월 18일)이 소요되었고 3개월 육묘에서 184일(10월 2일)로 가장 길었다. 과일특성은 육묘기간이 짧았던 3개월 육묘에서 과장과 과경이 가장 작았으나 나머지 처리 간에는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 수량은 육묘기간에 따라 영향을 받았으며 상품수량 역시 육묘기간이 길어짐에 따라 증가하였다. 13개월 육묘에서 가장 많았으며(3,172kg), 다음이 11개월(2,247kg) 및 9개월(2,357kg) 이었다. 7개월과 5개월에서 각각 1,942kg 및 1,787kg 이었으며, 3개월 육묘에서 1,443kg 으로 가장 적었다. 특히 7개월 육묘 이하에서 상품수량은 1,942kg 이하로 크게 감소되었다. 이상의 결과 청과용 그린 파파야 무가온하우스 재배시 수확기를 앞당기기 위해서는 11개월 육묘가 유리하겠으나, 경영비 등을 고려한다면 9개월 정도 육묘가 바람직할 것으로 생각된다.

In this paper we have tackled the outstanding inventory planning problems over new product launching period in a more holistic manner by addressing first the definition of efficient business rules to effectively control and reduce the inventory risks followed by the rigorous explanations on the implementation guide on suggested inventory planning rules. It is not unusual for many companies in the consumer electronics market to make a great effort to reduce the time to launch a new product because the ability to bring out higher performing products in such a short time period greatly increases the probability for them to remain competitive in the high tech market. Among so many newly developed products, those products with new features and technologies appeal to many potential customers while products which fail to win customers by design and prices rapidly disappear in the market. To adapt to this business environment, those companies have been trying to find the answer to minimize the inventory of old products so they can move to next generation products quickly with less obsolete material . In the experimental implementation of our rule-based inventory planning, Company ‘S’ reduced the inventory cost for the outgoing products as low as 49% of its peak level of its preceding product version in just 5 month after the adoption of rule-based inventory planning process and system. This paper concluded the subject with a suggestion that the best performance of rule-based inventory planning is guaranteed not from one-time campaign of process improvement along with system development but the decision maker’s continuing support and attention even without seeing any upcoming business crisis.

There were two books on astronomy published in 1908. One is 『Astronomy (天文學)』 written by Jeong, Yeong-Taek (鄭永澤, 1874 ∼ 1948), an educator. The other is 『Introduction to Astronomy (텬문략히)』 written by William Martyn Baird (裵偉良, 1862 ∼ 1931), an American missionary. It was known that these two books were translated into Korean as astronomical textbooks of the Korean Empire. We investigated the life of translators, the motivation of writing textbook, and the translators’ specialty in astronomy. We also compared the two books in terms of content, orthography of terminology, scale of units, and so forth. We suggest that these books were really utilized as textbooks of astronomy in the modern school in the early 20th century in Korea. We also conclude that in astronomy education these two textbooks bridged the gap between the traditional Chinese astronomy of the middle age and modern astronomy from the West.