Environmental DNA (eDNA) can exist in both intracellular and extracellular forms in natural ecosystems. When targeting harmful cyanobacteria, extracellular eDNA indicates the presence of traces of cyanobacteria, while intracellular eDNA indicates the potential for cyanobacteria to occur. However, identifying the “actual” potential for harmful cyanobacteria to occur is difficult using the existing sediment eDNA analysis method, which uses silica beads and cannot distinguish between these two forms of eDNA. This study analyzes the applicability of a density gradient centrifugation method (Ludox method) that can selectively analyze intracellular eDNA in sediment to overcome the limitations of conventional sediment eDNA analysis. PCR was used to amplify the extracted eDNA based on the two different methods, and the relative amount of gene amplification was compared using electrophoresis and Image J application. While the conventional bead beating method uses sediment as it is to extract eDNA, it is unknown whether the mic gene amplified from eDNA exists in the cyanobacterial cell or only outside of the cell. However, since the Ludox method concentrates the intracellular eDNA of the sediment through filtration and density gradient, only the mic gene present in the cyanobacteria cells could be amplified. Furthermore, the bead beating method can analyze up to 1 g of sediment at a time, whereas the Ludox method can analyze 5 g to 30 g at a time. This gram of sediments makes it possible to search for even a small amount of mic gene that cannot be searched by conventional bead beating method. In this study, the Ludox method secured sufficient intracellular gene concentration and clearly distinguished intracellular and extracellular eDNA, enabling more accurate and detailed potential analysis. By using the Ludox method for environmental RNA expression and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of harmful cyanobacteria in the sediment, it will be possible to analyze the potential more realistically.

Forest destruction is an inevitable result of the development processes. According to the environmental impact assessment, over 10% of the destroyed trees need to be recycled and transplanted to minimize the impact of forest destruction. However, the rate of successful transplantation is low, leading to a high rate of tree death. This is attributable to a lack of consideration for environmental factors when choosing a temporary site for transplantation and inadequate management. To monitor transplanted trees, a field survey is essential; however, the spatio-temporal aspect is limited. This study evaluated the applicability of remote sensing for the effective monitoring of transplanted trees. Vegetation indices based on satellite remote sensing were derived to detect time-series changes in the status of the transplanted trees at three temporary transplantation sites. The mortality rate and vitality of transplanted trees before and after the transplant have a similar tendency to the changes in the vegetation indicators. The findings of this study showed that vegetation indices increased after transplantation of trees and decreased as the death rate increased and vitality decreased over time. This study presents a method for assessing newly transplanted trees using satellite images. The approach of utilizing satellite photos and the vegetation index is expected to detect changes in trees that have been transplanted across the country and help to manage tree transplantation for the environmental impact assessment.

In modern society, the delivery service market has grown explosively due to rapid changes in social structure and the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, various problems such as injury to workers and an increase in human accidents are occurring due to the loading and unloading of parcels. In order to solve this problem, domestic company n is developing a “robot-based cargo loading and unloading system”. In developing a new technology system, quantitative reliability targets should be set for efficient operation and development. In this paper, reliability analysis was conducted through field data for the pneumatic gripper of the “robot-based cargo loading system”. The reliability of the failure data was analyzed to estimate the distribution parameters and MTTF. Random data was derived for the probability of occurrence of a failure with the estimated value. By repeating the simulation to predict the number and year of failures according to the estimated parameters of the probability distribution, it was proposed as a method that reflects realistic probabilities rather than calculating with simple arithmetic using the average MTTF previously used in the field.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 가상현실 기반 주방 과제 수행 시 나타나는 수행오류의 종류와 인지기능과의 상 관관계를 알아보고자 함이다. 연구방법 : 신경학적 결함이 없는 만 60세 이상 건강한 노인 38명을 대상으로 가상현실 환경 내에서 주방 과제를 수행하였다. 주방 과제는 잼 버터 샌드위치 만들기를 시행하였다. 주방 과제를 수행하는 동안 나타나는 수행오류 의 종류를 2명의 작업치료사가 각각 평가하였다. 아울러 캠브리지 전산화 신경 심리평가(Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery; CANTAB)의 Stocking of Cambridge(SOC), Executive Function와 Spatial Working Memory(SWM)평가를 실시하였다. 주방 과제 시 보이는 수행오류의 빈도수와 각 인지 영역의 점수 간의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 평가자 간 신뢰도는 SPSS 12.0을 통해 분석하고, 상관관계 분석은 Python을 사용하였다. 결과 : Omission 오류는 SOC의 움직임 횟수와 SWM의 전략 사용과 통계적으로 유의미한 양의 상관을 보였다(p < .05). 반면 commission 오류는 SOC의 움직임 횟수와 통계적으로 유의미한 양의 상관관계 를 보였다(p < .001). 주방 과제를 수행하는 데 걸린 시간과 총 수행오류는 SOC의 움직임 횟수와 통계 적으로 유의미한 양의 상관관계를 보였다(p < .05). 결론 : 가상현실 기반 주방 과제에서 나타나는 수행오류는 작업기억 및 집행기능과 상관관계가 있고, 생태 학적 타당성이 높은 집행기능 평가로써 임상적으로 활용 가능성이 크다. 향후 연구에서 환자 그룹을 대 상으로 인지기능에 따른 수행오류의 특성을 더욱 면밀하게 연구해나갈 필요가 있다.

지능형 컴퓨팅의 등장으로 빅데이터를 활용한 패션 브랜드 의미 마이닝과 가치 홍보에 초점을 맞춘 새로운 연구 트렌드가 등장하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 인기 여성복 브랜드 5개를 대상으로 다양한 종류의 의류에 대한 소비자 감성 트렌드를 조사하는 것이다. 유니클로, 에이치스타일, 베로모다, 피스버드, 온리. 이를 위해 총 93,550건의 소비자 평가를 수집하고, 키스멧 감성 분석 엔진을 활용하여 의류 유형별 감성 극성도를 분석하였 다. 그 결과, 브랜드에 따라 감정 극성이 크게 다르다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, HSTYLE 후드티, ONLY 니트웨 어, 피스버드 순면, 유니클로 니트가 각각 소비자들에게 가장 강한 긍정적 감정을 불러일으켰다. 또한 이번 연 구에서는 각 브랜드에서 가장 인기 있는 의류 유형과 착용 효과를 밝혀 패션 기업이 효과적인 마케팅 전략을 수립하고 제품 제공을 강화하는 데 중요한 인사이트를 제공했다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 게임 업계에서 는 감성 분석을 적용하여 다양한 게임 브랜드, 장르, 게임 플레이에 대한 플레이어의 감정 반응을 이해하고 게임 프로모션 전략과 제품 디자인 개발에 도움을 줄 수 있다. 전반적으로 이 연구 결과는 디자인 분야에서 빅데이터의 잠재력을 입증하고 업계에서 경쟁 우위를 확보하기 위해 빅데이터를 활용하는 것이 중요하다는 점을 강조할 수 있다.

본 논문은 가상 부동산 게임을 통한 가상토지 거래와 분할 거래를 위한 가상 경제 플랫폼을 제안한다. 이것은 실제 존재하는 지구 위의 땅이 아닌 가상공간에서 설계된 3차원 공간을 거래하고 소유하는 가상 경제 플랫폼 에 관하여 연구이다. 이를 위해 메타버스를 이용하여 실제 지구의 모습과 유사한 가상의 지구를 세분화시켜 구현했다. 또한 블록체인 기술을 이용한 가상화폐를 통해 거래의 신뢰성을 가질 수 있게 했다. 게임의 특징으 로는 다음과 같다. 가상공간의 콘텐츠 서비스를 위한 프로세스 기능을 단순화했다. 또한 서비스의 차별화를 통하여 사용자의 진입 장벽을 최소화했으며, 게임을 통해 부동산 분할 매매와 분할임대를 위한 프로세스를 제 안했다. 또한 가상부동산에 대한 수익모델을 통하여 가상 경제 플랫폼에 대한 개념을 제안했다. 본 논문은 메 타버스와 블록체인 기술을 활용하여 기존 경제적 가치 개념을 가상 경제 플랫폼으로 활용하는 연구 모델로 제안한다.

This research investigated consistency of achievement levels stated in the 2015 revised national curriculum of English, high school English textbooks, and the Korean College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT) according to CEFR Levels. Based on CEFR levels, this study compared levels of targeted achievement standards in the national curriculum, focusing on reading passages in High School EnglishⅡ and CSAT implemented for three consecutive years (2021-2023). Results indicated that the reading section of textbooks and CSAT included a considerable portion of passages whose text difficulty levels were higher than CEFR B2, exceeding the achievement standards required for high school graduates. These results suggest that difficulty levels in the national curriculum, textbooks, and CSAT should be adjusted according to target levels of language proficiency based on CEFR levels so that learning burden of students can be lessened and competency-based English teaching and learning finally can be performed.

Advertisement allows for multimodal access to sounds, colors, picture animations, and diverse symbols. Little research has reported the interrelationship among multimodality, discursive practice, and media effects in English language education. This study aims to conduct a multimodal approach to discourse analysis on the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC) in TV advertisements and to explore the unique significance of the research methodology. The multimodality in three TV Ads (A, B, C) was investigated by referring to Halliday's systemic functional grammar, social semiotics’ visual grammar, and typography’s distinctive features. Royce’s intersemiotic complementarity was also employed as an analytic framework for the collected multimodal data from three domains (representational, interpersonal, and textual/compositional) of meaning-making schemes. It was found that different modes (language, typography, visual image) acted complementarily and efficiently to deliver the message of TOEIC: problem-solving ‘skill’ in A, financial 'support and return’ in B, and ‘AI database’ in C. Further research is also discussed, especially with regard to ‘critical’ approaches to multimodal discourse studies.

This paper presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to investiagate the effect of expansion chamber on overpressure reduction in protective tunnels subjected to detonation of high explosives. A commercial CFD code, Viper::Blast, was used to model the blast waves in a protective tunnel with a length of 160 m, width of 8.9 m and height of 7.2 m. Blast scenarios and simulation matrix were establihsed in consideration of the design parameters of expansion chamber, including the chamber lengths of 6.1 m to 12.1 m, widths of 10.7 m to 97 m, length to width ratios of 0.0 to 5.0, heights of 8.0 m and 14.9 m, and ratios of chamber to tunnel width of 1.2 to 10.9 m. A charge weight of TNT of 1000 kg was used. The mesh sizes of the numerical model of the protective tunnel were determined based on a mesh convergence study. A parametric study based on the simulation matrix was performed using the proposed CFD tunnel model and the optimized shape of expansion chamber of the considered tunnel was then proposed based on the numerical results. Design recommendations for the use of expansion chamber in protective tunnel under blast loads to reduce the internal overpressures were finally provided.

본 연구의 주요 목적은 회귀기반의 다양한 머신러닝 알고리즘을 개발하고 다양한 농업 분야에서 사용되는 트랙터의 연료 소비량을 예측하는 것이다. 비포장 도로주행 농업 기계중에서도 사용 비중이 가장 높은 트랙터를 선정하였다. 실제 농가에 방문하여 현업 전문가 조언을 바탕으로 연구하여 설문지를 작성하였으며, 설문 대상은 경남 사천시에 있는 농가 10곳, 진주시에 있는 농가 62곳 등, 총 72곳의 농가이다. 농작업으로는 벼농사, 보리농사, 밭농사 등이 있으며, 작업내용으로는 쟁기, 로터리, 비료살포, 베토, 모내기작업 등이 있다. 다중 회귀분석을 통해 연료 소비량 예측에 영향을 미치는 변수(마력, 기계사용연수, 경작면적, 작업 시간)를 추출하였고. 머신러닝 회귀 학습기 모형으로 학습하여 예측 모형의 성능을 검증하였다. 연료 소비량을 예측하는 모델의 성능은 결정 계수(R), RMSE (제곱 평균 제곱근 오차), MSE (평균 제곱 오차) 및 MAE (평균 절대 오차)를 포함한 4가지 통계적 품질 매개변수를 사용하여 결정되었다. 연구 결과 4가지 모델(다중회귀, 랜덤포레스트, 아다부스트, K-최근접 이웃) 중 K-최근접 이웃의 성능이 제일 높은 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 본 연구의 결과는 실제 농가의 연료 소비량을 예측하여 면세유 유통의 투명성을 확보하고 추후 개발 모델의 의사결정에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study analyzes the importance and implementation of countermeasures to reduce safety accidents that may occur during fishing in coastal gillnet fishing. Safety accidents that may occur in coastal gillnet fishing were classified into 56 measurement items in six areas: slips and trips, contact with machinery, falls, struck by object, musculoskeletal symptoms, and electrical shock. 35 fishermen belonging to coastal gillnet associations in Tongyeong and Namhae were selected as samples, and the importance and implementation of the proposed measurement items were investigated in the field. In addition, the results were evaluated visually by IPA analysis. As a result of the analysis, the importance of struck by object was the highest, and the implementation of slips and trips was the highest. On the other hand, prevention of musculoskeletal damage was found to be the lowest in both importance and implementation. The area with the most significant difference in importance and implementation by the classified area for measurement items was struck by object, and the area with the minor difference was slips and trips. Among the measurement items, the importance is highly recognized, but there are items with low implementation. To improve their level of implementation, countermeasures such as continuous education, economic support, and structural change of fishing boats should be prepared; moreover, policy support activities for implementation should be carried out.