The objective of the this study was to identify the potential relationship between eating breakfast together as a family and the nutritional status among Korean adolescents based on the 2013~2015 Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey data. This study investigated 1,300 adolescents ranging in agee from twelve to eighteen years-old. In this study, according to their eating breakfast together as a family or skipping breakfast, we classified the subjects into the eating breakfast together as a family (EBF group) (male=379, female=295), eating breakfast alone (EBA group) (male=177, female=169) and skipping breakfast (SB group) (male=152, female=128). Both male and female, age in the EBF group was lower than those of the EBA and SB group (p<0.0001, respectively). In the male, the EBF group exhibited significantly higher fiber (p=0.0168) and potassium density (p=0.0065) and lower beverage intake (% energy) (p=0.0040) than the EBA and SB groups. No difference was observed the proportion of subjects who practiced a healthy diet between three groups, however, the EBF and EBA groups had a smaller proportion of subjects who were in a condition of hypo-nutrition compared to the SB group (p<0.0001, respectively). The present findings suggest that the practice of eating breakfast together as a family in adolescents may bean important consideration in relation to micro-nutrient intake status.

Stress has been associated with poor eating behavior and diet quality. Yet, the relationship between nutrient and food intake and perceived stress in Korean female adults has not been validated. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between nutrient and food intake and perceived stress in Korean female adults. This is a cross-sectional study based on the 2014-2015 Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey data. This study investigated 2,010 female adults age 19~64. In this study, according to subjects' perceived stress, we classified subjects into very low-stress recognition group (VLSRG) (n=211), low-stress recognition group (VSRG) (n=1,223), high-stress recognition group (HSRG) (n=488) and very high-stress recognition group (VHSRG) (n=88). Daily nutrients and food group intake, food groups consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS) were analyzed using data from the 24-recall method. The VHSRG had a larger proportion of subjects that were younger (p<0.0001), single (p<0.0001) and smokers (p<0.0001) compared to the VLSRG. Energy and food intake did not differ between the four groups. Percentage of subjects with protein (p=0.0322), vitamin A (p=0.0364) and vitamin C (p=0.0115) intake lower than the EAR (estimated average requirement) in the VHSRG were significantly lowest in the four groups. Also, food intake percentage from fruits and seaweed groups in the VHSRG were lower than other groups (p=0.0034, p=0.0015). DDS in the VHSRG (3.87) was significantly lowest in the four groups (p=0.0022). Results suggest that perceived stress in Korean female adults may by significant to consider in nutritional education programs.

In this study, we have analyzed the 2015 KNHANES to understand the nutritional and health status of Korean middle-age adults from the perspective of frequency of eating breakfast. Those that eat breakfast five to seven times a week were 76.3 percent (male) and 72.7 percent (female). Frequency of eating lunch and dinner, and eating out was significantly higher among male subjects. The higher the frequency of eating breakfast, the higher the frequency of eating lunch, dinner and eating out. Female subjects that ate breakfast five to seven times a week had lower height and weight compared with other groups, but there was no significant difference of BMI and waist circumference among the four groups. Adults that eat breakfast five to seven times a week had consumed more carbohydrates, dietary fiber, phosphorus, potassium and vitamin C regardless of gender, which validates the nutritional benefits of eating meals regularly. Male adults that ate breakfast five to seven times a week revealed lower levels of diastolic blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol compared with other groups, which validates eating breakfast regularly was beneficial to their health. In conclusion, it is necessary to eat regular meals daily relative to the nutritional status and health of Korean middle-age adults.

This study examined the socioeconomic factors that affect self-rated health (SRH) in healthy adults, and the relationship of SRH to health-related habits, serum biochemical indices, and nutritional intakes. Subjects consisted of 1,154 healthy adults without any known disease, aged 19 to 65 years (average age of 36.7), whose information was obtained from the 2013 Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey data. Of these subjects, 73 rated themselves as ‘very healthy,’ 460 indicated that they were ‘healthy,’ 568 self-identified as ‘ordinary’, and 53 put themselves in the ‘unhealthy’ category. The proportion of subjects who chose ‘unhealthy’ was significantly increased with higher frequencies of disruptions in their daily lives (p<0.05), regret after drinking (p<0.05), smoking (p<0.001), and higher levels of stress (p<0.001). On the other hand, the proportion of subjects reported as ‘very healthy’ was significantly higher with regular intense (p<0.001) or moderate physical activities (p<0.05), regular walking (p<0.05), a perception of being ‘normal’ in their body image (p<0.01), a decrease of body weight more than 3 kg in the past year (p<0.05), and without risk factors for metabolic syndrome (p<0.05). Serum triglyceride level was lower, and 25-(OH) vitamin D content was significantly higher, in the ‘very healthy’ group as compared to the ‘unhealthy’ group (p<0.05). Dietary fiber and vitamin C intakes were significantly higher in the ‘very healthy’ group than ‘unhealthy’ group (p<0.05). The overall results suggest that a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, non-smoking, good stress management, and higher intakes of fiber and vitamin C, may be potential factors that affect one’s positive perception of health.

The purpose of this study was to determine the health behaviors and nutritional status related to dyslipidemia in Korean middle-aged adults (between 50 and 64 years old) from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examinations Survey data (2007~2010). A total of 4,721 subjects were analyzed in this study. The subjects were divided into three groups (normal, borderline, and dyslipidemia) according to serum lipid levels. Parameters included in this study were drinking and smoking, anthropometric parameters, blood and nutritional parameters. The latter parameter included food/nutrients intake. All data was adjusted by sex, region, education level, and age. General linear model and logistic regression model were used for statistical analysis. The dyslipidemia group was comprised of more men than women. By contrast, the borderline group was comprised of more women than men (p<0.001). No significant differences were observed for other general characteristics. There were more smokers and drinkers(drinking per time) in the dyslipidemia group (p<0.05). Anthropometric data showed significant difference, ie, height (p<0.05), weight, body mass index, waist circumference, percent body fat, and blood pressure were higher in the dyslipidemia group (p<0.001). Only blood urea nitrogen showed no significant difference among groups. The HbA1c (p<0.01), fasting blood glucose, GOT, GPT, creatinine levels were higher in the dyslipidemia group (p<0.001). So it is required for the management of obesity in dyslipidemia group. The dyslipidemia group ate less sea food (p<0.05). The nutrients intake of energy and protein, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, phosphorus were lower in the dyslipidemia group (p<0.05). Therefore, to lower dyslipidemia prevalence rates, it is necessary to increase the intake of foods containing ω-3 fatty acids. We also suggest a meal management program and nutritional education to recognize the risk of dyslipidemia, especially for people such as the individual in the borderline and dyslipidemia study groups. Key words: dyslipidemia, Korean middle-aged adults, nutritional status, health behaviors

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between HbA1c level and health risk factor. For analysis, 330 elderly women aged 65 years and over were recruited in Jeonla province, Korea. The subjects were classified into two groups according to their HbA1c level; the diabetic group (HbA1c level≥6.5%, n=68, 20.6%) and control group (HbA1c level< 6.5%, n=262, 79.4%). Demographic characteristics were collected, as well as information on physical measurements, blood tests for biochemical indicators, a health status and health-related life style, dietary behavior, favorite food groups, consumption frequency of food groups and nutrient intake. Educational level of the diabetic group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The height of the diabetic group was shorter, and percentage fat of the diabetic group was higher than those of the control group. In the diabetic group, the higher concentrations of creatinine and activity of alkaline phosphatase were found to be significantly unfavorable factors. Therefore, the diabetic group was assumed to be at risk of decreased liver and renal function. The self-rated health level of the diabetic group has a declining tendency, while the medicine intake was significantly higher than that of the control group, but there are no significant differences in visiting frequency of hospital and community health center. The distribution of physical activity showed a significant difference between the groups. Although there are no significant differences in nutrient intake, the diabetic group had relatively inferior nutrient intake of diet, especially vitamin C, as contrasted with the control group. In conclusion, the weight control and increasing physical activity may be effective in the prevention of the diabetes and continuous education and intervention by specialized nutritionists will be needed for diabetic patients. These results could be useful to plan effective strategies to increase the health-life expectancy and the prevention of the diabetes of Korean elderly people living in rural areas.

The objectives of this study were to determine trophic sate of agricultural reservoirs within the four major watersheds and evaluate the ecosystem health using the multi- metric fish modeling approach of Lentic Ecosystem Health Assessments (LEHAs). Agricultural reservoirs, based on Trophic State Index (TSI) ranged from mesotrophic to hypertrophic depending on the intensity of Asian monsoon. Regression analysis of N:P ratios showed a negative linear function (R2 = 0.698, p < 0.0001) with TP values, but not with TN (p = 0.939). The plots of "TSI (CHL) - TSI (TP)" and "TSI (CHL) - TSI (SD)" suggest that other factors other than phosphorus limited algal biomass (CHL - TP < 0), and that non-algal particles dominated light attenuation (CHL - SD < 0). Regression model of fish trophic component against TP showed that the proportion of omnivore (OM) and insectivore fish (IS) had a positive (R2 = 0.679, p < 0.01) and negative linear function (R2 = 0.403, p < 0.05) with TP, respectively. Values of multi-metric LEHAs model averaged 26 6.5, indicating a "Fair" conditions. Overall, the ecosystem health was directly influenced by organic matter pollution and high algal production.

The purpose of this study was to synthetically examine the relationship between systemic diseases and periodontal diseases. The data of the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. SPSS 18.0 for Windows was applied for statistical analysis. The surveyed data were analyzed by using independent sample t-test for the difference between Body Mass Index and clinical test according to the existence of periodontal disease, and X2test for the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic disease. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used in order to figure out the influence upon the existence of periodontal disease prevalence among general characteristics and relevant factors to systemic disease. As results, the value of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and HBA1C were statistically significant, depending on the presence of periodontal disease. As for the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic disease, hypertension (odds ratio 1.362, p<.05), cardiovascular disease (odds ratio 2.118, p<.05), arthritis (odds ratio 1.289, p<.05) and cirrhosis (odds ratio 6.124, p<.05) were statistically significant. In conclusion, the majority of the systemic diseases such as cardiovascular system, diabetes, and liver diseases have been considered to have relationship with periodontal disease. To strengthen oral health education is needed to enhance systemic health as well as oral health. Moreover, basic biological research should be followed to support this surveyed study.

The purpose of this study was to synthetically examine the relationship between systemic diseases and periodontal diseases. The data obtained from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. SPSS 18.0 for Windows was applied for statistical analysis. The surveyed data were analyzed by using independent sample t-test for the difference between Body Mass Index and clinical test according to the existence of periodontal disease, and X2 test for the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic disease. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used in order to figure out the influence upon the periodontal disease prevalence among general characteristics and systemic diseases. As results, the values of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and HBA1C were statistically significant, depending on the presence of periodontal disease. As for the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic disease, hypertension (odds ratio 1.362, p<.05), cardiovascular disease (odds ratio 2.118, p<.05), arthritis (odds ratio 1.289, p<.05) and cirrhosis (odds ratio 6.124, p<.05) were statistically significant. According to Multiple logistic regression analysis, gender (odds ratio 1.24, p<.05), alcohol intake (odds ratio 1.25, p<.05), cardiovascular diseases (odds ratio 1.56, p<.05), and liver cirrhosis (odds ratio 1.17, p<.05) were related to the prevalence of periodontal diseases. In conclusion, the systemic diseases such as cardiovascular system, diabetes, and liver diseases revealed to have relationship with periodontal disease. To strengthen oral health education is needed to enhance systemic health as well as oral health. Moreover, basic biological research should be followed to support this surveyed study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the health status and food habits of male college students in Seoul according to drinking habits. In order to identify risk factors, health surveys were conducted from October 2013 to December 2013. Average height, weight, and BMI of subjects were 175.47±5.27 cm, 67.93±9.28 kg, and 22.04±2.67 kg/m2, respectively. Weight and BMI were higher in the non-drinking groups compared to the drinking groups (p<0.05). Frequency of drinking was 2~3 times per month, and 52.4% of subjects started drinking when starting university. The motivation to start drinking was cited as “From necessity”. Reason for drinking was “Social relations”. The favorite kind of drink was beer. Rate of taking supplements was 24.4% of the subjects. Vitamin preparations were highest in drinking groups and non-drinking groups (p<0.05). The reasons for skipping meal were “too busy” in the drinking groups, and “oversleep” in the non-drinking groups (p<0.05). The preference for snacking in drinking groups were milk, milk products, and fast food, with the highest being listed first. The non-drinking groups preferred carbonated drinks and ice cream. The drinking groups need more education about their drinking habits. Drinking groups also need an increased intake of vegetables and fruits.

This study was conducted as a comparative analysis, using the SPSS 17.0 program for a survey conducted from March to July 2013, on the level of perception and preference factors of Koreans and Americans residing in Virginia, USA(89 male and female adults of 20 years of age or above). For the information on the degree of obesity, a survey was used and the subjects provided with their heights and weights. The researcher used this data to calculated their BMI and distinguished the degrees of obesity. For the BMI, the obesity diagnosis of Korean Society for the Study of Obesity was used for Koreans, and the WHO's obesity diagnosis on adults were employed for Americans. First, regarding the Korean participants, the level of obesity appeared in the order of normal (79.6%), overweight (14.3%), and underweight (6.1%). Also, the level of perceptions of their health conditions appeared in the order of average (51.7%) and good (34.7%). No one perceived their health to be in poor condition. Meanwhile, for the American participants, the order was as follows: overweight at about 45%, normal weight at about 35%, obesity at about 12.5%, and underweight at about 7.5%. In terms of the level of perception of health during ordinary times, about 55% of the American participants answered that they are in good health. Therefore, the Americans were found to perceive their health to be in relatively better condition than the Koreans residing in the USA. Also, concerning the level of interest in health while eating food at ordinary times, the American participants were discovered to be more interested (about 62.5%) than the Korean participants. The research on their preference for salty taste was conducted as a survey, and the subjects were asked to choose an item according to their subjective feeling. Regarding the preference for salty taste, both Koreans and Americans residing in the USA responded as moderate. However, a higher proportion of Americans than Koreans responded to favor salty taste. Concerning the reason for their preference for salty taste, Koreans responded with various reasons whereas Americans mostly responded that it is because they eat salty food frequently. For any changes in dietary behavior related to eating salty food, both Korean and American respondents thought that the amount of their daily intake of salt is appropriate and that they consider taste as most important in selecting a snack. Based on the above data, the results of this research indicate a need for actual improvement in the diet with regard to salty food along with diverse policies for promoting life with a low salt diet in future.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate dietary habit and nutritional status by household income in female adults, using data from the 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007~2009). Subjects were 8,356 women over the age of 20 years. The subjects were classified into 4 groups by household income level. Dietary data from 24 hr recall methods were used to analyze nutritional status. The obesity rate of the low income group was significantly higher than the rates of other income groups. Additionally, the nutritional status of the low income group was worse than those of other groups. The percentage of carbohydrate in total energy intake was higher and food security status was lower in the low income group than in other groups. Awareness and adherence to dietary guidelines were also lower in the low income group. Adherence to a dietary guideline of ‘avoiding salty foods and trying to eat foods with bland taste’ and ‘eating a variety of foods from each food group’ were lower than those of other groups. However, the frequency of skipping breakfast among the low income group was lower than that of others. Therefore, this study suggested that low income women should decrease the percentage of carbohydrate in total energy intake and adhere to dietary guidelines, especially those of avoiding salty foods and eating a variety of food groups, in order to improve their nutritional status.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the eating patterns, nutrient intakes, blood levels, and health status of male college students in Seoul according to body mass index (BMI). In this study, we classified subjects into normal weight (n=240), under weight (n=11), and obese (n=46) groups according to BMI. The weight and BMI were significantly higher in the obese group compared to other groups (p<0.0001). The obesity was associated with overeating and frequent eating. The under weight group showed significantly higher consumption of fast food, snacks, and fried foods compared to the other groups (p<0.05). The intakes of milk, meat, fish, eggs, and fried food and preference ratios were higher in the obese group (p<0.05). The male college students in this study showed insufficient intakes of calories, vitamin C, folic acid, and calcium. The plasma LDL-cholesterol levels in the obese group were higher compared to the other groups. In conclusion, intake of nutrients among male college students is found to be insufficient and requires nutritional education. The under weight group showed regular eating habits and increased nutrient intake. The obese group was shown to need more exercise with higher intakes of vegetables and fruits.

본 연구는 50~64세의 성인 남자를 대상으로 설문지를 통 해 일반사항, 건강관심도, 흡연 습관, 식습관 조사, 식생활 평 가 및 영양소 섭취 상태를 조사하였다. 1. 직업의 종류로는 비흡연군는 전문직, 흡연군의 경우는 영업직이 가장 많은 비율을 차지하였다(p<0.05). 한 달 수입 은 조사 대상자의 29.8%가 500만원 이상이라고 답하였으며, 한 달 용돈은 전체 조사 대상자의 58.7%가 20만원 이상이라 고 답하였다. 2. 흡연군(42.0%)은 비흡연군(67.2%)에 비해 건강에 대한 관심도가 낮았으며, 운동을 하는 비율(비흡연군의 85.9%, 흡 연군의 50.0%)도 낮게 조사되었다. 3. 흡연 습관을 보면, 흡연은 처음 군대에서 호기심으로 시 작한 비율이 높았으며, 하루에 흡연량은 10개피 이상 피는 비 율이 68.0%로 조사되었다. 흡연자의 88.0%는 금연을 시도한 적이 있지만, 대부분 의지 부족(62.0%)으로 실패했다고 응답 하였다. 4. 흡연군에서는 고지방 육류를 일주일에 두 번 이상 섭취 하는 비율이 높았으며, 비흡연군의 경우 54.7%는 고지방 육 류 섭취를 하지 않는 것으로 조사되었다(p<0.01). 비흡연군이 흡연군에 비해 세끼 식사를 규칙적으로 하는 것으로 조사되 었다. 5. 흡연군과 비흡연군에서 비타민 B2, 엽산 및 칼슘의 섭취 가 한국인영양섭취기준(2010)보다 매우 낮았다. 그러나 조사 한 영양소 중 나트륨의 섭취량은 두 군 모두에서 기준치(2010) 의 3배 이상을 섭취하는 것으로 조사되었다. 이상의 연구결과를 종합해 보면, 흡연군에 비해 비흡연군 에서 건강의 관심도가 높았으며, 고지방 육류의 섭취비율이 낮았고, 세 끼 식사를 규칙적으로 하는 것으로 조사되었다. 그러나 흡연군은 건강에 대한 관심도가 낮았고, 운동하는 비 율도 낮게 조사되었으며, 고지방 육류를 일주일에 두 번 이상 섭취하는 비율이 높았다. 영양소 섭취 상태에서는 두 군 모두 에서 비타민 B2, 엽산 및 칼슘의 섭취가 낮았고, 나트륨은 과 잉 섭취하는 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서 흡연자의 경우에는 육류의 섭취를 줄이고, 항산화 물질이 많이 함유한 과일이나 채소의 섭취를 늘리도록 유도해야 하며, 저염식을 위한 영양 교육이 실시되어야 할 것이다.

This study was conducted to obtain principal data on nutrition education according to college major after analyzing the nutrition status of 302 male university subjects. The 302 male subjects consisted of male students majoring in literature and science (109), food and nutrition (94), and physical education (99). Exactly 47.9% (highest among the groups) of male students majoring in food and nutrition ate regular meals, 39.4% ate breakfast. Precisely 29.4% of subjects majoring in literature and science never ate out. Exactly 23.2% of subjects majoring in physical education over ate frequently, and 31.3% enjoyed eating out. Intakes of protein, fat, vitamin A, B1, B2, B6, C, E, folic acid, Ca, Fe, sodium, and cholesterol among male students majoring in food and nutrition appeared to be significantly higher compared to those of other groups (p<0.05). Intakes of energy, Zn, dietary fiber, and cholesterol among male students majoring in physical education were higher, whereas intakes of all nutrients except for dietary fiber by subjects majoring in literature and science were lower than the other two groups. Exactly 20.2% of male students were interested in health. We found that 52.4% of subjects considered exercise as an important factor for maintaining health. Smoking rate was the highest (43.6%) among male students majoring in nutrition, and the drinking rate was highest (56.0%) among male students majoring in literature and science. We found that smoking was continued as a habit (61.5%) while drinking was essential for social relationships (73.9%). From this study, it was found that male students have problems associated with eating regular meals, skipping breakfast, overeating, and intake of unbalanced foods. Also, male students who majored in food and nutrition demonstrated problems in applying their knowledge to proper dietary habits. In conclusion, a systemic educational program needs to be introduced to promote healthful dietary habits in male students.