This study was performed to analyze the effects of a water circulation green area plan on non-point source pollution in Gimhae South Korea. A quantitative analysis of Arc-GIS data was conducted by applying a watershed model based on Fortran to investigate the changes to direct runoff and pollution load. Results showed that prior to the implementation of the water circulation green area plan in Gimhae, direct runoff was 444.05 m3/year, total biological oxygen demand (BOD) pollution load was 21,696 kg/year, and total phosphorus (TP) pollution load was 1,743 kg/year. Implementation of the development plan was found to reduce direct runoff by 2.27%, BOD pollution load by 1.16% and TP pollution load by 0.19% annually. The reduction in direct runoff and non-point source pollution were attributed to improvements in the design of impermeable layers within the city.

Biological nitrogen removal is generally accomplished by aerobic nitrification coupled with anoxic denitrification. Many commercial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) use external carbon source, such as methanol, to support heterotrophic denitrification process. Using organic wastes as an alternative to commercial carbon sources could thus be beneficial by saving the expense as well as reducing the environmental footprint. Here we report a full-scale (treating 2300 m3 wastewater/d) WWTP that previously utilized a butanediol-based organic waste as the sole external carbon source, which diversified the carbon sources by using a second organic waste generated from food waste recycling. Process parameters were extensively monitored for seven months at all biological unit processes, the aerobic and anoxic tanks, as well as the recirculation flow. Bacterial community structures were analyzed at anoxic tank using next-generation sequencing. The WWTP showed a stable nitrogen-removing performance over the seven months period. The estimated COD/N utilization ratio for food waste-recycling wastewater (FRW) was near 30. The bacterial populations significantly shifted during the operation. Lactobacillaceae and Prevotellaceae were the major bacterial families in the FRW, whereas the denitrification tank was populated by many families including Saprospiraceae, Nannocystaceae, Chitinophagaceae, Eubacteriaceae, and Rhodocyclaceae. Detailed discussion of the results will be presented at the conference.

Concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and several of its particle constituents measured outside homes in Houston, Texas, and Los Angeles, California, were characterized using multiple regression analysis with proximity to point and mobile sources and meteorological factors as the independent variables. PM2.5 mass and the concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), benzo-[a]-pyrene (BaP), perylene (Per), benzo-[g,h,i]-perylene (BghiP), and coronene (Cor) were examined. Negative associations of wind speed with concentrations demonstrated the effect of dilution by high wind speed. Atmospheric stability increase was associated with concentration increase. Petrochemical source proximity was included in the EC model in Houston. Area source proximity was not selected for any of the PM2.5 constituents' regression models. When the median values of the meteorological factors were used and the proximity to sources varied, the air concentrations calculated using the models for the eleven PM2.5 constituents outside the homes closest to influential highways were 1.5-15.8 fold higher than those outside homes furthest from the highway emission sources. When the median distance to the sources was used in the models, the concentrations of the PM2.5 constituents varied 2 to 82 fold, as the meteorological conditions varied over the observed range. We found different relationships between the two urban areas, illustrating the unique nature of urban sources and suggesting that localized sources need to be evaluated carefully to understand their potential contributions to PM2.5 mass and its particle constituents concentrations near residences, which influence baseline indoor air concentrations and personal exposures. The results of this study could assist in the appropriate design of monitoring networks for community-level sampling and help improve the accuracy of exposure models linking emission sources with estimated pollutant concentrations at the residential level.

The objective of this study was to investigate the 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) concentrations and emission sources from the soils of three regions (north, mid-south, and east) in Jeollanamdo. Overall PAH concentrations in the east region were higher than in north and mid-south regions and 9.1 times higher for polluted areas. The results of the emission source study indicated that average Ant/(Ant+Phe) and InP/(InP+BghiP) ratios were 0.15-0.22 and 0.36-0.46, respectively, which indicated dominant pyrogenic sources in the three regions. For the InP/(InP+BghiP) ratio, various emission sources were shown in the east region where petrochemical facilities and oil storage tanks have been operated.

Impervious areas have been expanded by urbanization and the natural structure of water circulation has been destroyed. The limits of centralized management for controlling storm water runoff in urban areas have been suggested. Low impact development (LID) technologies have been promoted as a crucial alternative, establishing a connection with city development plans to build green infrastructures in environmentally friendly cities. Thus, the improvement of water circulation and the control of nonpoint source were simulated through XP-SWMM (storm water and wastewater management model for experts) in this study. The application of multiple LID combination practices with permeable pavements, bioretention cells, and gutter filters were observed as reducing the highest runoff volume by up to 70%. The results from four different LID installation scenarios indicated that permeable paving is the most effective method for reducing storm water runoff. The rate of storm water runoff volume reduced as the rainfall duration extended. Based on the simulation results, each LID facility was designed and constructed in the target area. The LID practices in an urban area enable future studies of the analysis of the criteria, suitable capacity, and cost-efficiency, and proper management methods of various LID techniques.

The objective of this paper is to assess the applicability of heat recovery at aerobic landfill as a geothermal heat source.This paper presents a case study of installing gas source heat recovery system at an aerobic landfill to collect landfillgas heat. The system consists of three subsystems, i.e., the air injection system including a biofilter, the heat pump systemand the thermal storage tank. A biofilter is necessary to remove the content of harmful compounds in the gas that entersthe heat pump. The field test results showed that temperature for landfill gas was increased slightly from 29 to 38oC inthe phase of aeration because of decomposition of organic carbon. The biofilter effectively treated CH4, H2S and NH3in the gas to prevent the corrosion of the heat pump. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump was 3.2,which means that 3.2kW of heat energy could be obtained by 1kW of electrical energy used for the heat pump. Thisstudy estimated the energy cost for the different heating systems. As a result, the heat pump can reduce the energy costby 75% compared with kerosene and diesel. Therefore, it is concluded that aerobic landfills are a suitable resource forheat recovery.

Laws and regulations of radioactive waste management related to the Exemption system and the Clearance systembetween governing authorities in Korea and Japan were investigated to suggest better management of radioactive waste.Above both system, very low levels of radioactive wastes which have negligible risk can be decided on being Exclusionsystem and classified as a non-radioactive waste. As a result, the Exemption systems between two countries were similar,whereas the Clearance systems were different. With regard to laws related to the Clearance, Japan specify providinginformation and feedback among relevant authorities, but there is no specification in Korea. In addition, this study suggeststo develop accredited analysis methods to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of the measurement, because twocountries have not established the national accredited analysis method for determining the concentration of radionuclide.

This study was conducted to investigate the growth characteristics and functional materials of baby vegetables as affected by different LEDs and luminous intensity at Anseongsi, Gyeonggi Province, in 2014. Test crops were beet, chicory, spinach, red leaf lettuce, crown daisy and red mustard purchased from the seed company of Dongbu Hannong and Jinheung. Growth characteristics were measured and the content of functional materials was analyzed 40 days after seeding at plug plate. Treatment of Red+Blue (4:1) at 150 µmol m-2 s-1 luminous intensity showed the highest number of leaves in five baby vegetables of beet, chicory, red leaf lettuce, crown daisy and red mustard. The highest shoot length of chicory, spinach, red leaf lettuce, crown daisy and red mustard was obtained from the treatment of Red+Blue (4:1) at 150 µmol m-2 s-1 luminous intensity. Fresh weight and dry weight of all six baby vegetables were the highest in treatment of Red+Blue (4:1) at 150 µmol m-2 s-1 luminous intensity. Content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b of spinach, red leaf lettuce and red mustard showed the highest in Fluorescent lamp at 150 µmol m-2 s-1 luminous intensity whereas other crops did not show definite trend under different LEDs lights and luminous intensity. The highest total content of anthocyanins and polyphenol were obtained from the treatment of Red+Blue (4:1) at 150 µmol m-2 s-1 luminous intensity in all six baby vegetables. Free radical scavenging activity was highest in all six vegetable crops at 150 µmol m-2 s-1 luminous intensity, but it was not different significantly between LEDs.As a result, the growth and the content of functional material of baby vegetables are generally to be increased in Red+Blue (4:1) at 150 µmol m-2 s-1 luminous intensity. Mixed light of Red+Blue is thought to give good effect on the growth and the content of functional material in baby vegetable crops. Because there are many differences in regard of LED lights, crop varieties, cultivation and experi-mental methods in their impact on the growth and functional materials of baby vegetables among researchers, it is considered that a more precise studies are needed for the crop responses to LED light and luminous intensity.

The objective of this study was to investigate non-point sources (NPS) pollution and prioritize management areas affected by NPS pollution in the Saemangeum Watershed. AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) technique was selected to prioritize sub-watersheds for effectively managing NPS pollution in this study areas. Generation properties of NPS pollution, discharge properties of NPS pollution, and runoff properties of NPS pollution were selected and set for AHP. Weighted descriptors including indicators like numbers of livestock, land- and livestock-system loads, rainfall, and impervious area ratio were generalized from 0 to 1 and multiply each index based on screened 17 survey data. The results were visualized as maps which enable resource managers to identify sub-watersheds for effective improving water quality. The sub-watersheds located in Gongdeok-Myeon, Yongji-Myeon, Hwangsan-Myeon of Gimje-Si were selected for managing NPS pollution control areas. This result presented that these sub-watershed are more affected by the pollution from livestock-system than from land-system. The finding from this study can be used to screen sub-watersheds that need further assessment by managers and decision-makers within the study area.

지속적인 개발과 도시화로 인하여 하천으로 유입되는 비점오염원의 비율 역시 점차 증가하는 추세이며 비점오염원이 수질악화에 미치는 영향은 점점 더 커지고 있다. 하천의 수질오염을 발생시키는 비점오염원 해결방안을 모색하고 있지만 도시화에 따른 수문현상변동 및 자연현상과 관련된 문제라 연구에 어려움이 많다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 총량원단위법과 달리 유역의 강우 및 도시화 특성과 처리장 운영자료를 활용하여 차별화된 비점오염원 산정 방법을 제시하였다. 하수처리장의 배수구역 내 관거시스템을 합류식으로 가정하여 강우 시 하수처리장의 배수구역별 비점 발생형태는 하수처리장 강우유입량, 하수처리장 우회유량(bypass) 및 하천 토구의 CSO의 3가지로 크게 구분하여 적용함으로써 오염부하량을 산정함으로써 오염총량 단위유역 및 하수처리구역의 관리를 위한 비교자료로 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

This study evaluated the effect of water level of water resources on water quality in Ulsan. Two reservoirs, Sayeon Dam and Hoeya Dam, were selected and water quality of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were analyzed from 2012 to 2014. And the characteristics of precipitation were also analyzed for 70 years (1945~2014) because runoff of non-point pollutant was strongly affected by precipitation. As a result, water deterioration of Sayeon Dam and Hoeya Dam were affected in accordance with lowering water level. For example, the concentrations of COD and TN was negatively correlated with the water level when the water level of Sayeon Dam was gradually decreased in 2013. The TN concentration was increased to 1.432 mg/L from 0.875 mg/L while the lowest water level of Sayeon Dam was recorded 45 m in 2014. Additionally the concentration of COD and TN was sensitively increased with 0.213 mg/L/m and 0.058 mg/L/m on account of non-point pollutant runoff. It is indicated that hereafter a control of non-point pollutant runoff is the critical factors to maintain water resources because the contribution of non-point pollutant is expected to increase due to the frequent heavy rain events. Therefore, it is necessary to map out a specific plan for non-point pollutant control based on analyses of runoff characteristics, water pollution sources and reduction plans in water pollutants and to establish a water modelling and database system as a preventive action plan.

The purpose of this study is to find out the air flow patterns affecting the PM10 concentration in Busan and the potential sources within each trajectory pattern. The synoptic air flow trajectories are classified into four clusters by HYSPLIT model and the potential sources of PM10 are estimated by PSCF model for each cluster from 2008 to 2012. The potential source locations of PM10 are compared with the distribution of PM10 anthropogenic emissions in east Asia developed in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission. The annual mean concentrations of PM10 in Busan decreased from 51 ug/m3 in 2008 to 43 ug/m3 in 2012. The monthly mean concentrations of PM10 were high during a spring season, March to May and low during a summer season, August and September. The cluster2 composed of the air trajectories from the eastern China to Busan through the west sea showed the highest frequency, 44 %. The cluster1 composed of the air trajectories from the inner Mongolia region to Busan through the northeast area of China showed the second high frequency, 26 %. The cluster3 and 4 were composed of the trajectories originated in the southeast sea and the east sea of Busan respectively and showed low frequencies. The concentrations of in each cluster were 47 ug/m3 in cluster1, 56 ug/m3 in cluster2, 42 ug/m3 in cluster3 and 37 ug/m3 in cluster4. From these results, it was proved that the cluster1 and 2 composed of the trajectories originated in the east and northeast area of China were the causes of high PM10 concentrations in Busan. The results of PSCF and CWT model showed that the potential sources of the high PM10 concentrations were the areas of the around Mongolia and the eastern China having high emissions of PM10 from Beijing, Hebei to Shanghai through Shandong, Jiangsu.

In this study, the experiment was carried out to produce methane by applying Semi-Continuous Leachate Recirculation Anaerobic Digestion System fed with source separated food waste from school cafeteria. There were two systems and each system consisted of a bioreactor and a leachate tank. Each bioreactor had a screen near the bottom of the reactor. 2L of Separated leachate was collected to the leachate tank each day by using a tubing pump and the leachate from the leachate tank was pumped to the bioreactor at the upper of the bioreactor. Through this circulation, the leachate having high concentration of VFAs was supplied to the bioreactor. At the beginning of the experiment, food waste/inoculum anaerobic sludge volume ratio was 2:8 that is 9g VS/L of OLR(Organic Loading Rate). Feeding was conducted every two weeks. Initial conditions of bioreactor was 30g VS/2･week and 33g VS/2･week were fed to bioreactor A and bioreactor B, respectively. Average biogas yields of the bioreactor were 0.723m³ Biogas/kg VS added in reactor A and 0.648m³ Biogas/kg VS added in reactor B.

The Korean daily intake of vegetable oils has increased about 2.5-fold from 17 g/day to 46 g/day for the last several decades. Perilla (Perilla frutescens var. frutescens) has been cultivated in Korea for a long time as a dietary oil seed which has the highest content of α-linolenic acid, accounting for nearly 60%. It is known that the main role of ALA is as a precursor to the longer-chain ω-3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the metabolic products of α-linolenic acid (ALA, ω-3). Dietary ω-3 fatty acids reduce inflammation and the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and arthritis, but they also may act as functional components for cognitive and behavioral function. Thus, α -linolenic acid is one of the essential nutrients in modern dietary patterns in which much linoleic acid is consumed. Nevertheless, perilla oil, rich in α-linolenic acid, can be easily oxidized, giving rise to controversies with respect to shelf life, the deterioration of the product’s commercial value, and further related toxicity. Recent research using genetic modifications has tried to develop new plant oil seeds that balance the ratio of ω-6/ω-3 fatty acids. Such trials could be a strategy for improving an easily oxidizable property of perilla oil due to high α-linolenic acid. Alternatively, appropriate application of antioxidant to the oil can be considerable.

본 연구는 강우 시 발생하는 비점오염물질 중 인과 총 부유성 고형물 분석을 통해 혼합 토지이용에 따른 비점오염 배출 특성을 비교분석하였다. 경기도 용인시 금학천 유역내의 도시지역, 농업우세지역, 혼합토지이용지역, 택지개발지역을 대표하는 총 4개의 소유역 말단에서 강우유출수를 모니터링 하였다. 연구 결과 불투수층이 많은 도시지역은 강우초기에 초기유출현상이 뚜렷하게 발생되었고 다른 지역에 비해 용존성 인의 비가 약 40%정도 높았다. 농업우세지역과 혼합토지이용지역, 택지개발지역은 대부분 인이 고형물에 부착되어 배출되는 입자성 인의 형태를 보였으며, 도시지역과 달리 첨두유량이 발생하는 강우 중기에 가장 높은 농도의 오염물질(TP 및 TSS)이 배출되었다. 모든 모니터링 지점에서 TSS와 TP 농도간 높은 상관성을 나타내고 있어 TP의 배출 제어를 위해서는 TSS의 적절한 제어가 매우 중요함을 알 수 있었다. 특히 택지개발지의 경우 타 토지이용지역에 비해 다량의 토사침식에 의하여 높은 TP 배출부하가 야기될 수도 있음을 예상할 수 있었다.

도시화의 급격한 변화로 인한 불투수층의 증가는 도시 내의 강우유출수를 아무런 처리 없이 직접 도시 내에 유출되어 홍수, 첨두유량 증가 등의 문제점을 야기 시킨다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 미국, 유럽, 우리나라 등 많은 국가에서 개발 전 자연이 가지고 있던 수문학적 기능을 최대한 유지하면서 개발 후 발생되는 비점오염물질을 효율적으로 관리하는 저영향 개발 기술을 도입하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 도시지역 물순환 관리 및 비점오염물질 저감에 기여하고자 저류와 침투가 가능한 식생체류지를 개발 및 평가하고자 수행되었다. 본 연구는 식생체류지의 물순환 및 비점오염물질 저감 능력을 평가하기 위하여 공주대학교 내 주차장에 설치된 식생체류지의 모니터링을 수행하였다. 모니터링한 수질시료는 수질오염공정시험법에 준하여 입자상물질, 유기물, 영양물질 및 중금속에 대한 분석을 수행하였다. 또한 첨두유량 발생시간 및 지체시간, 첨두유량 저감 및 물수지를 산정하여 물순환 효과를 분석하였다. 식생체류지 시설의 모니터링은 2013년 11월부터 현재까지 총 11회가 수행되었으며 모니터링 결과, 강우유출수의 발생시간은 식생체류지를 적용하기 전에 비하여 약 40min 지체되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 첨두유량의 발생 시간은 시설 적용 전에 비하여 약 80min 이후에 발생하는 것으로 분석되었으며, 첨두유량은 약 0.3m3/min 저감되는 것으로 나타났다. 물수지 산정 결과, 시설 내 저류 및 침투되는 양은 90%로 높은 물순환 효과를 나타낸 것으로 분석 되었다. 비점오염물질 저감효율을 산정한 결과, 모든 오염물질에서 90% 이상으로 높은 저감효율을 나타내는 것으로 분석되었다. 이는 여재부에서 일어나는 오염물질 저감 기작이 효과적으로 작용되는 것으로 판단된다.

Acoustic signal is crucial for the autonomous navigation of underwater vehicles. For this purpose, this paper presents a method of acoustic source localization. The proposed method is based on the probabilistic estimation of time delay of acoustic signals received by two hydrophones. Using Bayesian update process, the proposed method can provide reliable estimation of direction angle of the acoustic source. The acquired direction information is used to estimate the location of the acoustic source. By accumulating direction information from various vehicle locations, the acoustic source localization is achieved using extended Kalman filter. The proposed method can provide a reliable estimation of the direction and location of the acoustic source, even under for a noisy acoustic signal. Experimental results demonstrate the performance of the proposed acoustic source localization method in a real sea environment.

Eating and cooking qualities are the most important trait in japonica rice breeding program in Korea. More improvements in grain quality to meet the demand of consumers are needed to develop new rice germplasm of high grain quality. In this study, we performed genetic analysis and grain quality evaluation in 96 Korean japonica rice germplasm including 26 varieties with 4 Japanese japonica high eating quality, 24 landraces, 22 weedy rices, and 14 breeding lines. These germplasm were analyzed using 13 DNA markers related to eating quality to conjecture the palatability of cooked rice (Lestari et al. 2009). Most varieties of high eating quality were clustered with germplasm of high expected quality (eq) varieties of similar genetic background of pedigree. The expected quality (eq) values of high eating quality varieties, Gopum, Ilpum, Samgwang, and Sugwang were 99.6∼104.5, and Koshihikari was 103.5. The eq of two weedy rices, Hoengseongaengmi 3 and Namjejuaengmi 6 were 101.9 and 101.6, respectively. However, Haiami of high eating quality was clustered with 15 weedy rice and 11 landrace germplasm of low eq value. The eq values of Haiami and Wandoaengmi 6 were 66.9 and 40.8, respectively, but they has 2 and 3 of palatability of cooked rice, and 73.6 and 78.6 of glossiness of cooked rice, respectively. We expect these germplasm would be new source for rice grain quality to develop japonica rice of high eating quality.

X선을 이용한 chest radiography는 일반적으로 180 cm의 SID에서 실시되고 있다. digital chest radiography에서 AEC를 적용하고 120 kVp, 320 mA에서 SID를 180 cm부터 340 cm까지 20 cm 단위로 증가시켜 가며 영상의 질과 환자선량의 관계를 알아보았다. chest phantom 영상의 정성적인 영상평가를 위해 VGA를, 정량적인 평가를 위해 SNR을 분석하였다. 선량은 ESAK로 측정하고 effective dose는 PCXMC를 이용하였다. 연구결과 일반적으로 시행되는 SID 180 cm를 기준으로 했을 때, ESAK의 경우 240 cm, 280 cm, 320 cm에서 각각 8.7%, 11.47%, 13.56%의 유의한 감소가 있었다. effective dose의 경우 전신에 대해 2.89%, 4.67%, 6.41%의 감소, 폐에서 5.08%, 6.98%, 9.6%의 감소가 관찰되었다. SNR의 경우 각각 9.04%, 8.24%, 11.46%의 감소가 관찰되었으며 특히, SID 260 cm ~ 300 cm 구간에서 8.03%의 작은 감소가 나타났고 SID 340 cm까지도 5.24로 5이하로 감소되지 않았다. VGA에서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없는 진단적 가치가 높은 영상으로 평가되었다. 따라서 eigital chest radiography에서 SID를 300 cm까지 증가시킴으로 화질의 저하 없이 환자선량을 감소시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.