본 시험은 페레니얼라이그라스 위주 초지에서 목초 및 잡초의 건물중의 분포와 기능 및 목초와 잡초간 경합에 의한 상호작용을 조사하였다. 페레니얼라이그라스 위주 초지를 조파조성 및 조파 조성후 보파 관리하여 연 3회 예취와 방목이용하고 이 초지에서 발생량이 많은 잡초인 냉이, 바랭이와 피에 대하여 조파 및 보파한 채초지와 방목지에서 목초와 각 잡초간 상호작용을 측정하였다. 목초와 잡초간 상호작용의 측정을 위해 기대수량(expected yield : P),

It is necessary to deal with the process capability index carefully because it has been developed with certain assumptions. Companies make a decision on processes through the results obtained by using and treating data extracted from the processes. However if they have incorrect or wrong results, they cannot lead to proper outputs but also bring to loss of the competition in quality. Therefore, this study will show a method to analysis Cp (process capability ; CP) and an idea of mass-production on Pp (process performance ; PP) based on the Sigma Estimate which is one of the uncertainty in the process capability index and makes a lot of error. To apply this method, it is essential to understand and to analyze the processes exactly. Especially, it is required to establish the more accurate process capability index that can quickly and properly respond to changes on processes to recognize the small changes on the process which lies in specification in mass production system that the continual monitoring of quality managers is required.

The walker provides stability for walking for people whose lower extremities are disabled. It is important to measure and determine the appropriate height of a walker to conserve energy and to improve function. The purposes of this study were to examine effects of walker height and gait velocity on triceps, latissimus dorsi muscle activation, and energy expenditure index (EEI) during ambulation with a walker. Fifteen healthy subjects participated in this study. Each subject was assigned a walker with one of three heights (high, standard, lower height) and of two gait velocities (comfortable gait velocity or fast gait velocity). Electromyographic data were collected from triceps and latissimus dorsi, and EEI was determined from each condition. Two-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the statistical significance. Post hoc comparison was performed with the Bonferroni test. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. There was a significant difference in the %MVIC of triceps among different walker height factors. Post hoc comparison revealed that %MVIC of dominant triceps brachii was more significantly increased in patients who used the higher walker than those who used the lower walker (p<.05). 2. There were significant differences in the %MVIC of the latissimus dorsi among different walker height factors and gait velocity factors. Post hoc comparison revealed that the %MVIC of dominant latissimus dorsi was also more significantly increased in patients who used the higher walker than those who used the lower walker (p<.05) and in those who used the faster gait velocity than those who used the slower gait velocity (p<.05). 3. There were significant differences in the EEI among different walker height factors and gait velocity factors. Post hoc comparison revealed that the EEI was significantly increased among those who used higher and lower walkers compared with the standard walker. The EEI was also more significantly increased among those who used the fast gait velocity than those who used the slower gait velocity (p<.05). It has been concluded that increased muscle activation in triceps and latissimus dorsi was required when the walker height increased and that more energy was exp ended when the gait velocity increased. Therefore, from the findings of this study, it is recommended that walker height be adjusted according to the purposes of gait training and that healthy subjects conserve energy when ambulating with standard walkers in a comfortable gait velocity.

This study was conducted to examine the correlation among meals variety, obesity index, blood pressure, and lipid profiles of Korean adults. A total of 308 adults(men 124, women 184) measured the anthropometric characteristics, blood pressure, dietary intake using 24-hour recall method, and serum lipid profile. The average ages of the study subjects were 50.9 yrs in men and 51.4 yrs in women. The average height, weight and BMI were 166.3 cm, 68.4 kg, 24.7 kg/cm2 in men and 154.3 cm, 59.8 kg, 25.0 kg/cm2 in women, respectively. The numbers of food items in meal of men and women were 14.1, 15.9 for breakfast, 15.7, 15.9 for lunch, 14.7, 14.1 for dinner, respectively. The numbers of dish items in meal of men and women were 4.0, 4.3 for breakfast, 4.3, 4.3 for lunch, 4.2, 3.9 for dinner, respectively. The average blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index were 126.6/76.0 mmHg, 181.0 mg/dL, 157.7 mg/dL, 40.9 mg/dL, 108.6 mg/dL, 3.5 in men and 123.2/73.6 mmHg, 185.0 mg/dL, 137.3 mg/dL, 44.8 mg/dL, 112.7 mg/dL, 3.2 in women, respectively. The total cholesterol was negatively correlated to the number of food item for lunch(p〈0.05). Therefore, more systematic studies to investigate the meal variety roles of blood lipids in meals of adults were required.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of clinical characteristics of chronic stroke patients on physiological cost index (PCI) during walking. Fourteen stroke patients participated in this study. To investigate the clinical characteristics, Fugl-Meyer score (FMS), gait velocity (GV), muscle strength of the knee extensor, modified Ashworth scale (MAS) of ankle plantar flexor, devices, and gait patterns during walking were measured and analyzed. The results were as follows: Firstly, use of devices and high MAS of the ankle plantar flexor significantly increased PCI. Secondly, PCI was significantly correlated with the FMS and MAS of the ankle plantar flexor. In conclusion, inhibition of spasticity of the ankle plantar flexor is considered to reduce PCI during walking for chronic stroke patients.

The traditional process capability indices Cp, Cpk, Cpm, Cpm+ have been used to characterize process performance on the basis of univariate quality characteristics. Cp, Cpk consider the process variation, Cpm considers both the process variation and the p

Recently, a couple of process capability indices are used to evaluate that the outputs of the process satisfy the specifications. An assumption of those indices is that the specifications of the characteristics are given single constant value. The display

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the general characteristics, complications and level of social adaptation of spinal cord injured patients. The subjects were one hundred forty five members who were inpatients or outpatients from October 1, 2004 to April 30, 2005 in general hospitals and municipal welfare centers for the handicapped located in the metropolitan city of Gwangju. The following results were obtained using Modified Barthel Index (MBI). 1) Gender distribution was 77.9% male and 22.1% female. The mean age at the time of injury was 35.4 and the mean age during the study was 44.2. 2) The degree of paralysis among the subjects was as follows: 49.0% had complete paralysis and 51.0% suffered incomplete paralysis. The most frequently injured lesion among the subjects was cervical (49.0%), followed by thoracic (35.9%), and lumbar (15.2%). 3) The mean MBI score was 63.5. There was statistically significant difference in the MBI score in the relation between complete and incomplete paralysis, the relation between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar injury, and the relation between a recovery period of less than three years and more than three years according to the characteristics of injury (p<.05). 4) There was statistically significant difference in the MBI score of subjects who had complications concerning spasticity, deformity, urinary tract infection, and sexual dysfunction (p<.05). 5) The most serious emotional pain after spinal cord injury resulted from economic issues, which affected 35.2% of the subjects. The group having a shorter recovery period after spinal cord injury complained of psychological matters, the group having a longer recovery period complained about the surrounding environment (lack of convenient facilities), suggesting statistically significant difference (p<.05). 6) The most common activities of the group with injuries more than ten years old included meeting schoolmates and working, while most common activities of the group with injuries less than three years old included attending religious functions and miscellaneous others (watching TV, spending time with family), suggesting statistically significant difference (p<.05).

본 조사 지역인 전주천일대의 관속식물상을 조사한 결과, 66과 184속 236종 28변종 3품종 총 267종류가 확인되었다 이중 환경부의 자연환경보전법에 의한 생태계교란야생식물에는 물참새피, 도깨비가지, 돼지풀 등 3종류가 확인되었다. 또한 한국특산식물에는 털중나리, 왕벚나무, 개나리, 오동나무 등 4종류가 확인되었으며, 귀화식물에는 18과 49속 66종 2변종 총 68종류가 확인되었다. 귀화율은 25.5%으로 전체 관속식물상의 1/4이상을 차지하였으며, 도시화지수는 25.1%가 분석되었다.

Process capability indices are widely used in industries and quality assurance system. When designing the parameter on the multiple quality characteristics, there has been a study for optimization of problems, but there has been few former study on the possible conflicting phenomena in considertion of the correlations among the characteristics. To solve the issue on the optimal design for muliple quality characteristics, the study propose the expected loss function with cross-product terms among the characteristics and derived range of the coefficients of terms. Therefore, the analysis have to be required a multivariate statistical technique. This paper introduces to multivariate capability indices and then selects a multivariate process capability index incorporated both the process variation and the process deviation from target among these indices under the multivariate normal distribution. We propose a new multivariate capability index MCpm using quality loss function instead of the process variation and this index is compared with the proposed indices when quality characteristics are independent and dependent of each other,

우리나라와 국가 규모가 비슷한 이스라엘의 경우에는 벤처캐피탈이 정부주도로 출범한 후 육성되었다. 이러한 벤처캐피탈의 특성은 창업자가 연구개발에만 전념할 수 있어서 제품의 품질을 높일 수 있으며 동시에 사업이나 제품 완성도를 높일 수 있는 부가가치가 큰 중요한 금융업이 될 전망이다. 이번 연구에서는 이러한 벤처캐피탈이 가지고 있는 위험특성에 대한 분석과 위험을 고려한 투자성과 평가를 행하였다. 이번 연구에서는 선행연구와 동일하게 비체계적 위험이 체계적 위험보다 큰 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 소수의 지역이나 업종에 집중투자한 결과로 보인다. 위험을 고려한 투자성과분석을 위하여 총위험을 고려한 Sharpe척도와 체계적 위험을 고려한 평가모형 Jensen척도를 토대로 종합주가지수와 코스닥 벤처지수, 벤처캐피탈의 성과를 비교분석에서는 벤처캐피탈의 위험과 투자성과가 크게 낮은 것으로 파악되었다. 이는 Sharpe 및 Jensen 척도에서 검증이 된 것으로 (-)로서 시장포트폴리오(종합주가지수)나 코스닥 벤처지수 보다 투자성과가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이번 연구의 한계점으로는 하지만 표본의 수가 짧은 문제점을 지니고 있다.

The p16 gene encodes an inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinase, which inactivates cyclin-dependent kinase and contro1s the cell cycle progression, The 10ss of p16 expression or overexpression has been reported in many kinds of tumors, Both p16 and PCNA regu1ates cell cycle progression at the Gl/8 checkpoint, Although many researches about the p16 expression in ora1 cancer have been carried out, there are few studies about the corre1ation between p16 ex pression and pro1iferation of ora1 cancer cells The object of this study was to eva1uate the avai1ability of p16 as ear1y diagnostic factor and prognostic factor through corre1atión ana1ysis of p16 expression in ora1 squamous cell carcinoma and its re1ation to PCNA index and clinicopatho1ogic factors 80 we investigated p16 immunohistochemica1 expression of 83 ora1 squmaous cell carcinomas, and obtained the resu1ts as followed, 18 out of the 83 cases(21, 69%) showed p16 positive and 65 samp1es(78,31%) showed p16 negative, Whi1e the mean va1ue of PCNA indices of p16 positive cases was 65,94 ::t 18,32, that of PCNA indices at p16 negati ve ones 54,79 ::t 18, 39, This difference between them showed statistica1 sígnificance, (P=O, 030) p16 positive group was 12/60(20, 0%) of well differentiated tumors and p16 negative group was 6/23(16, 1%) of moderate1y or poor1y differentiated tumors, This difference did not show statistica1 significance. (P=O. 372) From the resu1ts above, it was suggested p16 expression is re1ated to PCNA index in ora1 squamous cell carcinomas.

효율적인 포장의 관리를 위해서 포장상태를 객관적으로 평가하는 포장평가지수의 사용은 필수적이다. 현재 사용되고 있는 PSI, MCI, UPCI는 사용자나 관리자의 입장만을 각각 고려하여 종합적인 포장평가지수의 역할을 못하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 기존 평가지수들의 문제점을 파악하고 이를 개선한 새로운 포장평가지수를 개발하였다. 또한 개발된 평가지수로 실제 포장자료를 이용하여 포장재료의 성질에 따른 지수의 민감도 분석을 실시하였다. 표층두께, 아스팔트점도, 아스팔트함량의 순서로 포장평가지수에 영향을 주었다.

Process capability indices are widely used in industries and quality assurance system. When designing the parameter on the multiple quality characteristics, there has been a study for optimization of problems, but there has been few former study on the possible conflicting phenomena in considertion of the correlations among the characteristics. To solve the issue on the optimal design for multiple quality characteristics, the study propose the expected loss function with cross-product terms among the characteristics and derived range of the coefficients of terms. Therefore, the analysis have to be required a multivariate statistical technique. This paper introduces to multivariate capability indices and then selects a multivariate process capability index incorporated both the process variation and the process deviation from target among these indices under the multivariate normal distribution. We propose a new multivariate capability index MCpm using quality loss function instead of the process variation and this index is compared with the proposed indices when quality characteristics are independent and dependent of each other.

본 논문은 2003년 3월부터 10월까지 광주광역시 도심 대규모 하천에서 선택한 총 14개 조사 지역에서 귀화식 물과 도시화지수를 분석하였다. 조사 결과 전체 식물상은 76과 211속 273종 35변종 1품종으로 총 309종류가 확인되었다. 그 중 귀화식물은 14과 36속 44종 2변종으로 총 46종류가 확인되었다. 광주천에서는 미국개기장, 소리쟁이, 흰명아주, 토끼풀, 큰개불알풀, 돼지풀, 비짜루국화, 미국가막살이 및 서양민들레로 총 9종이 우점하였고, 황룡강에서는 소리쟁이, 토끼풀, 달맞이꽃, 돼지풀 및 망초로 총 5종이 우점하였다. 그리고 영산강에 분포하는 우점종은 광주천과 황룡강 우점종 이외에도 물참새피, 좀명아주, 다닥냉이, 개망초 및 도꼬마리 등이 나타나 총 16종이었다. 광주시 도심 하천의 평균 도시화지수는 17.2%, 귀화율은 14.9%로 확인되었다. 원산지는 유럽과 북아메리카가 각각 16종으로 가장 많았다. 도시화지수나 귀화율 같은 환경지수가 높은 도시 하천이나 둔치가 귀화식물센터 중 중요한 하나로 사료되었다.

자연생태계의 보전을 위한 지역구분을 위하여 백두대간(남덕유산-소사고개) 구간을 조사한 식생조사 자료를 바탕으로 식생의 보전가치를 식생지수라는 것으로 수치화 하는 방법을 제시해 보고자 한다. 식생지수는 생물다양성, 임분의 보전가치, 환경의 청정성, 임분의 역사성, 입지의 생산성 등을 바탕으로 수치화 하였다. 식생지수는 백두대간 관리범위 설정에 이용될 수 있을 것이라 사료된다. 식생지수 I의 경우 총 66개의 조사지 중에서 8개 지역 12.1%가 핵심지역에 속하고, 21개 지역 31.8%, 37개 지역 56.1%가 각각 완충지역과 전이지역에 속하는 것으로 나타났다. 식생지수II의 경우 28개 지역 41.9%가 핵심지역에 속하고, 19개 지역 28.8%, 19개 지역 28.8%가 각각 완충지역과 전이지역에 속하는 것으로 나타났다.