Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the susceptibility of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica to Korean entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1 strain (ScG), S. glaseri Dongrae strain (SgD), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Hamyang strain (HbH), and Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan strain (HeG) at the petri dish assay. The larval mortality of H. postica was significantly different depending on nematode species and treatment concentration. SgD and HeG strain were more effective against H. postica larva than ScG and HbH strain. When SgD and HeG strain were treated with the rate of ＞20 infective juveniles (ijs) per alfalfa weevil larva, mortality was ca. 77.5-100% at the late instars of H. postica in 3 days. The number of established nematode was significantly different depending on nematode species, whereas number of progeny was not significantly different. The mean number of established ijs of SgD strain in a host was the highest at 80 ijs by 30.2. The highest progeny number of HeG strain was 2,671.5 with 80 ijs. All nematode strains were not parasitic entirely to H. postica adults. These results show that alfalfa weevil late larva is highly susceptible to Korean entomopathogenic nematodes in the laboratory.

From the course of screening of useful enzyme producing microorganism from insect guts, we isolated 9 lipase producing strains and their lipase producing activities were tested. 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that they were Gram negative bacteria grouped on Serratia sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Burkholderia sp.. Among them, an excellent lipase producing strain, Burkholderia sp. HY-10 identified by 16S rDNA analysis and biochemical methods, was further studied its lipase producing characteristics. It was isolated from a longcorm beetle, Prionus insularis and showed cell density dependent lipase producing activity in the culture media that contained olive oil as a carbon source. Maximum lipase production was achieved in the M9 media containing 0.5% yeast extract and 0.5% olive oil when cultured at 30℃ for 36-42 hrs.

We investigated the species richness of lepidopteran insects (excluding butterflies and microlepidoptera) of Mt. Seungdal-san, Muan-gun, Jeollannam-do, Korea, from 2003 to 2005 using two portable light traps. A total of species comprised 423 species belon

Bacillus thuringiensis strains were isolated from the domestic soil and a strain was selected that had a new host range and high toxicity against agriculture insect pest. The 142 samples of soil were sampled from the mountains, paddy fields and patches, in Daejon, Chungnam, Chungbuk and Jeonbuk and used for the investigation. Sixteen B. t strains were isolated from 12 samples among collected samples. There were 11 strains that showed toxical activity on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), 7 strains on Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), 5 strains on Arcte coerulea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), 5 strains on Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae) among the 16 isolated B. t strains. But there were not any strains that showed activity against Hyphanria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) and Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Rhynchophoridae). And also some of B. thuringiensis strains showed insecticidal activity with 2, 3 or 4 kinds of insects. But there were also 3 strains that did not show any activities to the 6 insects which were used in the experiment. When examined with a phase-contrast microscope, the insecticidal crystal protein produced from 16 selected strains had 13 bipyramidal and 3 spherical shapes. The insecticidal bioactivity of the S. litura showed 100% mortality when there were 1.3×10⁷ (cfu/㎖) of CAB109 isolates.

2004년 5월 29일부터 2004년 11월 6일까지 4회에 걸쳐 원주천의 섭식기능군을 이용해 군집분석을 하였다. 조사기간동안 출현한 수서곤충은 총 8목 37과 62속 92종이었으며, 원주천의 현존량과 동태는 지점 7, 9를 제외하고 양호하였다. 원주천의 섭식기능군(FFG)을 알아본 결과 본류는지점 1에서 9로 갈수록 써는무리(shredders)와 긁어먹는무리(scrapers)가 점차적으로 점유율이 낮아지고 주워먹는무리(collectors-gathering)와 걸러먹는무리(collectors-flitering)가 현저하게 증가하였다. 지점 2는 다른 지류지점에 비해 긁어먹는무리와 써는무리가 다소 높은 비율을 나타내어 산간계류의 특성을 가지고 있었다. 원주천의 각 지점별 유사도분석(UPGMA)을 한 결과 최상류수역을 보이는 지점 1, 2와 중류역의 특성을 보이는 지점 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 그리고 최하류역으로 보이는 지점 9 등, 3개의 그룹으로 나뉘었다.

For the biological control of the greenhouse whitefly, aphids, American leaf-miners, Encarsia formosa, Aphidius colemani, Diglyphus isaea, and Dacnusa sibirica were used as biological control factors. Otherwise, many kinds of environment friendly agricultural materials were also used in the kindly environment friendly fanning. For testing the toxicity of environment friendly agricultural materials against to insect parasitoids as biological control factors, 61 environment friendly agricultural materials were selected by using methods and periods with insect parasitoids in the greenhouses. Environment friendly agricultural materials were sprayed to mummies and adults of E. formosa and A. colemani, and adults of Diglyphus isaea and Dacnusa sibirica in laboratory condition. Emergence rates were checked during 12 days after spray to mummies of E. formosa and A. colemani, and survival rates were at 24 and 48 hours after viral test for adult parasitoids, with 10% sugar solution. Emergence rates of E. formosa mummies were inhibited by sprayed the fungicidal environment friendly agricultural material (FEFAM) E and the environment friendly agricultural materials contained molybdenum (EFAMMo) G as 0.4 and 2.7%, respectively. E. formosa adults were not survived in vial for 48hours after sprayed and dried with the environment friendly agricultural materials contained plant extract (EFAMPE) J and the EFAMMo C. The environment friendly agricultural materials contained microelements (EFAMMEs) B and EFAMPE H, environment friendly agricultural materials contained useful soil microorganisms (EFAMSMs) H, FEFAM A and FEFAM D were recorded low survival rates of E. formosa adults with 6.7, 13.3, 13.3, 20.0 and 20.0, respectively. In case of the spraying environment friendly agricultural materials to mummies of A. colemani there were low emergence rate from mummies to adults as around 20s % with water spraying as control. A. colemani adults were not survived in vial with EFAMMo C. EFAMPE J, EFAMPE F, EFAMPE H, EFAMSM H were recorded low survival rates under 20% as 6.7, 13.3, 13.3 and 13.3, respectively. D. isaea and D. sibirica adults were not survived in vial with EFAMPE J. EFAMMo C was 53.3% of survival rates in 48 hours vial tests. D. isaea and D. sibirica were not affected by environment friendly agricultural materials compared with E. formosa and A. colemani.

Five strains of Korean entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), steinernematids and heter-orhabditids were evaluated and tried in laboratory, pot, and vegetable greenhouses for environmentally friendly control of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, from 2002 to 2005. LC₅₀ values of five EPN strains against DBM were different depending on nematode strain and DBM instar. LC₅₀ value of Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1 (GSN1) was the lowest representing 2.6~3.9 infective juveniles (Ijs, 3rd stage) to 2nd to 4th instars of DBM. Pathogenicity of five effective strains against DBM was different depending on nematode strain, concentration, application times, and vegetable in pot. The most effective nematode was GSN1. Steinernema spp. was more effective than Heterorhabditis spp. against DBM. Two or three times of applications of EPN were effective regardless of nematode strain and concentration in pot. Efficacy of EPN was different depending on vegetable species. Efficacy was higher on Chinese cabbage, red mustard, and Ssamchoo than that on cabbage, kale, and leaf broccoli. Efficacy of GSN1, Steinernema GSNUS-10, Steinernema GSNUS-14, and Heterorhabditis GSNUH-l was variable depending on nematode strain, concentration, application times, and vegetable in greenhouse experiments. GSN1 was the most effective and 100,000 infective juveniles per ㎡ (=1 × 10⁹ Ijs/ha) resulted in higher efficacy. Three times of application of nematodes led to higher control efficacy than one or two applications. Efficacy of nematodes was higher on Chinese cabbage than cabbage or kale in greenhouse.

The pine mushroom fruit body have a harvest only from natural pine forest instead of artificial culture like other edible mushrooms until now on. We investigated the interrelationship between pine mushroom colonies and insect/invertebrates fauna, and changes of their seasonal populations. Two famous pine mushroom producing district were selected on Bong-wha and Gan-sung Eup, and were surveyed on the ground and in the soil with/without pine mushroom hyphae per month from June to November, 2005. There was some difference in collected insects and invertebrates between two producing districts. Total number of collected species and individuals were 73 and 22, and 63 individuals with 19 species in Bon-wha and Gan-sung area, respectively. Otherwise, there were many mites and nematodes were living in soil with mushroom hyphae. The population densities of mites were increased to November from June, however, the population of nematodes were fluctuated with low in hot weather and high in cool.

Development of pellet-type artificial diet for insect was tried by using a twin screw extruder(TSE). Screws were arranged several times and two reverse screws were equipped on the foreparts of 2 axes of TSE. Pellet-type diet could be produced successfully under conditions of TSE set as the following. , 300 rpm of main motor speed, 228 rpm of feed motor speed, 75㎖/min of running water speed and 5 ㎜ of extrusion diameter. The optimum adding quantity of water to the manufactured diet was 1.2~1.5 times of dry diet. On the rearing results of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua and common cutworm, Spodoptera litura with the pellet-type diet, the final survival ratio (emergence rate) of these two species was over than 50%, and so it was concluded that the manufactured pellet-type artificial diet was sufficient dietetically to rear those insects.

Korean entomopathogenic nematodes were introduced into cultural management of turfgrasses to enhance white grub control in golf courses for saving labour and expenses and contribution to giving safe playing and working places for golfers and superintendents by environmentally friendly control strategy. The turfgrass height influenced efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes. Efficacy was higher at short turfgrass both in pot using Galleria mellonella larvae and in golf courses using 2nd instar of Exomala orientalis and Ectinohoplia rufipes as baits. Aeration increased the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes which were lower virulent. Pre-aeration was more effective than post-aeration. Exomala orientalis larval population was reduced 80.4 and 66.0% in the pre-aeration and post-aeration with entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae Pocheon strain compared to 35.4% in the no aeration treatment.

골프장의 문제해충들 중 녹색콩풍뎅이(Popillia quadriguttata) 성충의 방제를 위하여 세 종의 한국산 곤충병원성선충 Steinernema carpocapsae KCTC 0981BP 계통 (ScK), S. glaseri Dongrae 계통(SgD), Heterorhabditis sp. KCTC 0991BP 계통 (HsK)을 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 3일 후, 녹색콩풍뎅이 성충 한 마리당 900마리의 선충을 처리하였을 때, 치사율은 ScK가 , HsK가 , SgD가 를 각각 나타냄으로써 이용한 선충 모두가 높은 병원력을 나타내었다. 성충 한 마리 당 900마리의 선충을 처리한 3일 후의 치사율은 ScK는 , HsK는 , SgD는 였다. 선충의 녹색콩풍뎅이 성충 표면부착율과 침입율은 접종 선충의 종과 밀도에 따라 차이가 있었다. 즉, 성충한 마리당 900마리의 선충을 처리하였을 때 녹색콩풍뎅이 성충의 표면에서 검출된 HsK의 비율은 였으며, SgD는 , ScK는 였다. 녹색콩풍뎅이 성충 내에 침입한 선충의 검출여부에 따른 선충의 침입율은 성충 한 마리 당 900마리의 선충을 처리한 3일 후 ScK는 , HsK와 SgD는 각각 를 보였다. 반면, 성충 한 마리 당 90마리의 선충을 처리한 3일 후의 ScK 검출율은 , SgD는 였으나 HsK는 발견되지 않았다.

경북 안동지역의 10개 하천 및 하천 주변으로부터 2004년 5월에 물, 토양, 퇴적물의 시료를 채취하였다. 이들 지역의 환경오염 수준을 평가하기 위해 표준공정시험법이나 U.S. EPA 법을 이용하여 시료 중의 총질소, 총인, 화학적 산소요구량, 중금속, 유기인 및 유기염소계 잔류농약, 그리고 dioxin-like PCBs 등의 오염물질의 분석을 실시하였으며, 이와 더불어 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua)을 이용한 면역교란의 생체지표 분석을 병행하였다. 일반적으로 총질소가 9.12 mg/L 수준의 와야천을 제외하고는, 각 하천 중의 총질소, 총인, 화학적 산소요구량은 환경부에서 정한 허용기준치보다는 비교적 낮았다. 각 하천 시료 중의 납과 카드뮴의 함량은 허용 기준보다도 매우 낮았지만, 하천에 따라 차이가 있어서 미천, 길안천, 현하천의 납과 카드뮴 함유량은 다른 하천의 시료들에 비해서 몇 배 이상 높게 검출되었다. 잔류농약은 미천 주변의 토양에서 유기인계 살충제인 다이아지논, 파라치온, 그리고 펜토에이트가 0.19, 0.40, 농도로 검출되었다. 반면에 내분비계 교란물질로 알려져 있는 16종의 유기염소계 농약과 12종의 dioxin-like PCB congeners는 검출한계 미만으로는 확인할 수 없었다. 그러나 와야천의 시료에 대한 곤충면역 교란효과를 고려해 볼 때, 이 하천의 수질과 주변의 토양이 조사한 오염원 이외의 화합물에 오염되어 있을 가능성을 제시해 준다. 이상의 분석 결과를 토대로 화학적 및 생물학적 검정 기술의 제약점과 상호 보완성이 기술되었다