콘크리트 구조물의 균열은 재료의 성질, 시공방법, 환경 및 외력, 설계 등 많은 요인으로 인해 발생한다. 균열은 구조물에 치명적인 손실을 초래할 수 있다. 따라서 콘크리트 구조물의 균열을 조사하는 것은 검사 과정 중 중요한 평가로 인지되어 지고 있다. 그러나 과거 균열을 측정 및 평가하는 방법에 대해 신뢰성을 가진 측정 방법이 없어 균열 조사에 대해 경험이 있는 특정 조사자가 육안으로 균열을 확인하였다. 이는 비용, 시간, 정확도 및 안전성 측면에서 비효율적이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 영상 처리 기법의 라플라시안 필터를 이용하여 구조물의 최대 균열 폭을 평가하는 방법을 제안하고자 하였다.

This paper is a part of the series on positron annihilation spectroscopy of two-phase diffuse gas-and-dust aggregates, such as interstellar medium and the young remnants of type II supernovae. The results obtained from prior studies were applied here to detect the relationship between the processes of the annihilation of the K-shell electrons and incident positrons, and the effects of these processes on the optical spectra of their respective atoms. Particular attention was paid to the Doppler broadening of their optical lines. The relationship between the atomic mass of the elements and the Doppler broadening, ΔλD (Å), of their emission lines as produced in these processes was established. This relationship is also illustrated for isotope sets of light elements, namely 3 6 7 7 9 10 11 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 He, Li, Li, Be, Be, B, and B. A direct correlation between the γ-line luminosity ( Eγ =1.022 MeV) and D Δλ (Å) was proved virtually. Qualitative estimates of the structure of such lines depending on the positron velocity distribution function, f(E), were made. The results are presented in tabular form and can be used to set up the objectives of further studies on active galactic nuclei and young remnants of type II supernovae.

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 사격 소총 선수 1명을 대상으로 긍정심리기법을 활용한 심리기술훈련이 심리변화와 경기력에 미치는 효과를 분석하는 것이다. 방법: 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 단일피험자 사례설계를 활용하였으며, 긍정심리자본, 스포츠수행전략, 심박변이도, 경기결과 분석, 심층면담을 통해 심리기술훈련의 효과를 확인하였다. 심리기술훈련 프로그램은 긍정심리기법, 목표설정, 루틴개발, 심상훈련, 이완훈련, 주의집중을 주제로 총 40주간 사전단계, 훈련단계, 사후단계로 구분하여 적용하였다. 결과: 긍정심리기법을 활용한 심리기술훈련 적용 결과 긍정 심리자본, 스포츠수행전략, 심박변이도는 물론 경기력이 긍정적으로 변화되었다. 결론: 연구대상자에게 적용된 긍정심리기법은 긍정적인 정서유발을 통해 부정적 정서와 사고를 효과적으로 대처하여 주 호소문제가 해결되었다고 사료된다. 현재 국내 선수경기력 향상을 위한 심리기술훈련 기법은 비교적 한정적인 관계로 다수의 종목 및 포지션에 따른 세심한 심리기술 적용이 제한되어 있다. 이에 후속연구에서는 긍정심리기법을 적용한 다양한 연구들이 시도되어야 한다.

BAT-AEL(Best Available Techniques Associate Emission Level) is the basis for establishing permissible emission standards for the workplace. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate a regulated BAT-AEL setting methodology that is generally applicable to all relevant industries. For the BAT-AEL settings, various factors should be considered such as the pollutants item, whether the workplace is subject to integrated pollution prevention and control, whether BAT is applicable, the basic data type, the emission classification system, and the suitability of the collected data. Among these factors, it is the most important factor to establish the classification system for the emitting facilities such that the emission characteristics of an industrial facility and its pollutants can be effectively reflected. Furthermore the target of the survey workplace should adhere to the BAT guidelines, even if it is a workplace that is subject to an the integrated environmental system. Certified data (SEMS, TMS, cleanSYS, WEMS, etc.) can be used to prioritize the classification system for the emission facility and the emission levels of pollutants. However, the self-measured data, daily logs, and questionnaire data from the workplace can also be used upon agreement of the relevant TWG. The collected data should only be used only when the facility is operating normally. Data that have been determined to be outliers or inappropriate validation methods should also be excluded. The BAT-AEL can be establish by adhering to the following procedure: 1) investigate all relevant workplaces with in the industry, 2)select workplaces for integrated management, 3)Identify BAT application, 4)identify whether BAT is generally applicable, 5)establish a classification system for emitting facilities, 6)collection available data, 7)verify conformity, 8)remove of outliers, 9)prepare the BAT-AEL draft, 10)deliberate, and 11) perform the confirmation procedure.

In this study, water quality data of eight main sites in the Geumho River watershed were collected and analyzed for long-term changes in water quality over the period from 2005 to 2015. The results showed that BOD concentration was gradually improved by the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL), stages 1 and 2. Recently, a tendency of increasing BOD concentration was observed in the downstream section of the river. The concentration of COD was analyzed to be contaminated throughout the water system regardless of the water quality improvement project, and the TN concentration tended to increase in the midstream of the river from 2013. The TP concentration has clearly decreased from 2012 after the second stage of TMDL. For the statistical analysis of PCA ordination, monthly water qualities (pH, DO, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Water Temperature (WT), BOD, COD, TN, TP, TOC, and SS) and flow rate data for 5 years from 2012 to 2016 were used. Seasonally the Geumho River showed an increase in the TN concentration at point sources during the dry season (December to February). TP showed the effect of non-point sources in the summer, because rainfall has caused a rise in flow rate in the upstream. Besides, the origin of pollution source was changed from non-point sources with BOD, COD, and TOC.

본 소고에서는 마케팅전략에서 중요하게 활용되고 있는 포지셔닝 기법에 대한 이론적 근거와 적용 방법을 종합적으로 검토하였다. 포지셔닝의 개념과 기능, 특성, 종류를 살펴보고 포지셔닝의 절차를 알아보았다. 또한 실제 포지셔닝의 결과로 나타나는 포지셔닝 맵을 작성하기 위한 통계적 기법들을 개괄적으로 살펴보았다. 특히 요인분석과 MDS에 의한 포지셔닝 맵의 작성법을 구체적으로 정리하였다. 포지셔닝 맵을 통한 마케팅 전략의 수립은 매우 큰 유용성을 주기 때문에 보다 합리적인 기법을 사용하는 마케터의 역할이 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 여러 가지 통계적 기법 중에서 요인분석이 가장 합리적인 기법이긴 하지만 다차원척도법 자체는 적용에 있어서 몇 가지 한계점이 있다는 점을 인식해야 한다. 또한 이들 각각의 포지셔닝 맵 작성 기법들은 각기 장·단점을 가지고 있어서 연구자들의 편익에 따라서 방법이 선택되기도 하지만, 여러 연구결과를 토대로 시장 또는 제품특성에 적합한 분석방법을 선택하는 것이 필요하다.

Background : Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer belong to Panax species Araliaceae and a perennial plants. It grows in Far East Asia such as the Maritime province in Russia, the Manchuria reg ion of China, and the Korean peninsula. Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is cultivated by seed sow ing or transplanting-culture, but seedling standing rate is as low as 50%. Therefore, it is impo rtant to increase seedling standing rate. This study was performed to research of plug-seedling cultivation techniques of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer for increase of seedling standing rate. Methods and Results : Testing material, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer seed, was sown on 5 kin ds of seedling trays (72, 105, 128, 162, 200 cells) in the middle of February 2016. It was gr own in the seedling green house in medicinal plant resources research department of Gyeongs angnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services. Four months after sowing, the seedli ng growth characteristics such as seedling standing rate and seedling withering rate were inves tigated. After transplanting in the mountain area of Hamyang-gun, growth characteristics of the root length, root weight, and other factors were investigated at the beginning of November. A s a result, seedling standing rates were 50.1% to 56.2% and seedling withering rates were 25. 2% to 35.9%. Among the five ports, the seedling standing rate of 105 cells and 72 cells was 56.2% and 55.7%, which were higher than others. In the case of 105 cells, however, seedling withering rate was 35.1% higher than that of 72 cells. Seedling leaf length and width were lo nger at 72, 105, 128 cells than at 162, 200 cells and seedling root length, root fresh weight and shoot fresh weight were the highest at 72 cells. Roughly, the more tray cells, the less se edling growth. After harvesting, among the five ports, root fresh weight and root dry weight per 1 hill of 128 cells were 0.36 g and 0.11 g, respectively, which were higher than those of other cells. Conclusion : The growth characteristics of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer considering the seedling standing rate and seedling withering rate, among the five ports, 72 cells was most suitable. A mong the five ports, considering root fresh weight and root dry weight after harvesting, 128 c ells was most suitable.

In this study, the performance of ranging techniques for the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) space communication system is investigated. KPLO is the first lunar mission of Korea, and pseudo-noise (PN) ranging will be used to support the mission along with sequential ranging. We compared the performance of both ranging techniques using the criteria of accuracy, acquisition probability, and measurement time. First, we investigated the end-to-end accuracy error of a ranging technique incorporating all sources of errors such as from ground stations and the spacecraft communication system. This study demonstrates that increasing the clock frequency of the ranging system is not required when the dominant factor of accuracy error is independent of the thermal noise of the ranging technique being used in the system. Based on the understanding of ranging accuracy, the measurement time of PN and sequential ranging are further investigated and compared, while both techniques satisfied the accuracy and acquisition requirements. We demonstrated that PN ranging performed better than sequential ranging in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime where KPLO will be operating, and we found that the T2B (weighted-voting balanced Tausworthe, voting v = 2) code is the best choice among the PN codes available for the KPLO mission.

본 논문의 목적은 모더니즘의 최초시라고 평가받고 있는 ｢J. 알프레드 프루프록의 연가｣(1915)에 나타난 엘리엇의 다양한 모더니즘 기교를 천착하는 것이다. 보들레르의 모더니티 개념에서 구축된 모더니즘의 대 표 시인 엘리엇의 시적 기교는 인간의 자아를 성적 본능인 이드, 자아, 초자아로 구분한 프로이트의 정신분석학과 제임스의 “의식의 흐름”의 영향으로 낭만주의나 빅토리아조 시인들의 기교와 확연히 다르다. 엘리엇은 신중하고 우유부단한 화자 프루프록의 내적 독백, 즉 백일몽을 통하여 무의식 속에서 관능적인 여인들과의 조우 단절을 묘사함으로써 모더니즘의 한 주제인 도시 생활 속의 “소외”(疏外)를 표출하고 있다. 아 울러 시인은 베르그송 시간관의 영향으로 기계적인 “시계 시간”보다 프루프록 의식의 “심리 시간”을 수월하게 표출하고 있다. 또한 엘리엇의 모더니즘 기교는 독특한 은유, 직유, 환유, 상징 그리고 형이상시인들의 기상(奇想)보다 더 복잡한 기상의 사용에서 명백히 드러난다. 결론적으로, 화자의 망설이는 (무)의식 또는 잠재의식을 투사하고 있는 엘리엇의 ｢J. 알프레드 프루프록의 연가｣는 확실히 그의 전통적인 하버드 습작시와 모더니즘 대표시 황무지 사이의 간극을 연결하는 혁신적인 모더니즘 최초의 시이다.

본 논문에서는 상수관로의 효율적인 유지 관리를 위해 상수도 기술진단에서 점수평가법으로 도출된 관망성능평가결과를 이용한 상수도 관로의 내구연수 및 잔존수명 산정 방법을 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 잔존수명은 ‘모델에 의해 추정된 매설 후 최적교체시기까지 경과년수’를 의미하는 ‘내구연수’와 매설 후 경과년수의 차이로 정의하였으며, 내구연수는 관망성능평가기준으로 제시된 노후관로 판정기준 점수에 도달하는 시점으로 정의하였다. 연구대상지역의 관망성능평가에 사용된 평가항목들과 노후도 점수를 상수도 관로의 잔존수명 추정을 위한 다중회귀모델의 변수로 사용하였다. 잔존수명의 산정에 필요한 내구연수를 추정하기 위하여 구축된 회귀모델에 독립변수로 사용된 노후도 점수를 나타내는 변수의 값으로 노후관로 판정기준 점수에 해당하는 값을 대입하였다. 개발된 회귀모델을 이용하여 연구대상지역 상수도 관로의 내구연수 및 잔존수명을 산정하였으며 그 결과를 지방공기업법에서 제시하고 있는 내용연수와 비교하여 분석하였다.

In this study, the construction and maintenance procedures of the freeze damage mitigation method were proposed through analysis of current freeze damage status and related literature review. Considering the characteristics of the Gang-won area, it can be used for the construction guideline and maintenance manual of the freeze damage mitigation method to be developed.

본 연구는 국내 단감 유기재배 선도농가의 병해충 방제 실태조사, 주요 병해충에 대한 친환경 방제자재 선발, 수립한 방제시스템의 현장실증시험을 2013년부터 2015년까지 3년 동안 수행하였다. 유기재배 선도농가의 주 재배품종은 부유였으며, 병해충 방제를 연간 9~17회 유기농업 자재를 살포하였다. 피해가 가장 심한 병해충은 탄저병, 노린재, 감꼭지나방, 깍지벌레 등 이었으며, 사용한 방제자재는 결정석회황합제, 황토유황, 유화제, 보르도액 그리고 마늘, 은 행, 소나무를 이용한 자가제조 식물추출물제를 이용하였다. 탄저병 방제에 효율적인 자재 는 결정석회황, 황토유황이었고, 마늘유+ 시트로넬라유제, 고삼종자 추출물+차추출물제가 톱다리개미허리노린재와 독나방에 효과적이었다. 감꼭지나방 교미교란트랩을 60개/10a 설 치하면 감 착과율을 30% 향상시켰다. 유기재배 단감에 연간 10회 방제하는 방제시스템의 현장실증시험 결과 70.7%의 과일을 수확할 수 있었다. 그러나, 수확기 즈음인 9월, 10월에는 약제를 살포할 수 없기 때문에 이 때 가해하는 노린재류의 피해는 감소하지 않았으며, 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

Background : Korean mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) are difficult to industrially apply because of its scarcity and high cost. Advances in plant biotechnology have made it possible to produce mountain ginseng on a large scale using adventitious root cultures in bio-reactors. This study was conducted to develop a cosmetic emulsion using ginsenoside and physiological activity - enhanced raw materials by fermentation process. Methods and Results : Wild ginseng adventitious roots were fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG 0702 (KACC 81017BP). ginsenoside contents was analysed by using HPLC. Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity and whitening effect was measured by tyrosinase inhibitory activity. After microfluidizer processing was performed to prepare emulsions with homogenized particles, particle size and distribution were measured through a transmission electron microscop e(TEM). Particle stability compares pH, viscosity, light and zeta potential. When fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG 0702, the highest change rates of Rg3, Rk1 and Rg5 were shown and the antioxidant activity was increased. The whitening effect was 73.2 ± 0.9% when treated at 100 ㎍/㎖, 1.5 times higher than the control. The optimum particle size and distribution were shown to be 418.0 ± 14.9 ㎚ for 6 times treatment with 0 - 10 times microfluidizer treatment. Stability was about 3% in pH, viscosity and light test. the zeta potential was found to be homogeneous at –33.33 mV. Conclusion : Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG 0702 Fermented Wild ginseng adventitious roots were found to have effective ingredients and improved physiological activity. We have also developed emulsions that exhibit optimal particle size and distribution

Solar radiation forecasts are important for predicting the amount of ice on road and the potential solar energy. In an attempt to improve solar radiation predictability in Jeju, we conducted machine learning with various data mining techniques such as tree models, conditional inference tree, random forest, support vector machines and logistic regression. To validate machine learning models, the results from the simulation was compared with the solar radiation data observed over Jeju observation site. According to the model assesment, it can be seen that the solar radiation prediction using random forest is the most effective method. The error rate proposed by random forest data mining is 17%.

본 연구에서는 오프라인 및 온라인 매개변수 자동보정기법을 이용하여 개념적 집중형 수문모형의 매개변수를 보정한 후, 각 보정기법에 따른 강 우-유출 해석 결과를 비교·분석하여 기법별 적용성을 평가하였다. 이를 위해 용담댐 상류 천천 유역을 대상으로 9개의 단기 강우사상을 선정하고, 강우-유출 모의를 위한 수문모형으로 저류함수모형을 선택하였다. 또한 저류함수모형의 매개변수 보정을 위한 자동보정기법으로 오프라인 기법 으로는 SCE-UA, 온라인 기법으로는 파티클 필터를 선정하여 해석을 수행하였다. 각 기법에 따른 유출 해석결과의 재현성 평가를 위해 관측수문곡 선의 평균유량을 근거로 하여 저수부(평균유량 이하)와 고수부(평균유량 초과)로 구분하여 모의결과를 비교․ 검토하였다. 그 결과, 매 시간 입력자 료를 이용하여 매개변수를 실시간으로 업데이트하는 파티클 필터의 경우, 저수부와 고수부에 구분없이 전반적으로 우수한 재현성을 보여주었다. 반면에 SCE-UA의 경우, 대상 사상에 대한 전체기간의 정보를 활용하여 선택된 목적함수 RMSE와 HMLE를 최소로 하는 최적 매개변수를 추정함 에 따라 일정규모 이상의 홍수사상에서는 목적함수에 따라 매개변수의 변동성이 나타났으며, 고수부에서는 RMSE, 저수부에서는 HMLE가 비교 적 우수한 유출모의 결과를 나타내는 것으로 분석되었다.

《바이올린 솔로를 위한 소나타와 파르티타》 BWV 1001-1006의 소나타들에 위치하는 푸 가들이 작품집에서 점하는 의미에 대해, 바이올린에 의해 실현되는 바흐 푸가의 새로운 면면 들에 대해 탐구하는 본 논문은 다음의 결론에 이른다. 바흐는 바이올린 솔로로 푸가의 새로 운 패러다임을 구축했다. 거기에서는 대위법적 전개뿐 아니라 바이올린 특유의 기교적, 수식 음형적 패시지들까지 아우러지며, 이로써 그 엄격한 양식과 자유로운 양식의 결합이 작품집 을 가로지르는 의미를 띤다. 또한 바흐의 바이올린 푸가들은 다양성과 유동성의 형식 및 구 성으로 특징지어지는데, 그것은 푸가의 기본 질서에도 침투되어 있다. 다양성과 유동성에 정 교하게 조성되는 통일성과 완결성이 더해진다. 이 특성들은 개별 푸가에서, 세 푸가 사이에 서 함께 나타나고, 이러한 관점에서 푸가들은 BWV 1001-1006의 ‘커다란 코스모스’를 함축하 는, 대위법적 연주의 차원을 개척한 ‘작은 코스모스’로 이해될 수 있다.

Research has found that the management of the host plant is essential to mistletoe cultivation. A Trunk injection test on the host plant that contained a mixture of indole-3-butryc acid (IBA) and liquid fertilizer was conducted with respect to the improvement of the one year survival rate of mistletoe. As a result, the trunk injection experiments showed the effect of the IBA and liquid fertilizer mixture in all treatments. This mixture was effective to increase the survival rate of mistletoe by 20% with the IBA at 100 ㎎/L and Hyponex at 100 ㎎/L. The examination proved that the host plant fertilizer effect was the most effective treatment for organic fertilizer with 60% added NPK (4-2-1). Its effects were higher compared to the control at the length and diameter of one-years-old branches in the host plant, even when the parasitic mistletoe improved its growth in length, diameter, and number of branches. Comparing the control and host plant fertilizer, the latter was the most effective way to process 20 ㎏ per a treatment effect in the experimental site and to process at any time after the inoculation. This treatment is effective to improve the growth of mistletoe by watering the host plant three times per week. Therefore, the management of the host plant is an essential element in the successful cultivation of mistletoe, not only to supply fertilizer and plant hormones to the host plant in the initial inoculation time but also to provide organic fertilizer and irrigation for the host plant.

Mussels are stubborn organism attached to solid substrate by byssus threads and caused operational problems in utility of power generating stations. Sole and combined usage of ultrasonic (28 kHz- and 42 kHz- frequencies) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has studied for control of blue mussel larvae and adult stage in seawater condition. A theoretical wo rking model using disinfection (Chick and Watson type) approaches is presented based on helpful results of experiments. This study also demonstrate that the combined treatment (ultra-sonication with H2O2) is overall highly efficient than individual treatment would, but on the basis of exposure time, the ultra-sonication was the most efficient among them. Therefore the development of sole and combined technique might be effective practical mitigation strategy against mussel attachment for water handling facilities.

Background : Korean mountain ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) are difficult to clinically apply because of its scarcity and high cost. Advances in plant biotechnology have made it possible to produce mountain ginseng extracts on a large scale using adventitious root cultures in bio-reactors. This study investigated the variations of ginsenoside compounds composition and biological activities of wild ginseng adventitious roots by fermentation process. Methods and Results : Wild ginseng adventitious roots with five days fermentation using four strain of bacteria(Leuconostoc mesenteroides(KACC 15744), Bacillus circulans(KACC 15822), Bacillus licheniformis(KACC 15823), Bacillus subtilis subsp. inaquosorum(KACC 17047)). Ginsenoside contents was analysed by using HPLC. To examine the antioxidant activity associated with biological functions, radical scavenging analyses DPPH, ABTS and SOD-like activity analyses were conducted. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated to determine the antioxidant activity increment. The result showed increased total ginsenoside contents by fermentation process. In particular, B. licheniformis showed the highest ginsenoside contents. Regarding ginseng fermented with B. licheniformis, values of 70.6 ± 1.4%, 44.3 ± 1.7%, and 88.4 ± 1.3% were measured using DPPH, ABTS, and SOD-like antioxdiant activity analyses, respectively. The total phenolic contents in ginseng fermented with B. licheniformis was 184.5 ± 0.9 ㎍·GAE/㎖, and the total flavonoid contents was 108.5 ± 1.8 ㎍·QE/㎖ in ginseng fermented with L. mesenteroides. Conclusion : The high activity of β-glucosidase was selected bacteria. The four types of lactic acid bacteria examined, the use of B. licheniformis to ferment ginseng resulted in greatest increase in biological activities and ginsenoside contents.